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e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 17, Issue 11 .Ver. III (Nov. 2015), PP 29-40
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Abstract: Women's work outside the home helps the development of society and the development and progress
of society. We took the study of Arab societies precisely because they suffer from the constraints of the work
area and accept society have an important and effective element in building the community. This paper
addresses the problem of women's work outside the home in the Arab world have been identified Libya as a case
study, specifically in the municipality of Ubari. We took the conception of the State of Libya and were compared
to statistics of other countries and studies. The study samples were taken in the sectors of health, education and
political representation of women in Libya. The conclusion was based on field studies of a sample study
specifically municipality Ubari-Libya.
Keywords: Womens work, Libya, human resource management.
I.
Introduction
Overview
The subject of woman is still a domain dealing with pens in ways that end , some of them more or less
away of substantive, this along with social slippery which any researcher can be falling in it in the field of
woman. However, the mechanisms of the subject of woman generally has not yet come out explicitly to be a
subject of morally thorny,the first thing that matters in this research to acknowledge that the history of women
was negative ,she was humiliated and enslaved as she was deprived of many of life rights, thing that makes her
lose her humanity worth, However now she is able to manufacture her humanity and changed herself and did
not stay at home,but, she emerged in the public life and began to work until she managed to get the right of
representation in parliament and claim her own rights herself , as she achieved an economic independence in
many countries, and became effective in the community. Women have a significant role in the family building,
this role has the effect in building a society that does not have foundations only.Woman make up half of society
and what consequent burdens and responsibilities she should carried out by along with her brother man.
What we observe, that woman had not yet been able to activate her role through the performance of her
tasks in the field of production and increase of production capacity and conversion of production, and we also
note the lack of equality extent required between men and women to take over the leadership of all jobs, and
access to rights of public services without mediation or distinction.
The status of women and her contribution in production in any society is one of the basic criteria to
measure its progress, nor can any society to advance in our time at fast footsteps and regular, leaving behind him
half of its individuals in case of lagging, therefore, the lagging of women in any society must be reflected
directly on its impact and trends of thinking on members of society, where this constitutes in itself a masking
character of women and her role, but woman has now proved that she has mentality talents of high value and it
turned out that her work is not limited only at home but also outside.
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Western countries
Arab countries
Britain
America
France
Japan
Libya
Iraq
Egypt
Marrakech
Syria
Tunis
Sudan
Country
Latin American
countries
Chile
Jamaica
Nicaragua
Mexico
Peru
Iran
Turkey
Pakistan
78.6
71.5
62.8
62.6
36.3
44.6
40.1
38.4
35
34.9
14.6
Population in millions
Males
Females
19.5
21.6
161.3
56
16.7
18.2
31.5
33.8
1.40
1.10
1.7
1.8
7.3
7.5
3.2
3.3
1.2
2
1.1
,9
2.9
3.0
Population in millions
Males
Females
2.1
2.3
,5
,5
1.4
,4
5.12
13.5
2.8
2.9
5.6
5.4
8.2
8.1
26.6
23.5
Reference :Zainab Mohamed Alazhary, working women in contemporary Libyan Arab community, Garyounis
university press Benghazi, without date.
The percentage of entering woman the work in Arabic countries , we find it very few, but Latin
American countries is very high, in other words, the proportion of women entering the economic activities not
few, when compared with the rate of entering women to economic activities in Arabic countries, but it's also
few when comparing it with Latin America countries, despite the similarity of economic level between
developing countries each other, but it differ in the proportion of women entering the field of employment.
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Males
Percentage %
Number
Females
Percentage %
Number
Total
Percentage
393
42.9
30
7.1
423
100.0
2351
1534
\\
1439
1086
8340
17165
3562
10081
4595
57.3
44.3
\\
92.5
91.7
78.0
56.8
76.2
97.2
69.8
1751
1940
160
117
98
248
13034
1113
289
20880
42.7
55.8
100.0
5.7
8.3
22.0
43.2
23.8
2.8
31.2
4102
3474
160
1556
1184
10688
30119
4675
10370
66841
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Reference :Zineb Mohamed Zuhri, SalehAlzaine , studies in sociology & anthropology. National books house,
first edition 1990, page 81.
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1954
280.475
10.313
Nobody
Nobody
Nobody
Nobody
37481
424.083
1973
619.438
125.162
26.132
12.715
377
57
529
604.591
Boys
346583
541381
631161
645392
Girls
359761
488884
566467
593594
Total
606244
1.030.265
1.1933.638
1.238.960
Boys
11729
46100
45833
93852
Girls
7951
30944
49744
14943
Total
19680
76944
95526
243095
Boys
35.131
39569
Girls
11.305
33336
Total
46.436
73899
Marital Status : In the side of distribution of worker women on professions and their marital status, we find among
scientific and technical careers nearly half of them are married and the remained unmarried. And among
secretaries of conferences and popular committees and great administrators and executive supervisors were the
fifth of them among married once and the others are unmarried. But for the employees the fourth of them are
married and the other are unmarried and the workers half them were married and the remain are unmarried .
This means that the married women involve in all careers like the unmarried. But this involvement which is
relatively numerically different from a category to another due to nature of work and scientific qualification of
women [14].
Professions
Scientific
&
technical careers
Secretaries of
conferences and
popular
committees and
great
administrators
Supervisors
&
executors
Employees
Sellers &buyers
Services
Agriculture
Production
Unclassified
Total
Miss
9486
Married
10044
Divorced
828
Widow
323
Undetermined
199
Total
20880
10
\\
17
4149
67
613
39
490
44
14903
1461
45
7952
126
346
67
20064
314
16
1857
23
127
24
3194
67
26
4724
50
83
23
5296
109
12
549
24
32
5
932
6100
166
15695
262
1087
163
44371
This means that Libyan women still continue in participation in labor forces after marriage and also, it's clear to
us that the distribution of married worker women after and before marriage.
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Age construction :
Concerning the age construction in labor forces of women , the statistics of limiting labor forces of the
year 1980 that the category of those their ages between (15 24 years old) their rate reached (37 %) and those
their ages between (25 39 years old ) their rate reached (28 %) and the category of (40 59 years old )
reached (7%) from the total of worker women.
And this means more than the half , nearly (65%) from total of women labor forces is in the age category of (15
39 years old).
Distribution of women labor forces according to age categories :
Age categories
Number
110
17496
12232
11245
1
44.371
Womens Political role : In the past the political participation of women was not a significant thing , but after the people's
influence which sees that (the real democracy does not rise without people's existence himself, and not the
existence of his agent. And the authority should be at hands of people and people's congresses and committees,
it's the contrivance to democracy).
The participation of women in political field becomes remarkable , during the third session of
conferences which takes place on 1983,the involvement of women was significant, in addition to her attendance
between team of conference, her voice in discussing and studying subtractive issues in table of work itemization
and her participation in making decisions in substantiation of people's authority was amazing from her presence,
from the side of her awareness of her political role and problems and obstacles which face her in doing that
perfectly, and one of these problems and obstacles was determined by one of women a member of the congress
in one of the basic popular congresses in her repulse on the accusation of a member of the congress that the
Libyan Arab women is passive. (1). She addresses her speech to attendance and says (do not say that the woman
is passive) because we don't participate in discussion and in the presence by the same level as man , we are nor
unfavorable but knowledge and luck of experience is responsible of involvement in discussion and stabilization
of issues of the present and future of our community. The cause of lack of experience and education might be
also the cause behind the less involvement of Libyan Arab women in people's committees, contrary of that the
participation of women in military training was wild than her participation in congresses and committees. And
due to protection of motherland is the responsibility of every citizen, the women enter in a large numbers to
many military fields as for training on communication and library works and training on heavy and soft weapon.
The participation of Libyan Arab women in political field by this way is a proof of the interpretation of
women's role in the Arab community under hostage of reality interpretation.
4.
III. Results
The following tables show the results that have been mapped. The results based on field studies in in the
municipality of Ubari- Libya .
Table No (2) shows the distribution of farmers according to age , sex and educational level :
Educational
level& age
28 - 32
33 - 37
38 - 42
43 - 47
48 - 52
53 - 57
58 - 62
63 - 67
68 - 72
73 - 77
78 - 82
83 - 87
88 - 92
93 97
Total
Ignorant
Male
0
2
2
4
6
8
13
19
8
5
2
2
0
1
62
Female
0
0
1
4
0
3
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
11
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Primary
Male
3
4
1
5
6
6
9
9
3
3
0
0
0
0
48
Female
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
Preparatory
Male
6
3
6
1
1
5
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
29
Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Secondary
Male
2
2
0
1
2
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
10
Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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University
Male
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
94
13
11
19
14
23
28
20
12
9
3
2
0
1
169
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Ignorant
Male
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
1
1
8
0-5
6 - 11
12 17
18 - 23
24 - 29
30 - 35
36 - 41
42 - 47
48 - 53
54 - 59
Total
Primary
Female
0
0
4
0
2
4
4
3
1
0
18
Male
10
50
45
15
23
18
4
1
0
0
166
Preparatory
Female
10
10
21
5
4
11
6
1
0
0
98
Male
0
30
58
48
42
37
12
2
0
1
230
Secondary
Female
0
18
72
24
24
14
2
0
0
0
154
Male
0
0
15
29
14
12
6
4
0
0
80
University
Female
0
0
42
89
20
9
3
85
0
0
248
Male
0
0
0
26
26
11
7
1
0
1
72
Total
Female
0
0
3
32
34
17
0
0
0
0
86
21
138
260
270
189
133
45
99
2
3
1160
Concerning table (3), we remark that most of farmer's sons and daughters are educated and they reached
university levels and especially girls , and this reverberate on the attitude of awareness of parents of the
importance of education in human life and the ignorance considered at small eager people.
Table No (4) shows the distribution of farmers according to age , sex and marital status
Educational
level& age
28 - 32
33 - 37
38 - 48
43 - 47
48 - 52
53 - 57
58 - 62
63 - 67
68 - 72
73 - 77
78 82
83 - 87
88 - 92
93 - 99
Total
Single
Male
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Married
Male
10
13
8
18
13
20
26
20
12
9
2
2
0
1
154
Female
1
0
2
1
1
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
10
Divorced
Male
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Widow
Male
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Female
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Total
14
13
11
19
28
23
28
20
12
9
3
2
0
1
169
From this table we remark that all farmer nearly married (young and old) and this means that they have earlier
marriage and divorce case disappear and this proof the attitude of family coherence and accordance.
Table No (5) shows the distribution of farmer's sons and daughters according to marital status
Educational
level& age
0-5
6 - 11
12 17
18 - 23
24 - 29
30 - 35
36 - 41
42 - 47
48 - 53
54 - 59
Total
Single
Male
3
87
65
87
59
47
11
2
0
0
361
Female
1
72
96
107
67
19
2
0
0
0
364
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Married
Male
0
0
0
0
5
11
15
9
2
23
65
Female
0
0
0
2
6
18
10
4
1
0
41
Divorced
Male
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Female
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
6
Widow
Male
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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Female
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
4
Total
4
159
161
196
140
98
42
15
3
23
841
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Male
13
13
8
18
13
20
26
20
12
9
2
2
0
1
157
Females
1
0
3
1
1
3
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
12
Total
14
13
11
19
14
23
28
20
12
9
3
2
0
1
169
In this table we note that most of farmers are males and their ages between 28 to 97 years old. And the majority
are of 43 to 72 year old and by counting the average account for the age we find it equal to 54.4 year old.
Table (6) shows the distribution of farmers according to age and sex and careers :
Career. Sex & age
Techer
Male
female
Farmer
Male
female
Employee Male
female
Solder
Male
female
Engineer
Male
female
Free
Male
business
female
Jobless
Male
female
Retired
Male
female
Total
28/32
0
0
3
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
14
33/37
2
0
1
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
13
38/42
1
0
0
3
4
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
11
43/47
0
0
4
0
3
3
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
3
0
19
48/52
0
0
7
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
14
53//57
1
0
9
0
4
0
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
1
23
58/62
0
0
13
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
3
0
28
63/67
0
0
8
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
20
68/72
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
5
0
12
73/77
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
9
78/82
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
83/87
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
88/92
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
93/99
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Total
4
0
55
4
29
11
10
0
1
0
17
0
3
7
28
0
169
In this table we note that the agriculture is the main occupation of individuals where its rate is 34.9 %,
followed by the employee 27.6 % and at the end the engineering of the list where it constitutes 0.59 %,and thus
means that the occupation is determined by level in the community of study.
Table No (7) shows the distribution of farmer's sons and daughters according to age ,sex and career:
Occupation
sex & age
0-5
6 - 11
12 17
18 - 23
24 - 29
30 - 35
36 - 41
42 - 47
48 - 53
54 - 59
Total
Student
Male Female
3
1
83
77
81
106
72
49
32
26
7
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
279
260
Farmer
Male Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
4
0
3
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
11
3
DOI: 10.9790/487X-171132940
Employee
Male Female
0
0
0
0
1
0
19
9
24
18
23
15
12
3
6
1
1
0
1
0
87
46
Solder
Male Female
0
0
0
0
2
0
29
0
27
0
13
0
5
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
80
0
Doctor
Male Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
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Free business
Male Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
12
3
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
3
Jobless
Male
Female
0
0
0
0
1
3
6
2
19
15
6
12
2
11
0
3
0
0
0
0
33
46
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Total
4
160
194
194
160
84
36
10
5
2
874
Ignorant
Agree
Not
0
0
1
1
0
1
5
0
4
3
8
2
12
3
10
1
10
3
5
1
3
2
3
0
1
1
1
0
63
18
Primary
Agree
Not
3
0
2
0
1
0
7
0
3
2
5
1
5
0
11
1
3
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
42
5
Preparatory
Agree
Not
4
2
4
1
6
0
1
1
2
0
3
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
23
6
0
0
0
0
0
Secondary
Agree
Not
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
University
Agree
Not
1
0
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
Total
10
14
8
15
16
21
22
25
18
8
6
3
2
1
169
We remark in this table that those whom accept women work about 136 persons and their ratio reach to 0.008 %
but those aren't agree they are 32 persons and their rate reach 18.9 %. They are distributed as follow :
- Ignorant constitute 47.9 %
- Primary constitute 27.8 %
- Preparatory constitute 17.1 %
- Secondary school constitute 2.9 %
- University constitute 3.5 %.
This means that persons who are concerned in this research by the variation of their scientific levels the
most of them are agree of women's work , unless a small part of them, they are also distributed on different
scientific levels, where the highest reached at the ignorant about 10.6%. and their general ratio, its smallest
reached in the high college students equal to (0) .
IV. Conclusion
At the end of this paper we have identified the objectives of this study which is trying to provide a
scientific description of woman, and we start from a sociological theory called the functional Constructivism,
where we explained through it the perspective of our study through scientific approach which is the social
survey as a means of collecting data and information on our study. We came to know that the basic reason of
woman to exit to work is the material needs, because the family is in dire need of woman's income, and
subsequently, in this kind of fields, if the material is available, the woman does not go out for work. However,
if the children at home in desperate need of care, the mother is compelled to stay at home. And from another
side, woman considered of cheap labor, that's why she is used in some business widely.
However, it is noted that the woman after her going out for work and whatever the reasons, they are not
linked with her freedom, only after she start feeling by herself and expressing her freedom and emphasizes her
humanity. We accessed to know the amplitude of the interest of the people's community by women. And the
latitude of providing rights and human circumstances adequate ,where she can participate in building the
community and involvement in development.
Women's work in community becomes necessarily exigent and the women complies to this elective
freedom, and she footstep a large foots in this field. And the community benefits be of it . And this is an
evidence of consciousness the women reached as she accepted education in all its specializations.
And she imposed herself ,and she changed in a significant way the community vision to her , where she
has been present in work and educational institutions, health , administration and in the army became natural.
And also her political role has a great effect and her voice becomes heard and respected.
In this paper we tried to propose working women as a case where the ignorance was diffused by high
rate in females category at the study community and that due to traditions which were predominant in the past.
But now , this vision is changed and women joined to educational sector and she realized a great success in this
field.
DOI: 10.9790/487X-171132940
www.iosrjournals.org
39 | Page
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DOI: 10.9790/487X-171132940
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40 | Page