Feng shui

For other uses, see Feng shui (disambiguation).

at Dadiwan (c. 3500-3000 BC) includes a palace-like

building (F901) at the center. The building faces south
and borders a large plaza. It stands on a north-south axis
with another building that apparently housed communal
activities. Regional communities may have used the complex.* [5]

Feng shui (pinyin: fng shu , pronounced [f wi]) is

a Chinese philosophical system of harmonizing everyone
with the surrounding environment and closely linked to
Daoism. The term feng shui literally translates aswindwaterin English. This is a cultural shorthand taken from
the passage of the now-lost Classic of Burial recorded in
Guo Pu's commentary:* [1] Feng shui is one of the Five
Arts of Chinese Metaphysics, classied as physiognomy
(observation of appearances through formulas and calculations). The feng shui practice discusses architecture in
metaphoric terms ofinvisible forcesthat bind the universe, earth, and humanity together, known as qi.

A grave at Puyang (around 4000 BC) that contains

mosaics actually a Chinese star map of the Dragon
and Tiger asterisms and Beidou (the Big Dipper, Ladle or Bushel)is oriented along a north-south axis.* [6]
The presence of both round and square shapes in the
Puyang tomb, at Hongshan ceremonial centers and at
the late Longshan settlement at Lutaigang,* [7] suggests
that gaitian cosmography (heaven-round, earth-square)
existed
in Chinese society long before it appeared in the
Historically, feng shui was widely used to orient buildings
Zhou
Bi
Suan Jing.* [8]
often spiritually signicant structures such as tombs,
but also dwellings and other structuresin an auspicious Cosmography that bears a striking resemblance to modmanner. Depending on the particular style of feng shui ern feng shui devices and formulas appears on a piece of
being used, an auspicious site could be determined by ref- jade unearthed at Hanshan and dated around 3000 BC.
erence to local features such as bodies of water, stars, or Archaeologist Li Xueqin links the design to the liuren
a compass.
astrolabe, zhinan zhen, and luopan.* [9]

Modern reactions to feng shui are mixed. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience states that some principles of
feng shui are quite rational, while noting that folk
remedies and superstitions... [have been] incorporated
into feng shui's eclectic mix.* [2]

Beginning with palatial structures at Erlitou,* [10] all capital cities of China followed rules of feng shui for their
design and layout. During the Zhou era, the Kaogong ji
(simplied Chinese: ; traditional Chinese:
; Manual of Crafts) codied these rules. The carpenter's manual Lu ban jing (simplied Chinese: ;
traditional Chinese: ; Lu ban's manuscript)
codied rules for builders. Graves and tombs also followed rules of feng shui, from Puyang to Mawangdui
and beyond. From the earliest records, the structures of
the graves and dwellings seem to have followed the same
rules.

1.2 Early instruments and techniques

Qi rides the wind and scatters, but is retained when encountering water.* [1]
Feng shui was suppressed in mainland China during the
cultural revolution in the 1960s, but since then has increased in popularity.

1.1

History

The history of feng shui covers 3,500+ years* [11] before

the invention of the magnetic compass. It originated in
Chinese astronomy.* [12] Some current techniques can be
traced to Neolithic China,* [13] while others were added
later (most notably the Han dynasty, the Tang, the Song,
and the Ming).* [14]

Origins

As of 2013 the Yangshao and Hongshan cultures provide

the earliest known evidence for the use of feng shui. Until the invention of the magnetic compass, feng shui apparently relied on astronomy to nd correlations between
humans and the universe.* [3] In 4000 BC, the doors of
Banpo dwellings aligned with the asterism Yingshi just
after the winter solsticethis sited the homes for solar
gain.* [4] During the Zhou era, Yingshi was known as Ding
and used to indicate the appropriate time to build a capital city, according to the Shijing. The late Yangshao site

The astronomical history of feng shui is evident in the

development of instruments and techniques. According
to the Zhouli, the original feng shui instrument may have
been a gnomon. Chinese used circumpolar stars to determine the north-south axis of settlements. This technique
explains why Shang palaces at Xiaotun lie 10 east of due
1

A feng shui spiral at LA Chinatown's Metro station

north. In some cases, as Paul Wheatley observed,* [15]

they bisected the angle between the directions of the rising and setting sun to nd north. This technique provided
the more precise alignments of the Shang walls at Yanshi
and Zhengzhou. Rituals for using a feng shui instrument
required a diviner to examine current sky phenomena to
set the device and adjust their position in relation to the
device.* [16]
The oldest examples of instruments used for feng shui
are liuren astrolabes, also known as shi. These consist
of a lacquered, two-sided board with astronomical sightlines. The earliest examples of liuren astrolabes have
been unearthed from tombs that date between 278 BC
and 209 BC. Along with divination for Da Liu Ren* [17]
the boards were commonly used to chart the motion of
Taiyi through the nine palaces.* [18] The markings on a
liuren/shi and the rst magnetic compasses are virtually
identical.* [19]
The magnetic compass was invented for feng shui* [20]
and has been in use since its invention. Traditional feng
shui instrumentation consists of the Luopan or the earlier
south-pointing spoon ( zhinan zhen)though a
conventional compass could suce if one understood the
dierences. A feng shui ruler (a later invention) may also
be employed.

Foundation theories

The goal of feng shui as practiced today is to situate the

human-built environment on spots with good qi. The
perfect spotis a location and an axis in time.* [21]* [22]

2.1

Qi (ch'i)

FOUNDATION THEORIES

A traditional turtle-back tomb of southern Fujian, surrounded by

an omega-shaped ridge protecting it from the noxious winds
from the three sides* [23]

A traditional explanation of qi as it relates to feng shui

would include the orientation of a structure, its age, and its
interaction with the surrounding environment, including
the local microclimates, the slope of the land, vegetation,
and soil quality.
The Book of Burial says that burial takes advantage of
vital qi". Wu Yuanyin* [25] (Qing dynasty) said that vital qi was congealed qi", which is the state of qi that
engenders life. The goal of feng shui is to take advantage of vital qi by appropriate siting of graves and structures.* [22] Some people destroyed graveyards of their enemies to weaken their qi.* [26]* [27]* [28]* [29]* [30]
One use for a loupan is to detect the ow of qi.* [31] Magnetic compasses reect local geomagnetism which includes geomagnetically induced currents caused by space
weather.* [32] Professor Max Knoll suggested in a 1951
lecture that qi is a form of solar radiation.* [33] As space
weather changes over time,* [34] and the quality of qi rises
and falls over time,* [22] feng shui with a compass might
be considered a form of divination that assesses the quality of the local environment including the eects of
space weather. Often people with good karma live in land
with good qi.* [35]* [36]* [37]* [38]

2.2 Polarity
Polarity is expressed in feng shui as yin and yang theory. Polarity expressed through yin and yang is similar
to a magnetic dipole. That is, it is of two parts: one creating an exertion and one receiving the exertion. Yang
acting and yin receiving could be considered an early understanding of chirality. The development of this theory
and its corollary, ve phase theory (ve element theory),
have also been linked with astronomical observations of
sunspots.* [39]

Qi(pronounced cheein English) is a movable

positive or negative life force which plays an essential role The Five Elements or Forces (wu xing) which, accordin feng shui.* [24] In feng shui as in Chinese martial arts, it ing to the Chinese, are metal, earth, re, water, and wood
refers to 'energy', in the sense of 'life force' or lan vital. are rst mentioned in Chinese literature in a chapter of

3.1

Form School

the classic Book of History. They play a very important

part in Chinese thought: elementsmeaning generally
not so much the actual substances as the forces essential
to human life.* [40] Earth is a buer, or an equilibrium
achieved when the polarities cancel each other. While the
goal of Chinese medicine is to balance yin and yang in the
body, the goal of feng shui has been described as aligning a city, site, building, or object with yin-yang force
elds.* [41]

2.3

Bagua (eight trigrams)

Two diagrams known as bagua (or pa kua) loom large in

feng shui, and both predate their mentions in the Yijing
(or I Ching). The Lo (River) Chart (Luoshu) was developed rst,* [42] and is sometimes associated with Later
Heaven arrangement of the bagua. This and the Yellow
River Chart (Hetu, sometimes associated with the Earlier
Heaven bagua) are linked to astronomical events of the
sixth millennium BC, and with the Turtle Calendar from
the time of Yao.* [43] The Turtle Calendar of Yao (found
in the Yaodian section of the Shangshu or Book of Documents) dates to 2300 BC, plus or minus 250 years.* [44]
In Yaodian, the cardinal directions are determined by A building in Hong Kong with a hollow middle hole, utilizing feng
shui benets
the marker-stars of the mega-constellations known as the
Four Celestial Animals:* [44]

3.1 Form School

East The Azure Dragon (Spring equinox)Niao (Bird
The Form School is the oldest school of feng shui. Qing
), Scorpionis
Wuzi in the Han dynasty describes it in theBook of the
South The Vermilion Bird (Summer solstice) Huo Tomb and Guo Pu of the Jin dynasty follows up with a
more complete description in The Book of Burial
(Fire ), Hydrae
The Form School was originally concerned with the loWest The White Tiger (Autumn equinox)Mo (Hair cation and orientation of tombs (Yin House feng shui),
), Tauri (the Pleiades)
which was of great importance.* [21] The school then progressed to the consideration of homes and other buildings
North The Black Tortoise (Winter solstice) X (Yang House feng shui).
(Emptiness, Void ), Aquarii, Aquarii
Theformin Form School refers to the shape of the environment, such as mountains, rivers, plateaus, buildings,
The diagrams are also linked with the sifang (four direc- and general surroundings. It considers the ve celestial
tions) method of divination used during the Shang dy- animals (phoenix, green dragon, white tiger, black turtle,
nasty.* [45] The sifang is much older, however. It was and the yellow snake), the yin-yang concept and the traused at Niuheliang, and gured large in Hongshan cul- ditional ve elements (Wu Xing: wood, re, earth, metal,
ture's astronomy. And it is this area of China that is linked and water).
to Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor, who allegedly invented
The Form School analyses the shape of the land and ow
the south-pointing spoon (see compass).* [46]
of the wind and water to nd a place with ideal qi.* [47]
It also considers the time of important events such as the
birth of the resident and the building of the structure.

Traditional feng shui

Traditional feng shui is an ancient system based upon the

observation of heavenly time and earthly space. The literature of ancient China, as well as archaeological evidence, provide some idea of the origins and nature of the
original feng shui techniques.

3.2 Compass School

The Compass School is a collection of more recent feng
shui techniques based on the eight cardinal directions,
each of which is said to have unique qi. It uses the

LIST OF SPECIFIC FENG SHUI SCHOOLS

Luopan, a disc marked with formulas in concentric rings 5.1.1 Popular Xingshi Pai () formsmetharound a magnetic compass.* [48]* [49]* [50]
ods
The Compass School includes techniques such as Flying
Star and Eight Mansions.

3.3

Transmission of traditional feng shui

techniques

Luan Tou Pai, , Pinyin: lun tu pi, (environmental analysis without using a compass)
Xing Xiang Pai, or , Pinyin: xng
xing pi, (Imaging forms)

Xingfa Pai, , Pinyin: xng f pi

Aside from the books written throughout history by feng
shui masters and students, there is also a strong oral history. In many cases, masters have passed on their tech- 5.2 Liiqi Pai (Compass School)
niques only to selected students or relatives.* [51]
5.2.1 Popular Liiqi Pai () Compassmethods

3.4

Current usage of traditional schools

San Yuan Method, (Pinyin: sn yun pi)

There is no contemporary agreement that one of the traditional schools is most correct. Therefore, modern practitioners of feng shui generally draw from multiple schools
in their own practices.* [52]

Dragon Gate Eight Formation, (Pinyin:

lng mn b f)

Xuan Kong Fei Xing (Flying Stars methods of time and directions)

Modern/Western forms of feng

shui

Xuan Kong, (time and space methods)

Xuan Kong Da Gua, (Secret Decree

or 64 gua relationships)

More recent forms of feng shui simplify principles that

come from the traditional schools, and focus mainly on
the use of the bagua.

Xuan Kong Mi Zi, (Mysterious Space

Secret Decree)

4.1

Xuan Kong Liu Fa, (Mysterious Space

Six Techniques)

Aspirations Method

Zi Bai Jue, (Purple White Scroll)

The Eight Life Aspirations style of feng shui is a simple
system which coordinates each of the eight cardinal directions with a specic life aspiration or station such as San He Method, (environmental analysis using
family, wealth, fame, etc., which come from the Bagua a compass)
government of the eight aspirations. Life Aspirations is
Accessing Dragon Methods
not otherwise a geomantic system.
Ba Zhai, (Eight Mansions)

4.2

Black Sect

Yang Gong Feng Shui,

Thomas Lin Yun introduced Black Sect Tantric Bud Water Methods,
dhism Feng Shui to America in the 1970s . Black Sect is a
Local Embrace
religion that goes beyond feng shui to include elements of
transcendentalism, Taoism and Tibetan Buddhism. Black
Sect is concerned mainly with the interior of a building. Others
Instead of orienting the bagua to the compass, it is oriented to the entryway. Each of the eight sectors represent
Yin House Feng Shui, (Feng Shui for the
a particular area of one's life.
deceased)

5
5.1

List of specic feng shui schools

Ti Li (Form School)

Four Pillars of Destiny, (a form of

hemerology)
Zi Wei Dou Shu, (Purple Star Astrology)
I-Ching, (Book of Changes)

5
Qi Men Dun Jia, (Mysterious Door Escaping Techniques)
Da Liu Ren, (Divination: Big Six Heavenly
Yang Water Qi)
Tai Yi Shen Shu, (Divination: Tai Yi
Magical Calculation Method)
Date Selection, (Selection of auspicious dates
and times for important events)
Chinese Palmistry, (Destiny reading by
palm reading)
Chinese Face Reading, (Destiny reading by
face reading)
Major & Minor Wandering Stars (Constellations)

Environmental scientists and landscape architects have researched traditional feng shui and its
methodologies.* [60]* [61]* [62]
Architects study feng shui as an ancient
and
uniquely
Asian
architectural
tradition.* [63]* [64]* [65]* [66]
Geographers have analyzed the techniques and
methods to help locate historical sites in Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada,* [67] and archaeological
sites in the American Southwest, concluding that ancient Native Americans also considered astronomy
and landscape features.* [68]

7 Criticisms

Five phases, (relationship of the ve phases or

7.1
wuxing)

Traditional feng shui

BTB Black (Hat) Tantric Buddhist Sect (Western- Traditional feng shui relies upon the compass to give acised or Modern methods not based on Classical curate readings. However, critics point out that the comteachings)
pass degrees are often inaccurate as uctuations caused
by solar winds have the ability to greatly disturb the elec Symbolic Feng Shui, (new-age Feng Shui methods tromagnetic eld of the earth.* [69] Determining a propthat advocate substitution with symbolic (spiritual, erty or site location based upon Magnetic North will reappropriate representation of ve elements) objects sult in inaccuracies because true magnetic north uctuif natural environment or object/s is/are not available ates.* [70]
or viable)
Matteo Ricci (15521610), one of the founding fathers
of Jesuit China missions, may have been the rst Euroto write about feng shui practices. His account in
6 Contemporary uses of tradi- pean
De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas... tells about feng
tional feng shui
shui masters (geologi, in Latin) studying prospective construction sites or grave sites with reference to the head
and the tail and the feet of the particular dragons which
are supposed to dwell beneath that spot. As a Catholic
missionary, Ricci strongly criticized the recondite scienceof geomancy along with astrology as yet another
superstitio absurdissima of the heathens: What could
be more absurd than their imagining that the safety of
a family, honors, and their entire existence must depend
upon such tries as a door being opened from one side or
another, as rain falling into a courtyard from the right or
from the left, a window opened here or there, or one roof
being higher than another?".* [71]
A modern feng shui fountainat Taipei 101, Taiwan
Victorian-era commentators on feng shui were generally
ethnocentric, and as such skeptical and derogatory of
what they knew of feng shui.* [72] In 1896, at a meeting of the Educational Association of China, Rev. P.W.
Pitcher railed at the rottenness of the whole scheme of
Chinese architecture,and urged fellow missionariesto
erect unabashedly Western edices of several stories and
with towering spires in order to destroy nonsense about
fung-shuy".* [73]

Landscape ecologists often nd traditional feng

shui an interesting study.* [53] In many cases, the
only remaining patches of old forest in Asia are
feng shui woods,* [54] associated with cultural
heritage, historical continuity, and the preservation of various ora and fauna species.* [55] Some
researchers interpret the presence of these woods
as indicators that the healthy homes,* [56]
sustainability* [57] and environmental components After the founding of the People's Republic of China in
of ancient feng shui should not be easily dis- 1949, feng shui was ocially considered a feudalistic
missed.* [58]* [59]
superstitious practiceand a social evilaccording to

CRITICISMS

7.2 Contemporary feng shui

Westerners were criticized at the start of the anti-Western
Boxer Rebellion for violating the basic principles of feng
shui in the construction of railroads and other conspicuous public structures throughout China. However, today,
feng shui is practiced not only by the Chinese, but also by
Westerners and still criticized by Christians around the
world. Many modern Christians have an opinion of feng
shui similar to that of their predecessors:* [85]

Sycee-shaped incense used in feng shui

the state's ideology and was discouraged and even banned

outright at times.* [74]* [75] Feng shui remained popular
in Hong Kong, and also in the Republic of China (Taiwan), where traditional culture was not suppressed.* [76]

It is entirely inconsistent with Christianity

to believe that harmony and balance result from
the manipulation and channeling of nonphysical forces or energies, or that such can be done
by means of the proper placement of physical
objects. Such techniques, in fact, belong to the
world of sorcery.* [86]
Still others are simply skeptical of feng shui. Evidence
for its eectiveness is based primarily upon anecdote and
users are often oered conicting advice from dierent
practitioners. Feng shui practitioners use these dierences as evidence of variations in practice or dierent
schools of thought. Critical analysts have described it
thus:Feng shui has always been based upon mere guesswork.* [87]* [88] Some are skeptical of feng shui's lasting impact* [89] Mark Johnson:* [90]

Persecution was the most severe during the Cultural Revolution, when feng shui was classied as a custom under
the so-called Four Olds to be wiped out. Feng shui practitioners were beaten and abused by Red Guards and their
works burned. After the death of Mao Zedong and the
end of the Cultural Revolution, the ocial attitude beThis present state of aairs is ludicrous and
came more tolerant but restrictions on feng shui practice
confusing.
Do we really believe that mirrors
are still in place in today's China. It is illegal in the PRC
and
utes
are
going to change people's tendentoday to register feng shui consultation as a business and
cies
in
any
lasting
and meaningful way? ...
similarly advertising feng shui practice is banned. There
There
is
a
lot
of
investigation
that needs to
have been frequent crackdowns on feng shui practitioners
be
done
or
we
will
all
go
down
the tubes beon the grounds of promoting feudalistic superstitions
cause
of
our
inability
to
match
our
exaggerated
such as one in Qingdao in early 2006 when the city's busiclaims
with
lasting
changes.
ness and industrial administration oce shut down an art
gallery converted into a feng shui practice.* [77] Some
Nonetheless, after Richard Nixon journeyed to the
communist ocials who had previously consulted feng
People's Republic of China in 1972, feng shui became
shui were terminated and expelled from the Communist
marketable in the United States and has since been reinParty.* [78]
vented by New Age entrepreneurs for Western consumpPartly because of the Cultural Revolution, in today's tion. Critics of Contemporary Feng Shui are concerned
mainland China less than one-third of the population be- that with the passage of time much of the theory behind
lieve in feng shui, and the proportion of believers among it has been lost in translation, not paid proper consideryoung urban Chinese is said to be much lower* [79] ation, frowned upon, or even scorned. Robert T. Carroll
Learning feng shui is still somewhat considered taboo sums up what feng shui has become in some instances:
in today's China.* [80]* [81]* [82] Nevertheless, it is re...feng shui has become an aspect of inteported that feng shui has gained adherents among Comrior decorating in the Western world and almunist Party ocials according to a BBC Chinese news
leged masters of feng shui now hire themselves
commentary in 2006,* [83] and since the beginning of
Chinese economic reforms the number of feng shui pracout for hefty sums to tell people such as Donald
titioners is increasing. A number of Chinese academics
Trump which way his doors and other things
permitted to research on the subject of feng shui are anshould hang. Feng shui has also become anthropologists or architects by profession, studying the hisother New Ageenergyscam with arrays of
tory of feng shui or historical feng shui theories behind
metaphysical products...oered for sale to help
the design of heritage buildings, such as Cao Dafeng,
you improve your health, maximize your pothe Vice-President of Fudan University,* [84] and Liu
tential, and guarantee fulllment of some forShenghuan of Tongji University.
tune cookie philosophy.* [91]

7
Others have noted how, when feng shui is not applied
properly, it can even harm the environment, such as was
the case of people planting lucky bambooin ecosystems that could not handle them.* [92]
Feng shui practitioners in China nd superstitious and
corrupt ocials easy prey, despite ocial disapproval.
In one instance, in 2009, feng shui practitioners gulled
county ocials in Gansu into hauling a 369-ton spirit
rockto the county seat to ward o bad luck.* [93]
The stage magician duo Penn and Teller dedicated an
episode of their Bullshit! television show to criticise the
construal of contemporary practice of Feng Shui in the
Western World as science. In this episode, they devised a
test in which the same dwelling was visited by ve different Feng Shui consultants, all ve producing dierent opinions about said dwelling, by which means it was
attempted to show there is no consistency in the professional practice of Feng Shui.

Feng shui practice today

Apart from any mystical implications, Feng Shui may be

simply understood as a traditional test of architectural
goodness using a collection of metaphors. The test may
be static or a simulation. Simulations may involve moving
an imaginary person or organic creature, such as a dragon
of a certain size and exibility, through a oor plan to
uncover awkward turns and cramped spaces before actual construction. This is entirely analogous to imagining how a wheelchair might pass through a building, and
is a plausible exercise for architects, who are expected
to have exceptional spatial visualization talents. A static
test might try to measure comfort in architecture through
ahills and valleysmetaphor. The big hill at your back is
a metaphor for security, the open valley and stream represents air and light, and the circle of low hills in front represents both invitation to visitors and your control of your
immediate environment. The various Feng Shui tenets
represent a set of metaphors that suggest architectural
qualities that the average human nds comfortable.

Feng Shui known as Symbolic Feng Shui, which is popularized by Grandmaster* [96] Lillian Too, is being practised by Feng Shui enthusiasts. It entails placements of
auspicious (and preferably aesthetically pleasing) Five Element objects, such as Money God and tortoise, at various locations of the house so as to achieve a pleasing and
substitute-alternative Productive-Cycle environment if a
good natural environment is not already present or is too
expensive to build and implement.
Feng shui is so important to some strong believers, that
they use it for healing purposes (although there is no empirical evidence that this practice is in any way eective)
in addition to guide their businesses and create a peaceful atmosphere in their homes.* [97] In 2005, even Disney acknowledged feng shui as an important part of Chinese culture by shifting the main gate to Hong Kong Disneyland by twelve degrees in their building plans, among
many other actions suggested by the master planner of architecture and design at Walt Disney Imagineering, Wing
Chao, in an eort to incorporate local culture into the
theme park.* [98]
At Singapore Polytechnic and other institutions, many
working professionals from various disciplines (including
engineers, architects, property agents and interior designers) take courses on feng shui and divination every year
with a number of them becoming part-time or full-time
feng shui (or geomancy) consultants eventually.* [99]
Master Aaron Lee Koch of New York, USA, established
the Feng Shui Excellence Award, the rst award for the
achievement of outstanding feng shui. The Feng Shui Excellence Award is awarded to home and business owners
that have achieved a high level of feng shui excellence
and have experienced the results of the changes they have
made.* [100]

9 See also
Geomancy
Chinese spiritual world concepts

Many Asians, especially people of Chinese descent, believe it is important to live a prosperous and healthy life
as evident by the popularity of Fu Lu Shou in the Chinese
communities. Many of the higher-level forms of feng shui
are not easily practiced without having connections in the
community or a certain amount of wealth because hiring an expert, altering architecture or design, and moving
from place to place requires a signicant nancial output. This leads some people of the lower classes to lose
faith in feng shui, saying that it is only a game for the
wealthy.* [94] Others, however, practice less expensive
forms of feng shui, including hanging special (but cheap)
mirrors, forks, or woks in doorways to deect negative
energy.* [95]

Four Symbols (Chinese constellation)

In recent years, a new brand of easier-to-implement DIY

Vastu shastra

Chinese Almanac (Tung Shing)

CP Lim
David Ellis (architect)
Ley line
Tan Khoon Yong
Lillian Too
Tajul muluk

10

10

References

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11 FURTHER READING

11 Further reading
Ernest John Eitel (1878). Feng-shui: or, The rudiments of natural science in China. Hongkong: Lane,
Crawford. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Ole Bruun. Fengshui and the Chinese Perception
of Nature, in Asian Perceptions of Nature: A Critical Approach, eds. Ole Bruun and Arne Kalland
(Surrey: Curzon, 1995) 17388.

[83] Jiang Xun (11 April 2006). Focus on China From

Voodoo Dolls to Feng Shui Superstitions" (in Chinese).
BBC Chinese service. Retrieved 2012-05-14.

Ole Bruun. An Introduction to Feng Shui. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

[84] " -Cao Dafeng. Fudan.edu.cn. Retrieved 201205-14.

Ole Bruun. Fengshui in China: Geomantic Divination between State Orthodoxy and Popular Religion.
Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003.

[85] Mah, Y.-B. Living in Harmony with One's Environment:

A Christian Response to Feng Shui. Asia J. of Theology.
2004, 18; Part 2, pp 340361.
[86] Marcia Montenegro. Feng ShuiNew Dimensions in Design. Christian Research Journal. 26:1 (2003)
[87] Edwin Joshua Dukes, The Encyclopdia of Religion and
Ethics, T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1971, p 834
[88] Monty Vierra. Harried byHellionsin Taiwan. Sceptical
Briefs newsletter, March 1997.
[89] Jane Mulcock. Creativity and Politics in the Cultural Supermarket: synthesizing indigenous identities for the revolution of spirit. Continuum. 15:2. July 2001, 169185.
[90]Reality Testing in Feng Shui.Qi Journal. Spring 1997
[91] Carroll, Robert T.feng shui. The Skeptics Dictionary.
Retrieved 2012-05-14.
[92] Elizabeth Hilts, Fabulous Feng Shui: It's Certainly Popular, But is it Eco-Friendly?"
[93] Dan Levin (May 10, 2013). China Ocials Seek Career Shortcut With Feng Shui. The New York Times.
Retrieved May 11, 2013.
[94] Emmons, C. F.Hong Kong's Feng Shui: Popular Magic
in a Modern Urban Setting.Journal of Popular Culture,
Volume 26, Issue 1, Summer 1992, p. 42
[95] Emmons, C. F.Hong Kong's Feng Shui: Popular Magic
in a Modern Urban Setting.Journal of Popular Culture,
Volume 26, Issue 1, Summer 1992, p. 46
[96] http://www.intfsa.org/IFSC2009writeup.pdf
International Feng Shui Convention 2009 Singapore Management
University 21 & 22 November 2009
[97] Emmons, C. F.Hong Kong's Feng Shui: Popular Magic
in a Modern Urban Setting.Journal of Popular Culture,
Volume 26, Issue 1, Summer 1992, p. 48
[98] Laura M. Holson, The Feng Shui Kingdom
[99] Feng Shui course gains popularity. Asiaone.com.
2009-02-06. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
[100] Award of Feng Shui Excellence. Americhi.com. Retrieved 2012-05-14.

Yoon, Hong-key. Culture of Fengshui in Korea: An

Exploration of East Asian Geomancy. Lexington
Books, 2006.
Xie, Shan Shan. Chinese Geographic Feng Shui Theories and Practices. National Multi-Attribute Institute Publishing, Oct. 2008. ISBN 1-59261-004-8.
Charvatova, I., Klokocnik, J., Kolmas, J., & Kostelecky, J. (2011). Chinese tombs oriented by a compass: Evidence from paleomagnetic changes versus the age of tombs. Studia Geophysica Et Geodaetica, 55(1), 159-174. doi: 10.1007/s11200-0110009-2. Abstract: Extant written records indicate that knowledge of an ancient type of compass
in China is very old -- dating back to before the Han
dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) to at least the 4th century BC. Geomancy (feng shui) was practised for a
long time (for millennia) and had a profound inuence on the face of China's landscape and city plans.
The tombs (pyramids) near the former Chinese capital cities of Xi'an and Luoyang (together with their
suburban elds and roads) show strong spatial orientations, sometimes along a basic South-North axis
(relative to the geographic pole), but usually with deviations of several degrees to the East or West. The
use of the compass means that the needle was directed towards the actual magnetic pole at the time
of construction, or last reconstruction, of the respective tomb. However the magnetic pole, relative to
the nearly 'xed' geographic pole, shifts signicantly
over time. By matching paleomagnetic observations
with modeled paleomagnetic history we have identied the date of pyramid construction in central
China with the orientation relative to the magnetic
pole positions at the respective time of construction.
As in Mesoamerica, where according to the Fuson
hypothesis the Olmecs and Maya oriented their ceremonial buildings and pyramids using a compass
even before the Chinese, here in central China the
same technique may have been used. We found a

11
good agreement of trends between the paleodeclinations observed from tomb alignments and the available global geomagnetic eld model CALS7K.2.
Chen, X., & Wu, J. (2009). Sustainable landscape architecture: Implications of the Chinese
philosophy of 'unity of man with nature' and beyond. Landscape Ecology, 24(8), 1015-1026. doi:
10.1007/s10980-009-9350-z
Lacroix, R., & Stamatiou, E. (2006).
Feng
shui and spatial planning for a better quality of life. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 2(5), 578-583.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/
290374661?accountid=25565
Kereszturi, A., & Sik, A. (2000). Feng-shui on
mars; history of geomorphological eects of water and wind. Abstracts of Papers Submitted to the
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 31, abstr.
no. 1216. Retrieved from http://www.lpi.usra.edu/
meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1216.pdf

12

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Mimihitam, Mankar Camoran, AngelOfSadness, Nuttycoconut, Cbramble, Svick, Correogsk, Dcattell, PlusDrawn, Lloydbaltazar, Martarius, ClueBot, Dakinijones, Richlomax, Paigingashaleey., The Thing That Should Not Be, JT1517, Kabaal07, Sincere26088, Nick77459,
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Thingg, Apparition11, Black Knight takes White Queen, Local hero, Wednesday Next, XLinkBot, BRPXQZME, Ost316, Seaners28,
Nepenthes, Fengshuifacts, Navynmr, Omelettt, Koraki, Addbot, S42935, Qibender, Coolioicanwritestu, Tanhabot, Underwaterbualo,
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12.2

12.2

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13

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author provided. Mobius assumed (based on copyright claims).
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Original artist: Boston (talk). Original uploader was Boston at en.wikipedia
File:Taipei.101.fountain.altonthompson.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Taipei.101.fountain.
altonthompson.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:101.fountain.altonthompson.jpg Original
artist: Alton Thompson
File:Zhongwen.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Zhongwen.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?

12.3

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Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0