Blood Pressure Measurement Using Pressure & Heartbeat Sensors and The Prediction of BP Effects

INTRODUCTION
The concern for human welfare has caused the strong needs for a rapid,
continuous, no invasive sensor system of vital signs. Especially non-invasive and nonrestraining systems are required, because they could monitor health status over a prolonged
period. Pressure sensor & Heart beat sensors are used to measure the vital signs.
Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure is
recorded as two numbersthe systolic pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic
pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). The measurement is written one above or
before the other, with the systolic number on top and the diastolic number on the bottom.
For example, a blood pressure measurement of 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) is
expressed verbally as "120 over 80." In this System we are not using Full
Sphygmomanometer, Half part only, Remaining Electronics parts which create analog
output as per increasing the AIR.
The measurements of BP are of a great importance because it is used for detection
of hypertension (high blood pressure). Hypertension is a continuous, consistent, and
independent risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Hypotension can cause the
blood supply to the brain, heart and other tissues to be too low, and hypertension is strongly
correlated with higher risk for cerebral stroke and heart infarct. Blood pressure measurement
is also important for particular disease patients, such as hemodialysis patients. Hence, in the
daily life, blood pressure measurement and management is very useful for handling health
situation and plays a preventive function.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
The most common method for measuring blood pressure is with a pressure cuff
hooked to a mercury manometer. A health care professional manually pumps the cuff to put
pressure on the artery. He or she then uses a stethoscope to time the noise of the blood
rushing through the artery (onset is systolic pressure), and the noise of the blood slowing to
the resting mode (diastolic pressure). Today, blood pressure monitoring has become much
easier and more efficient due to automated monitoring equipment. This equipment currently
is in place at most hospitals and pharmacies. To simplify the process even more, an at
home solid-state blood pressure monitor is now available. This trend toward smaller, more
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Blood Pressure Measurement Using Pressure & Heartbeat Sensors and The Prediction of BP Effects

portable medical equipment has resulted in the need for smaller electronics to control and
operate the equipment.
Here we proposed an innovation to respond to the problems by providing a novel
Blood pressure sensor and Heart beat sensor devices for monitoring heartbeat, blood
pressure. which displays the BP value on LCD display and enabling a user an indication if
any abnormality through GSM, and also blood pressure is monitored. The proposed
innovation will be programmed to automatically suggest the user about their health
conditions.

MOTIVATION
The Blood pressure, pulse rate level measured by the sensor is processed by the
ADC in the controller that data was read every second and stored on controller. The data
from controller unit was sent to base node via GSM network. Arm controller hard ware
and GSM module are packed in suitable case and can send a message and immediate call
to doctors mobile if any abnormal condition of patient.
This system can be used for a person who is not under the continuous observation
of doctor, can check his/her vital signs using the sensors in this project. If the sensors
output starts fluctuating above normal rate hence through GSM sends an indication to
doctors mobile immediately.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

PREDICTION TABLE GSM

Fig.1 Blood Pressure measurement system.

Fig.1 shows overview of the Blood pressure measurement sensor. The hardware
design mainly consists of two sensors namely: Heartbeat Sensor, Blood Pressure Sensor.
Since the outputs from these sensors are in terms of mV, it is required to amplify the sensor
outputs using amplifiers. The output from the pressure sensor will be analog in nature and is
converted to digital by using ADC block. These sensors are connected to the ARM7 board
(LPC2148). Power of 9V is applied to the microcontroller through the power supply. This
controller is further connected to GSM module and LCD display. The transmission medium
used here is GSM.

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1. Blood Pressure Sensor

Fig.3: FGN Pressure Sensor

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, occurs when the force (or pressure)
of blood against your artery walls is too great, causing excessive strain on your blood vessels.
This condition is dangerous because its damaging effects accrue over time and may not
become apparent until an individual's blood pressure is shockingly high. This is why
hypertension is sometimes known as a "silent killer." The sensor used in this project is FGN
type pressure sensor. FGN/sensor FPN/FGN (Gauge) Package (8 mm tube length) with mill
volt uncalibrated output. Best used with silicon tubing or directly attached to manifold. The
FPN is a dual in-line package while the FGN offers a surface mount package. Various
pressure ranges are available.
Working of BP Sensor
Blood pressure sensor is built up with the combination of pressure pump, pressure
sensor separate rectifier circuit ,relay switches to on and off the pressure pump, and Steps
required to calculate the blood pressure are:
1. Switch on the sensor
2. Start pressure pump which boosts the pressure
3. At a certain level pressure is measured by the pressure sensor and if the pressure exceeds
the level it displays the level on the LCD screen and sends a message to the registered mobile
number.

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2. Heart Beat Sensor

Fig.2: Heart Beat Sensor

The heart beat sensor used here is TCRT1000 reflective optical sensor. The use of
TCRT100 simplifies the build process of the sensor part of the project as both the infrared
light emitter diode and the detector are arranged side by side in a leaded package, thus
blocking the surrounding ambient light, which could otherwise affect the sensor performance.
This sensor is designed to give digital output of heart beat when a finger is placed on it. When
the heart beat detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison with each heartbeat. This
digital output can be connected to microcontroller directly to measure the Beats per Minute
(BPM) rate. It works on the principle of Light modulation by blood flow through finger at
each pulse.

Hardware and Software Requirement:

Hardware:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ARM -LPC2148
LCD display
Heart rate sensor
Pressure sensor
GSM

Software:
1. Embedded C
2. Keil Compiler
3. Flash Magic

3. ARM7 Microcontroller
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3.1 General Description:

The

LPC2141/42/44/46/48

microcontrollers

are

based

on

16-bit/32-bit

ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine
microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 KB to 512 KB. A
128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code
execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit
Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty.

Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/42/44/46/48 are ideal for
applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-ofsale. Serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed device, multiple
UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8 KB up to 40 KB, make these devices
very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice
recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power.
Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit. ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast
GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these
microcontrollers suitable for industrial control and medical systems.

TheARM7TDMI solution provides the low power consumption, small size, and high
performance needed in portable, embedded applications. The principle feature of the ARM 7
microcontroller is that it is a register based load-and-store architecture with a number of
operating modes. While the ARM7 is a 32 bit microcontroller, it is also capable of running a
16-bit instruction set, known as THUMB. This helps it achieve a greater code density and
enhanced power saving. While all of the register-to-register data processing instructions are
single-cycle, other instructions such as data transfer instructions, are multi-cycle. To increase
the performance of these instructions, the ARM 7 has a three-stage pipeline.

Due to the inherent simplicity of the design and low gate count, ARM 7 is the industry
leader in low-power processing on a watts per MIP basis. Finally, to assist the developer, the
ARM core has a built-in JTAG debug port and on-chip embedded ICE that allows programs
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to be downloaded and fully debugged in-system. ARM's comprehensive product offering

includes 16/32-bit RISC microprocessors, data engines, 3D processors, digital libraries,
embedded memories, peripherals, software and development tools, as well as analog
functions and high-speed connectivity products. Data processing is done based on below
sensors values.

3.2 Pin Diagram:

3.3 Features:
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16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.

8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash

Memory. 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.

In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot

loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of
256 bytes in 1ms.

Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the
on-chip Real Monitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.

USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM. In

addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by
DMA.

One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14
analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 s per channel.

Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).

Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.

Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input.

Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400
kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.

Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) with configurable priorities and vector addresses.

Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package,.

Up to 21 external interrupt pins available.

60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with
settling time of 100s.

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Blood Pressure Measurement Using Pressure & Heartbeat Sensors and The Prediction of BP Effects

On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25

MHz.

Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.

Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling

for additional power optimization.

Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD.

Single power supply chip with POR and BOD circuits:

CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/O
pads.

3.4 Functional Description:

3.4.1 Architecture Overview:
The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which offers high
performance and very low power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on Reduced
Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related decode
mechanism are much simpler than those of micro programmed Complex Instruction Set
Computers (CISC). This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput and impressive
real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-effective processor core.
Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of the processing and memory systems
can operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being executed, its successor is
being decoded, and a third instruction is being fetched from memory.
The ARM7TDMI-S processor also employs a unique architectural strategy known as
Thumb, which makes it ideally suited to high-volume applications with memory restrictions,
or applications where code density is an issue. The key idea behind Thumb is that of a superreduced instruction set.
The ARM7TDMI-S processor has two instruction sets:
The standard 32-bit ARM set.

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A 16-bit Thumb set.

The Thumb sets 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach twice the density of
standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARMs performance advantage over a
traditional 16-bit processor using 16-bit registers. This is possible because Thumb code
operates on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. Thumb code is able to provide up to 65
% of the code size of ARM, and 160 % of the performance of an equivalent ARM processor
connected to a 16-bit memory system. The particular flash implementation in the
LPC2141/42/44/46/48 allows for full speed execution also in ARM mode. It is recommended
to program performance critical and short code sections (such as interrupt service routines
and DSP algorithms) in ARM mode. The impact on the overall code size will be minimal but
the speed can be increased by 30% over Thumb mode.
3.4.2 On-chip Flash Memory:
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 incorporates a 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 512 kB
flash memory system respectively. This memory may be used for both code and data storage.
Programming of the flash memory may be accomplished in several ways. It may be
programmed In System via the serial port. The application program may also erase and/or
program the flash while the application is running, allowing a great degree of flexibility for
data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. Due to the architectural solution chosen for an onchip boot loader, flash memory available for users code on LPC2141/42/44/46/48 is 32 kB,
64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 500 kB respectively. The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 flash memory
provides a minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of data-retention.
3.4.3 On-Chip Static RAM:
On-chip static RAM may be used for code and/or data storage. The SRAM may be
accessed as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The LPC2141, LPC2142/44 and LPC2146/48 provide 8
kB, 16 kB and 32 kB of static RAM respectively. In case of LPC2146/48 only, an 8 kB
SRAM block intended to be utilized mainly by the USB can also be used as a general purpose
RAM for data storage and code storage and execution.
3.4.4 Interrupt Controller:
The Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) accepts all of the interrupt request inputs and
categorizes them as Fast Interrupt Request (FIQ), vectored Interrupt Request (IRQ), and nonDept. of TCE,
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Blood Pressure Measurement Using Pressure & Heartbeat Sensors and The Prediction of BP Effects

vectored IRQ as defined by programmable settings. The programmable assignment scheme

means that priorities of interrupts from the various peripherals can be dynamically assigned
and adjusted.
Fast interrupt request (FIQ) has the highest priority. If more than one request is
assigned to FIQ, the VIC combines the requests to produce the FIQ signal to the ARM
processor. The fastest possible FIQ latency is achieved when only one request is classified as
FIQ, because then the FIQ service routine does not need to branch into the interrupt service
routine but can run from the interrupt vector location. If more than one request is assigned to
the FIQ class, the FIQ service routine will read a word from the VIC that identifies which
FIQ source(s) is (are) requesting an interrupt.
Vectored IRQs have the middle priority. Sixteen of the interrupt requests can be
assigned to this category. Any of the interrupt requests can be assigned to any of the 16
vectored IRQ slots, among which slot 0 has the highest priority and slot 15 has the lowest.
Non-vectored IRQs have the lowest priority.
The VIC combines the requests from all the vectored and non-vectored IRQs to
produce the IRQ signal to the ARM processor. The IRQ service routine can start by reading a
register from the VIC and jumping there. If any of the vectored IRQs are pending, the VIC
provides the address of the highest-priority requesting IRQs service routine, otherwise it
provides the address of a default routine that is shared by all the non-vectored IRQs. The
default routine can read another VIC register to see what IRQs are active
3.4.5 Interrupt sources:
Each peripheral device has one interrupt line connected to the Vectored Interrupt
Controller, but may have several internal interrupt flags. Individual interrupt flags may also
represent more than one interrupt source.

3.5 10-Bit ADC:

The LPC2141/42 contains one and the LPC2144/46/48 contain two analog to digital
converters. These converters are single 10-bit successive approximation analog to digital
converters. While ADC0 has six channels, ADC1 has eight channels. Therefore, total number
of available ADC inputs for LPC2141/42 is 6 and for LPC2144/46/48 is 14.
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3.5.1 Features:
10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter.
Measurement range of 0 V to VREF (2.0 V VREF VDDA).
Each converter capable of performing more than 400,000 10-bit samples per second.
Every analog input has a dedicated result register to reduce interrupt overhead.
Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.
Optional conversion on transition on input pin or timer match signal.
Global Start command for both converters (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).

3.6 USB 2.0 Device Controller:

The USB is a 4-wire serial bus that supports communication between a host and a
number (127max) of peripherals. The host controller allocates the USB bandwidth to attached
devices through a token based protocol. The bus supports hot plugging, unplugging, and
dynamic configuration of the devices. All transactions are initiated by the host controller.
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 is equipped with a USB device controller that enables 12
Mbit/s data exchange with a USB host controller. It consists of a register interface, serial
interface engine, endpoint buffer memory and DMA controller. The serial interface engine
decodes the USB data stream and writes data to the appropriate end point buffer memory. The
status of a completed USB transfer or error condition is indicated via status registers. An
interrupt is also generated if enabled.
A DMA controller (available in LPC2146/48 only) can transfer data between an endpoint
buffer and the USB RAM.
3.6.1 Features:
Fully compliant with USB 2.0 Full-speed specification.
Supports 32 physical (16 logical) endpoints.
Supports control, bulk, interrupt and isochronous endpoints.
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Scalable realization of endpoints at run time.

Endpoint maximum packet size selection (up to USB maximum specification) by software
at run time.
RAM message buffer size based on endpoint realization and maximum packet size.
Supports Soft Connect and Good Link LED indicator. These two functions are sharing one
pin.
Supports bus-powered capability with low suspend current.
Supports DMA transfer on all non-control endpoints (LPC2146/48 only).
One duplex DMA channel serves all endpoints (LPC2146/48 only).
Allows dynamic switching between CPU controlled and DMA modes (only in
LPC2146/48).
Double buffer implementation for bulk and isochronous endpoints

3.7 UARTs:
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 each contains two UARTs. In addition to standard transmit
and receive data lines, the LPC2144/46/48 UART1 also provide a full modem control
handshake interface. Compared to previous LPC2000 microcontrollers, UARTs in
PC2141/42/44/46/48introduce a fractional baud rate generator for both UARTs, enabling
these microcontrollers to achieve standard baud rates such as 115200 with any crystal
frequency above 2MHz. In addition, auto-CTS/RTS flow-control functions are fully
implemented in hardware (UART1 in LPC2144/46/48 only).
3.7.1 Features:
16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs.
Register locations conform to 550 industry standard.
Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes

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Built-in fractional baud rate generator covering wide range of baud rates without a need for
external crystals of particular values.
Transmission FIFO control enables implementation of software (XON/XOFF) flow control
on both UARTs.
LPC2144/46/48 UART1 equipped with standard modem interface signals. This module also
provides full support for hardware flow control (auto-CTS/RTS).

B. Measurement of pulse waves

Fig.2 Measuring points on the skin surface

As shown in Fig. 2, FBG sensors were fixed with medical tape on the skin surface of
the right wrist and right elbow on artery. To obtain pulse wave, we fixed FBG sensor to
the skin surface of the radial artery (wrist) on the brachial artery (elbow). Radial artery
and brachial artery are easy to observe pulsation in the measurement of pulse rate in
clinical. Therefore, it can be considered that FBG sensor easily detect the expansion
and contraction of the artery. The PLSR is used to obtain the calibration model for BP
values. Successive extraction of latent factors are carried out I the PLSR. And it is an
analysis method to predict the objective variables from the relations between the
objective variables and the explanatory variables.

APPLICATIONS
Measure blood pressure before and after exercise.
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Compare blood pressure after voluntary isometric contractions (weight lifting) and a
rhythmic activity such as running or biking.
Investigate how digestion affects blood pressure.
Compare blood pressure between smokers and non-smokers.

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REFERENCES
[1].Y. Miyauchi, H. Ishizawa, Basic Experiment of Blood-pressure Measurement
which Uses FBG Sensors, Instrumentation and Measurement Technology
Conference (I2MTC), 2013 IEEE International, pp. 1767-1770, 2013
[2].E. Gonda, H. Miyata, Y. Maniwa, M. Ohkita, Fuzzy Modeling of Acceleration
Plethysmogram, Biomedical Fuzzy Systems Association, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 81-91,
[3].

2006
Y. Tokuda, Vital sign course of Dr. Tokuda pp. 2-10, 29-34, Japan Medical Jarnal,
2013.