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ABSTRACT
In a world economy, a nation that is self-sufficient does not exist. Each nation is engaged at
various levels in trade to sell what it produces, to obtain what it lacks as well as to produce more
efficiently in some economic sectors than tis trade partners. Globalization has become an
intriguing concern that has attracted many people to the study of trade and economics. Similar to
many other economic processes, globalization features both significant advantages and
disadvantages for the world in general.
The following report undertakes an economic overview of East Asian Economies, providing a
detailed discussion on the effects that globalization and free trade have on such economies. This
report begins with a brief overview of globalization and Free trade within East Asian Economies.
Additionally, the report defines globalization, its roots and driving forces along with defining
free trade. The report additionally overviews the countries that are under East Asia. The report
ends with the implications of free trade and globalization within East Asian economies, and
outlines the benefits that these factors play within the developments of East Asian economies.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract...................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 3
2.0 Defining Globalization.......................................................................................... 4
3.0 ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations).................................................5
3.1 ASEAN Members................................................................................................ 5
4.0 Defining Free Trade............................................................................................... 6
4.1 Free Trade Status in Eastern Asian....................................................................7
4.3 General Features of Free Trade Agreements in East Asia..................................9
5.0 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in East Asian......................................................10
6.0 Impacts of Globalization and Free Trade on East Asian Economies.....................11
6.1 Positive Impacts of Globalization and Free Trade on East Asian Economy.......12
7.0 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 13
8.0 References.......................................................................................................... 13
9.0 Appendices......................................................................................................... 18

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The Contributions of the Sources of Economic Growth: Selected East Asian and Western
Economies...................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Association of Southeast Asian Nations, listed members.................................................6
Figure 3: Average Annual Growth Rates of GNP and Exports of goods and Services, 1965-1996.........11

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: East Asian Free Trade Agreement (ASEAN+3 Countries)................................................8
Table 2: Free Trade Agreements Involving Countries in East Asia (ASEAN+6 Countries)....................8
Table 3: General Characteristics of Free Trade Agreements in East Asia........................................9

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Dells Global Locations.................................................................................... 18
Appendix 2: Tariff Reduction in Selected East Asian Free Trade Agreements..................................19
Appendix 3: Economic Performance in East Asia...................................................................20

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Notwithstanding the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998, East Asia has been the fastest
growing region win the world since the 1960s (Li Xing and Zhang Shengjun, 2015). The
financial crisis came as such a surprise to many observers largely because the trigger countries
had been known for their exceptionally positive economic development (Marcus Cieleback,
1988). The East Asian economies survived the East Asian financial crisis and with the exception
of Indonesia and possibly Philippines have largely recovered from their troughs. Over the past
two decades, East Asian developing economies; China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea,
Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Taiwan, have experienced an average annual growth rate of
seven (7) percent, which is much higher than the average five (5) percent growth in the rest of
the world (Lawrence J., 2001). The Philippines is one of the notable exceptions, as it has
experienced less than half of the average growth rate (Lawrence J., 2001) as compared to its
counterpart countries (East Asian Countries). Figure 1 shows the contributions of the sources of
Economic Growth within selected East Asian economies.
FIGURE 1: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE SOURCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: SELECTED EAST
ASIAN AND WESTERN ECONOMIES.

Source: (Kim and Lau, 1996)

Globalization is the acceleration and intensification of interaction and integration among the
people, companies and governments of various nations (Rothenberg, 2003). Within the current
century, going global has become a must for every organization on the account of intensified

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competition within business markets. Globalization concepts have been adopted by many
corporations and have successfully implemented it. For instance, Dell has positioned itself along
geographical lines into Americas, Asia-Pacific and Japan, and Europe/Middle East/Africa.
Regions of Dells operations have their own regional headquarters and its own assembly plants
and supply network; United Kingdom for EMEA, Hong Kong for Asia-Pacific and Kawasaki for
Japan. Refer to appendix 1 for Dells Globalized locations (Kenneth.L and Jason Dedrick, 2012).
Free trade advocates face more than just the constant challenges of reminding the public and
policymakers of the virtues of open global markets (Edward L., 1996). A free trade agreement
(FTA) is a legally binding agreement between two or more countries to liberalize trade and bring
about closer economic integration (Spring Singapore, 2005). For example, in the year 2014,
Australia, New-Zealand and ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations)entered a free
trade agreement to extensively reduce tariffs and eliminate commitments (Australian
Government, 2014).

2.0 DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is not a new concept, Hamilton and Webster (2009) define globalization as the
political, economic, social and technological links in different countries (Muhammed, A.,
Muhammad, F., Muhammad, D., and Iqra, A., 2011). According to another definition provided
by Albrow (1990), globalization refers to all those processes by which the peoples of the world
are incorporated into a single world society, global society (Nelly P., and Karen M., 2014).
Globalization involves the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies to a
degree never witnessed before, in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nationstates to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before, and in a
way that is also producing powerful backlash from those brutalized or left behind by this new
system (Friedman T., 1999).
Globalization begun just after World War II but has accelerated noticeably since the mid-1980s,
pushed by two (2) main Factors. The first factor involves technological advancements that have
reduced the costs of transportation, communication, and computation to the extent that it is often
economically possible for a firm to locate distinctive phases of production in numerous countries
(Shravan, K., Ginna R., and Ramaiah G., 2014). The second factor has to do with the increasing
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liberalization of trade and capital markets: more and more governments are refusing to protect
their economies from foreign competitors or influence through import tariffs and nontariff
barriers which include import quotas, export restraints, and authorized prohibitions (Shravan, K.,
Ginna R., and Ramaiah G., 2014). Several worldwide establishments founded during the wake of
World War II, such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was succeeded in 1995 by the whole world Trade
Group (WTO) have played a significant purpose in endorsing free trade instead of protectionism.
Empirical evidence suggests that globalization has substantially boosted economic growth in
East Asian economies such as Hong Kong (China), the Republic of Korea, and Singapore.
However, not all developing nations are equally engaged in globalization or in a position to
benefit from it (Rashmi G., 2015). As a matter of fact, apart from most countries in East Asia and
several in Latin America, developing countries happen to be rather slow to integrate with the
world economy. Additionally, for countries that are actively engaged in globalization, the
benefits come with new risks and challenges (Rashmi G., 2015). The balance of globalization's
costs and benefits for various groups of countries and the world economy is amongst the most
popular subject areas in development debates.

3.0 ASEAN (ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS)

3.1 ASEAN MEMBERS
The main goals of ASEAN include improving the economies of member countries, as well as
protection and peace between the neighboring nations as well as to collaborate more effectively
for the greater utilization of their agriculture and industries, the expansion of their trade,
including the study of the problems of international commodity trade, the improvement of their
transportation and communications facilities and the raising of the living standards of their
people (Association of Southeast Asian Nation, 2014). ASEAN member countries consist of ten
(10) nations, namely; Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam (Figure 2). The unification of these primarily smaller nations
helps them to protect themselves and each other from outside conflicts. In fact, the original

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organization was formed to prevent the spread of communism in the 1960s (Maps of the world,
2012).
FIGURE 2: ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS, LISTED MEMBERS

Source: (Pharmatutor, 2015)

4.0 DEFINING FREE TRADE

Free trade is defined as a system where goods, capital and labor flow freely between nations,
with no obstacles which could hinder the trade process (Mantel, R., 2011). Free trade stems
from the 18th and 19th centuries when Adam Smith after which David Ricardo created the basis
for International trade as an element of their attempts to make a case for free trade (Thomas, P.,
and Peter, L., 2000). In 1776, Adam Smith wrote in his The Wealth of Nations If a foreign
country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of
them with some part of the producer of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have
some advantage (Mantel, R., 2011). Adam Smith argued that, all commerce that is carried on
involving any two countries should always be advantageous to both, and consequently, all duties,
customs, and excise on imports ought to be abolished, and free commerce and liberty of
exchange should be permitted with all nations (Irwin, D., 2009).
The reasoning powering to free trade is that it will reduced prices for goods and services by
promoting competitiveness. Domestic producers will no more have the opportunity to depend
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upon government subsidies and other forms of assistance, which include quotas which
essentially pressure citizens to order from domestic producers, while foreign corporations may
make inroads on new markets when barriers to trade are lifted. In addition to minimizing prices,
free trade can also be speculated to encourage innovation, because competition involving
companies sparks a need to come up with innovative goods and services to seize market share.
It has been recognized that some nations are greater at developing particular types of products
than others. It then seems sensible, for nations to specialize in producing the goods they can
develop most efficiently, and to trade their surplus of those goods for the products they cannot
produce, or are significantly less productive at making.
4.1 FREE TRADE STATUS IN EASTERN ASIAN
The very first non-ASAEN FTA (Free Trade Agreement) proposal in East Asia, for a JapanKorea FTA, was set ahead in 1998. That proposal continues to be stalled, but far more FTA
initiatives were subsequently proposed, with some successfully concluded and a few nonetheless,
under negotiation (Yunling Zhang and Minghui Shen, 2011).

These FTAs contain some

limitations to east Asian countries as well as some involving east Asian countries and countries
in other regions (Tables 1 and 2).

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TABLE 1: EAST ASIAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (ASEAN+3 COUNTRIES)

Source: (Asia Regional Integration Center, 2015)

TABLE 2: FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS INVOLVING COUNTRIES IN EAST ASIA (ASEAN+6

COUNTRIES)

Source: (Asia Regional Integration Center, 2015)

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Free trade agreements (FTAs) have become a notable feature of the multilateral trading system
and a very important instrument of trade policy for members of the World Trade Organization
(WTO).The proliferation of FTAs is the results of many elements, from economic to political
(Yunling Zhang and Minghui Shen, 2011). East Asia is without exception linked to the process
and witnessing of the establishment of multilayered FTAs. Pioneered by the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1992 when it initiated the ASEAN FTA (AFTA), and
encouraged by ASEAN+1 (ASEAN plus one nation) FTAs, An increasing number of economies
in East Asia are associated with FTAs, even though the characteristics of such FTAs vary in
accordance with their background and circumstances (Yunling Zhang and Minghui Shen, 2011).
4.3 GENERAL FEATURES OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS IN EAST ASIA
Table 3 outlines the general characteristics of the Free Trade Agreements conducted in East Asia.
TABLE 3: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS IN EAST ASIA.

Features of
FTA
Liberalizatio
n

Description

This covers elimination of tariffs and nontariff barriers, national treatment of

imports, market access for trade in services, investment liberalization
through national treatment, and national treatment in government
procurement. Time schedules are incorporated for liberalization, exclusion
and negative lists, and accelerated liberalization through early harvest
programs (Yunling Zhang and Minghui Shen, 2011). (Refer to appendix 2

Facilitation

for Tariff Reduction in Selected East Asian Free Trade Agreements).

Included are customs valuation and procedures, standards and conformance
measures dealing with technical barriers to trade and sanitary and
phytosanitary measures. Also included are rules of origin as criteria to
preferential treatment, transparency of laws and regulations, movement of
professional and business people, and improvements in logistics and

Protection

transportation (Yunling Zhang and Minghui Shen, 2011).

This includes safeguard measures for disruptive imports, fair competition
between imports and domestically produced goods, protection of intellectual

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property rights, investment guarantees, and dispute settlement mechanisms

Cooperation

(Yunling Zhang and Minghui Shen, 2011).

Included under this broad category are macroeconomic dialogue and
surveillance mechanisms, financial and monetary cooperation, infrastructure
development, and sub-regional development. Cooperation in human resource
development and capacity building, development of small and medium
enterprises (SMEs), science and technology development, and research and

Differential
treatment

development are also included (Yunling Zhang and Minghui Shen, 2011).
This provides for flexible and special treatment for the less developed
countries of Cambodia, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Myanmar,
and Viet Nam. Such treatment can take the form of longer time frames for
fulfillment of commitments, larger sensitive and exclusion lists, and special
assistance in capacity buildinge.g., development of human resources and
infrastructure (Yunling Zhang and Minghui Shen, 2011).

5.0 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) IN EAST ASIAN

The macroeconomic performance and prospective countries from the East Asian region have
changed dramatically since the onset in the Asian crisis in 1997-1998. East Asia plunged from
being the region that exhibited the highest average rate of growth for real gross domestic
products (GDP) of all regions in the global economy to the region in which several countries
registered negative growth in GDP per capita in 1998: Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand (Asian Development Bank, 1999). Korea,
Thailand and Indonesia were forced to turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for big
bailout financial loan applications. The remaining eight (eight) countries resumed good progress
in the final quarter of 1998. Appendix 3 elaborates East Asians economic performance.

6.0 IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION AND FREE TRADE ON

EAST ASIAN ECONOMIES

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The costs and rewards concerning International trade rely on variables like the sizing of a
countrys domestic market, its natural resource endowment, and its location. As an example,
nations with large domestic markets frequently trade less (World Bank Group, 2000). At the
same time, nations that are very well endowed with a few natural resources, such as oil, often
trade more. Regardless of the challenges, many countries have been opting out to globalize their
economies to a higher extent. One method to evaluate and measure the extent of this process is
through the ratio of a countrys trade (exports plus imports) to its GDP or GNP (World Bank
Group, 2000). By this measure, globalization has roughly doubled on average ever since 1950. In
the last thirty (30) many years exports have grown about twice as rapidly as GNP (Figure 3).
FIGURE 3: AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES OF GNP AND EXPORTS OF GOODS AND
SERVICES, 1965-1996

Source: (World Bank Group, 2000)

6.1 POSITIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION AND FREE TRADE ON EAST

ASIAN ECONOMY

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Globalization and Free Trade ensured the massive volume of domestic capital, production level
and employment opportunities in developing nations which grew to become the major step in the
direction of economic growth in East Asia. For Instance, globalization continues to be the
booming component that has bolstered the economic lifetime of China giving the biggest
advantages to nations in East Asia whilst incorporating with Free Buying and selling
Agreements. Globalization and free trade has contributed to the development of East Asian
economy because it promotes financial integration like reduction in infrastructure cost (transport
and communication), the removal of trade barriers, and amplified mobility of capital and labor,
along with the signing of free trade agreements of East Asian nations with WTO and the forming
of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) , has given the progress of economic
integration with increasing number of global importation and exportation particularly in East
Asia (Japanese Ministry of Financial, Trade and Business, 2006).
Globalization assumes the generation of new job opportunities as traders establishes new
companies in these nations, developing new job openings (Huwart, J., and Loic, V., 2013). This
brings about an increment in income and the development of competition with new jobs.
Therefore, offering an increased purchasing power to the population of that nation, this leads to
economic boosts and higher living standards. Organizations such as Intel, Shell, and Google have
already been in a position to develop more job opportunities within countries, paying taxes to
governments, selection of goods and services currently being experienced by the public in East
Asian nations which has led them to high standard of living and even have contributed an
increase in Gross domestic Product of such nations relatively.
Additionally, Anisha Sabhlok (2001) in her micro study Corporate Social Responsibility on a list
of firms situated in Singapore, noted that Multinational Businesses in Singapore contributed to
society by adopting the best procedures, driving innovation, manufacturing green products and
attaining eco-effectiveness targets, enlightens MNCs to contribute to the countrys economic and
social growth (Shujiro, U., 2002). Globalization and free trade apparently aids in the outsourcing
of environment knowledge from East Asia, specifically in Japan in their Green Computing for
Information and Technology sector. It helps the nation in acquiring the know-how process in
Japan regarding improving the eco-friendly technological advancement.

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According Thomas Sowell (2005) all the people of the world can contribute and those who
preserve themselves isolated from others will be left behind. (Global envision, 2005). This is due
to the issue of not being involved in any type of trade agreements with other nations or not
having to be involved in globalization. Globalization has also rendered domestic producers to
produce more efficiently because of their global specialization and the pressure that emanates
from international competition, which advantages occurs for both the economy of the country
and the consumers as they are able to consume substantial variety of domestic and imported
goods at reduced prices.

7.0 CONCLUSION
In this current era, the world seems too bipolarized by developing nations in the past halfcentury, one group who succeeded in poverty reduction through sustained growth, and another
group who did not. The majority of East Asian nations belong in the first group. From a long
term perspective and as a regional phenomenon, there is no uncertainty that East Asia has made
remarkable strides in income levels, economic equity and social indicators despite its financial
crisis. Overall, for nearly every nation in East Asia, globalization has resulted in a faster growth
and more prosperity for a larger share of its population than at any other time in its history.

8.0 REFERENCES

Asian Development Bank (1999) Asian Development Outlook 1999: Economic Openness Growth and Recovery in Asia, Available at: http://www.adb.org/publications/asian-developmentoutlook-1999-economic-openness-growth-and-recovery-asia (Accessed: 17 August 2015).

Australian Government (2014) ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement, Available

at: http://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/aanzfta/pages/asean-australia-new-zealand-free-tradeagreement.aspx (Accessed: 12 August 2015).

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Douglas A. Irwin (2009) Free Trade Under Fire. Third [Online]. Available at:
http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9027.html (Accessed: 15 August 2015).

Edward L. Hudgins (1996) 'REGIONAL AND MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS:

COMPLEMENTARY MEANS TO OPEN MARKETS', Cato Journal , 15(2), pp. 231-239
[Online]. Available at: http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/catojournal/1995/11/cj15n2-3-6.pdf (Accessed: 12 August 2015).

Global envision (2005) IN DEFENSE OF GLOBALIZATION, FREE-TRADE AND FREEMARKET, Available at: http://www.globalenvision.org/library/15/723 (Accessed: 17 August
2015).

Huwart, J.Y. and L. Verdier (2013) ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION On the Internet:. [Online].
Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/0111111e.pdf?
expires=1439766490&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=DC343E069EBC77787F46A8671E5
107F0 (Accessed: 15 August 2015).

Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2006) Global Economic Strategy, Available
at: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/topic/downloadfiles/GlobalEconomicStrategy(Summary).pdf
(Accessed: 17 August 2015).

K. Shravan Kumar, Ginna Prudvi Reddy, and G.Ramaiah (2014) 'THE IMPORTANCE OF
BUSINESS ETHICS IN GLOBALISATION -A STUDY', International Journal of
Advancements in Research & Technology, 3(4), pp. 285-296 [Online]. Available at:
http://www.ijoart.org/docs/THE-IMPORTANCE-OF-BUSINESS-ETHICS-IN-GLOBALISATIONA-STUDY.pdf (Accessed: 14 August 2015).

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Kenneth L.Kraemer and Jason Dedrick (2012) Dell Computer: Organization of a Global
Production Network, Available at: http://down.cenet.org.cn/upfile/47/2005131224345144.pdf
(Accessed: 12 August 2015).

Laurence E. Rothenberg (2003) Globalization 101 The Three Tensions of Globalization, New
York: Occasional Papers Series.

Lawrence J. Lau (2001) East Asian Economic Growth: Miracle or Bubble?, Available at:
http://web.stanford.edu/~ljlau/Presentations/Presentations/010720.pdf (Accessed: 11 August
2015).

Lawrence J. Lau and Jungsoo Park (2004) The Sources of East Asian Economic Growth
Revisited, Available at: http://web.stanford.edu/~ljlau/Presentations/Presentations/040519.pdf
(Accessed: 11 August 2015).

Li Xing and Zhang Shengjun (2015) Limits to Regional Integration. [Online]. Available at:
https://books.google.com.my/books?
id=dmrVBgAAQBAJ&dq=East+Asian+has+been+the+fastest+growing+region+in+the+worl
d&source=gbs_navlinks_s (Accessed: 11 August 2015).

Mantel Renata (2011) 'Free trade: pros and cons', KAFU Academic Journal, 1(2), pp. [Online].
Available at: http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/2/40/ (Accessed: 15 August 2015).

Maps of the World (2012) ASEAN Member Countries, Available at:

http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-aseanmember-map.htm (Accessed: 14 August 2015).

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Marcus Cieleback (1998) 'The economic and currency crisis in South-East Asia', Intereconomics,
33(5), pp. 223-229 [Online]. Available at:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02929517#page-1 (Accessed: 11 August 2015).

Michael Sarel (1997) Growth and Productivity in ASEAN Countries , Available at:
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9797.pdf (Accessed: 17 August 2015).

Muhammad Akram Ch., Muhammad Asim Faheem, Muhammad Khyzer Bin Dost and Iqra
Abdullah (2011) 'Globalization and its Impacts on the World Economic Development',
International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(23), pp. 291-295 [Online]. Available at:
http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_23_Special_Issue_December_2011/36.pdf (Accessed: 13
August 2015).

Nelly P. Stromquist and Karen Monkman (2014) Globalization and Education: Integration and
Contestation across Cultures. 2nd [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.com.my/books?
id=GvU3AwAAQBAJ&vq=Globalization+refers+to+all+those+processes+by+which+the+peo
ples+of+the+world+are+incorporated+into+a+single+world+society,
+global+society+Albrow&dq=Globalization+refers+to+all+those+processes+by+which+the
+peoples+of+the+world+are+incorporated+into+a+single+world+society,
+global+society+Albrow&source=gbs_navlinks_s (Accessed: 12 August 2015).

Rashmi Gujrati (2015) 'The role of International Trade in the Global Economy & Its Effects On
Economic Growth', International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology,
2(7), pp. 453-460 [Online]. Available at: http://ijiset.com/vol2/v2s7/IJISET_V2_I6_60.pdf
(Accessed: 14 August 2015).

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Shujiro Urata (2002) Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia with Particular Focus on
ASEAN4, Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/seminar/2002/fdi/eng/pdf/urata.pdf
(Accessed: 17 August 2015).

Spring Signapore (2005) Free Trade Agreements (Trade in Goods), Available at:
http://www.spring.gov.sg/Resources/Documents/Guidebook_FTA_Guide_Goods.pdf (Accessed:
12 August 2015).

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2014) Overview, Available at:

http://www.asean.org/asean/about-asean/overview (Accessed: 14 August 2015).

Thomas A. Pugel and Peter H. Lindert (2000) International Economics . 11th [Online]. Available
at: http://www.isbnplus.com/0072903872 (Accessed: 15 August 2015).

Thomas L. Friedman (2000) The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization,
Available at: http://sociology.emory.edu/faculty/globalization/reviews/friedman.html (Accessed:
13 August 2015).

World Bank Group (2000) Globalization and International Trade, Available at:
http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/global/chapter12_2.html (Accessed: 17 August 2015).

Yunling Zhang and Minghui Shen (2011) The Status of East Asian Free Trade Agreements,
Available at: http://www.waseda.jp/gsaps/eaui/educational_program/PDF_2/TU_PRASIRTSUK,
%20Kitti_Reading2_The%20Status%20of%20East%20Asian%20Free%20Trade
%20Agreements.pdf (Accessed: 17 August 2015).

9.0 APPENDICES

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APPENDIX 1: DELLS GLOBAL LOCATIONS

Source: (International Center for Journalists, 2015)

APPENDIX 2: TARIFF REDUCTION IN SELECTED EAST ASIAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS

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Source: (Asian Development Bank Institute, 2011)

APPENDIX 3: ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN EAST ASIA

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Sources: (Michael, S., IMF working Paper, 1998, and Asian Development Bank, 1999)

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