GIS and Spatial Planning

PLAN204
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
Prepared By:

SHAURIYA SOLANKI
B.PLAN-(2014-2018)
A4134914005

Geographical Information System

GIS Capabilities
The Need For GIS
Components of GIS
Cross Disciplinary Nature of GIS
Creating GIS
How to combine Geographical Information
How Does GIS Works
Information is organized into layers:
Why Is GIS Unique
Top Benefits Of GIS
GIS Applications
Geo:- EARTH
Geography:- Study of earth and where things are.
Information:- For capturing, managing, analyzing and understanding Information.
System:- A set of Software, hardware and Data.

Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer based information system

used to digitally represent and analyze the geographic features present on the
Earths surface and the events that taking place on it.

Geographic Infrmation Systems provide a method for integrating and analyzing spatial
(digital map based) information such as "where is the nearest movie theater?"
Alongside related non-spatial information (what movies are playing there?).

Many people are becoming far more familiar with seeing the results both textually - for
example when their phone shows them the nearest pub - and on open map systems such as
Google Maps.

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system used to describe and characterize

geographical surface of the earth for the purpose of visualizing and analysing geographically
referenced information.
What is Geographic Data?
Geographic data is simply a collection of information that can describe objects and things
with relation to space. For e.g. Geographic data can be used to determine a variety of
characteristics of a population.
Types of Geographic Data
For GIS the Geographic Data inputs are of two types:
Spatial Data
Attribute Data
Spatial data is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and
boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more.
Attribute data is the tabular or textual data describing the geographic characteristics of
features. For instance, the spatial data might represent a county and contain information for
city boundaries, census tract boundaries, streets, and so forth. An attribute data set with
population information for each census tract can be linked to a map by the corresponding
tract value in the spatial data.
Representation of Spatial data in GIS
Spatial data are represented in GIS in two formats
Raster datasets (Imagery).
Vector datasets (Features [collections of points, lines, and polygons])
Imagery
Imagery in GIS often refers pixel-based data sourcesfor satellites, aerial photography,
digital elevation models, raster datasets, and so on. Imagery is managed as a raster data type
composed of cells organized in a grid of rows and columns.
There are different ways in which your raster and image data may be supported in ArcGIS: as
a raster dataset which is derived from a storage format (for e.g. ASCII Grid; Tagged Image

File Format (TIFF), Erdas Imagine), as a raster product which is derived from specific
metadata files (GeoEye satellite, IKONOS satellite, Landsat satellites etc).
Featurespoints, lines, and polygons
Geographic features are most commonly represented as points, lines, or polygons.
Points (For e.g. well locations, telephone poles, mountain peaks etc.)
Lines (For e.g. roads, streams etc.).
Polygons (For e.g. states, soil types, land-use zones etc.)

Shapefile is a way of storing points, lines and polygon features inside a file in ArcGIS. The
shapefile format defines the geometry and attributes of geographically referenced features in
three or more files with specific file extensions that should be stored in the same project
workspace. They are
.shpThe main file that stores the feature geometry
.shxThe index file that stores the index of the feature geometry. It is a positional index
of the feature geometry to allow seeking forwards and backwards quickly.
.dbfThe dBASE table that stores the attribute information of features
.sbn and .sbxThe files that store the spatial index of the features.
.prjThe file that stores the coordinate system information.
When copying shapefiles, it is recommended that you do so in ArcCatalog. However, if you
copy a shapefile outside ArcGIS, be sure to copy all the files that make up the shapefile. .shp,
.shx, and .dbf are mandatory to store the core data that comprise a shapefile.
Representation of Attribute data in GIS
In a GIS, descriptive attributes are managed in tables. Attribute tables provide a simple,
universal data model for storing and working with attribute information. Tables contain rows
and columns. Each column has a type, such as integer, decimal number, character, and date.
Representation of data in ArcGIS
ArcGIS models geographic information as a logical set of layers or themes. Map layers are
thematic representations of geographic information. Within each map layer, symbols, colors,
and text are used to portray important information that describes each of the individual
geographic elements.

Digitization
Digitizing is the process of interpreting and converting paper map or image data to vector
digital data. In manual digitizing you trace the lines or points from the source media. You

control a cursor, usually with a mouse, and sample vertices to define the point, line, or
polygonal features you wish to capture. The source media may be hardcopy, e.g., maps taped
to a digitizing table, or softcopy, e.g., a digital image or scanned map.

EXERCISE 2: LAB ASSSIGNMENT TASK

5. Data structures :
Can a property ownership map be related to a satellite
image, a timely indicator of land uses? Yes, but,
because digital data are collected and stored in various
ways, the two data sources may not be entirely
compatible. So a GIS must be able to convert data from
one structure to another.

Data restructuring can be performed by a GIS to

convert data into different formats

For example, a GIS may be used to convert a
satellite image map to a vector structure by generating
lines around all cells with the same classification, while
determining the cell spatial relationships, such as
adjacency or inclusion.

GIS organizes information in many layers. Each layer represents a particular theme or
feature of map.

4. Projection & Registration:

Projection is a fundamental component of mapmaking. A

projection is a mathematical means of transferring
information from the Earth's three-dimensional, curved
surface to a two-dimensional mediumpaper or a
computer screen.

Different projections are used for different types of maps

because each projection is particularly appropriate for
certain uses.

1.

How Does GIS Works :

Digital Mapping:-

If you want to use already existed maps which are not in digital form, but
in a form that can be recognized by computer can be used in GIS by
converting them into Digital form so that they can be used.

2.

Maps can be digitized by hand-tracing with a computer mouse on the

screen or on a digitizing tablet to collect the coordinates of feature
.Electronic scanners can also convert maps to digits
Data Integration:

A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate, information that is difficult

to associate through any other means.

Thus, a GIS can use combinations of mapped variables to build and

analyze new variables.

3.

. Data Capture:

Maps can be digitized by hand-tracing with a computer

mouse on the screen or on a digitizing tablet to collect the

coordinates of features.

A GIS can be used to emphasize the spatial relationships

CROSS-DISCIPLINARY NATURE OF GIS

Q1. Prepare a layout map with all map elements showing some points, lines and polygon
features in the toposheet (lab2.jpg).
Note: (At-least 5 features in each category should be digitized)