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IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS THROUGH SUSTAINABLE
GOVERNMENT, NGO, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN SOUTH NANDI
FOREST, WESTERN KENYA (CSCF0413)
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THE BEEKEEPING MANAGEMENT
BASIC TRAINING
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Joan Gichuki Project Officer NATURE
. KENYA
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Objectives
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The trainees will acquire skills and knowledge in the area of beekeeping that raise the living standards in
the community.
More specifically they will learn
1. To manage the langstroth and other beehives successfully,
2. Manage apiary effectively for maximum bee products.
3. How to make bee keeping a sustainable business for livelihood improvement.
Note :( The materials discuss more on langstroth hive)
Beekeeping is a rewarding and enjoyable occupation with many benefits. It has a number of
advantages over other farm enterprises;
Requires little land (50 colonies require a acre ) which does not have to be fertile
Honey is a source of non-perishable food that can be used in the drought season.
Capital investment is low compared to other farm enterprises.
Beekeeping or bee farming is cheap and relatively not competitive to other Agricultural
enterprises i.e. does not compete for resources
Labour required is low compared to other farm practices.
Many products can be obtained which are great source of income i.e. honey, beeswax, pollen
propolis, bee venom, royal jelly, bee colonies, bee brood, queen bees, and package bees.
Encourages environmental conservation.
Bees are good pollinators of plants, trees, fruits and crops, thus playing a big role in biodiversity and improvement of crop yields
The therapeutic value of most hive products provide remedy for a number of ailments
(Apitherapy)
The farmers lack adequate skills on managing bees and handling hive products.
Inadequate training for both farmers and extension staff.
Limited access to appropriate beekeeping equipment.
An underdeveloped marketing system of hive products both locally and internationally due to
problems of quality and marketing organizations.
Lack of adequate and intense research on of the existing beekeeping technologies, equipment,
honey bee and product utilization.
Low prioritization of beekeeping in relation to other enterprises in the wider Agricultural
sector.
Types of hives
1. Traditional Hives
Different communities keep bees in different ways i.e.; Kamba log hive; Bantu a piece of wood;
Nilotes [luo] pot hive; Luhya guard hive; basket hive; Mwingi mud hive-introduced by white settlers.
Al these hives were having a lot of short comings
a) Burning bees when harvesting.
b) Farmer doesnt know when honey is ready for harvesting.
c) Most hives are hung too high hence dangerous to inspect.
d) African culture did not allow women to manage hives.
a)
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Limitation of the. Kenya Top Bar Hive
. during harvesting as they are not reinforced with wires as in langstroth
Combs can easily break
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frames.
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Bees swarm when harvesting
or inspecting there is a possibility of bee loss.
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Smoke contaminates the honey harvested hence low quality honey.
. brood mixes with the honey)
Lacks queen excluder.(the
b)
c)
d)
e) Has iron sheets which makes the hive too hot - worker bees swing their wings to cool the
hive instead of looking for nectar, at night bees come together to generate heat hence some
are killed.
The hive was invented in 1850s by an America Reverend Lorenzo and introduced to Kenyan in
the1990s
An American beekeeper using normal hives realized that bees needed ample space to do their work.
The space shouldnt be too big or too small. When he harvested he realised honey had pollen, brood,
larvae, pupa etc. Then he realized there was a need to separate the queen from the rest of the hive.
Parts of a langstroth
1. Floor board - base of the hive.
2. Brood -box [chamber] brood.
3. Queen excluder - prevents queen entering the super box
4. Super box upper chamber for clean honey no pollen brood etc.
5. Roof - aluminium sheet as cover -reflects light and heat away, the plywood reduces heat.
Aluminium sheet is light plywood regulates temperatures in the hive
6. Space regulator, entrance reducer - bees dont like too much light.
The queen
Workers
drones
Workers
Drones
Drone lifespan is 6 months but die immediately after fertilizing the queen
Functions
They fertilize the queen
Queen
Lifespan 7-9 years
Functions
laying eggs
Bee family
A healthy colony may have the following number of bees
1 Queen
300 drones but often much less.
25,000 older workers actively foraging.
25,000 young workers in the hive attending the brood.
9000 brood requiring food.
6000 eggs (waiting to hatch to larvae).
20,000 older larvae and pupae in sealed cells which need to be kept warm at around 35 degrees
Centigrade.
Apiary Establishment:
Apiary is the place where bees/hives are reared or placed for the purpose of getting bee products.
2)
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One should know the. bee plants in his / her area and their flowering periods
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. plants
Duration of flowering
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. flowers to attract the bees.
There should be abundant
. budding and actual flowering.
Know the period between
3) Source of water
Bees require water for various uses in the hive, cooling, feeding larvae and own use.
The Apiary can be close to the source of water.
If there is no permanent source, water can be supplied in containers with floating sticks for
bees to step on to avoid drowning.
4) Human conflicts
Apiary location should be away from public places, away from cultivated fields where large
number of people work every day.
Schools, highways and estates should be avoided so that bees do not become nuisance to
people.
The recommended distance from these utilities is more than 300 metres.
5) Fence/hedge
6) Shelter
Colonies should be sheltered from the scourging sun, frost, wind and floods.
Wind cause drifting of bees and poor communication. Artificial or natural shade is necessary.
7) Drainage
8) Accessibility
Area must be accessible for ease in management of the apiary and transportation of honey
9) Pests
An apiary should be free from areas with frequent attacks by pests (honey badger, ants and
man).
Avoid locations with frequent bush fires, alternatively cut the grass short in the apiary to
minimize fire hazard or hang hives on trees.
This depends on the acreage of floral sources and the number of colonies within the area.
Apiaries should be at least 2-3km apart.
It is recommended that each apiary should not hold more than 50 colonies.
In one acre of good forest woodland an average of 50 hives can be comfortably established
without any problem.
In areas with sparse vegetation like grassland it can be less than this figure - survey of bee
plants is necessary before final figure is established.
13) Pesticides:
An apiary should be sited far from fields which are sprayed with pesticides to avoid bee
poisoning and honey contamination. Avoid spraying when the plants near apiary sites.
Hive placing
(a) Positioning for langstroth
Hives can be placed on stands or platforms which are fixed firmly to the ground at a
convenient working height of about 1 metre high.
However this method is only suitable in areas which are not prone to bee pest and predators
3m
Pole
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1m
Pole
1m
2 metres
d) Lift the frames straight by taking hold of the top bar. Dont scrape it against other frames as you
remove it; you could kill bees this way. Hold frames over the hive so that any failing bees will land
inside the hive and not on you r feet. Slowly flip the frame up so that the top bar is now at the
bottom
Note:
1. Inspect after 2weeks to check if there is a queen and confirm the status of the colony& pests in the hive.
2. It is advisable to have a bee bag to store all your equipment.
3. Where three hives have been placed together one should ensure that one hive entrance faces the opposite direction
of the other 2 hives to avoid bee confusion and collision.
Beekeeping management
These are routine management procedures that will ensure that the bees are taken care of and that the
farmer gets good quality products at the right time
1) Fencing a live fence is recommended possibly using flowering plants that can form a hedge
and grow tall so that bees fly up when going out to avoid meeting people or livestock
2) Maintain cleanliness grass should be maintained short to prevent crawling insects and pests.
3) Grease wires and posts to discourage insects from reaching the hives.
4) Regular inspection especially during the harvesting season inspect every week note
observation is easier when hives are near home.
5) Provision of water during the dry season within a radius of 300- 500 metres from the hives,
water should be clean shallow, replaced every day, some light sticks or clean leaves should be
placed on the water so that bees can land on to avoid drowning.
6) Feeding during the dearth period with sugar solution at a ratio of 1:1
7) Maintain an appropriate colony size to maximize on honey production and reduce swarming.
8) Regular inspection and ensure to check on pests, build combs, any dead bees, parasites and
diseases if there are new queen cell ensure to kill them as the can cause swarming of the
colony
9) Re queening replace the queen after two and a half years.
10) Remove the old combs to give room for fresh ones
Management schemes
The wellbeing of a colony depends on
Queen capacity to lay eggs(good genes and proper feeding) the farm should be able to
chose a good queen for his/her colony.
Optimum conditions in the hive (good workers population, acceptable temperatures,
ability to feed the brood) encourage production of honey.
Availability of nectar in the environment enhances honey production.
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. in the proper section of the hive for expansion of the brood nest and
Adequate space for
storage of honey..
Harvesting- if all .honey is removed from the hive the colony can become weak and
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succumb to predators.
. be manipulated e.g. if there are new queen cells they should be
Hive population should
. before the honey flow period to have a high population of workers
killed, proper feeding
Honey Harvesting
Equipments
Hive tool/knife
Bee brush
Smoker
Torch
Extra supper
Clean dry bucket.
Procedure
Harvesting time 5:30-7:30 Pm.
Smoke the entrance 5 -10 times.
Smoke around the hive.
Lift the lid gently.
Tap the frames gently and remove the empty frames put in bucket, asses the ones that need to
be harvested (sealed ones.)
Put the ready sealed frames in a bucket.
Cover the bucket tightly after harvesting.
Return the empty frames if any.
Close the lid.
Do not leave anything on the ground.
Brush bees from bees suit
Pass through some bushes to discourage bees to follow you.
It is always good to have two people during harvesting.
precautions against fire do not exist when selecting and sitting the refining/marketing site the
following should be kept in mind:
The site should be:
1. Convenient to the area of production.
2. Adjacent to or on a all weather road for ease of transport.
3. Having an abundant water supply.
4. On well drained ground.
Honey is not perishable as for instance, cream or milk. Supplies kept in the can safely wait several
days before being refined and packed provided they are stored in safe tanks and protected from
moisture and contamination. It is better to think ahead and install tanks sufficiently large to allow for
increasing honey produce/supply.
Bee Products
Honey:
This is product which the farmer can benefit from as: food, medicine, source of income, an ingredient
for traditional brews, and an item used for performing rituals (in some African tradition), a
preservative and a cosmetic.
Wax:
A product used for making candles; comb starter starters, shoe polish, nail polish, cosmetics, floor
polish.
Small amounts can be eaten for strong gums, reduce constipation & other stomach problems. It can
also be used for making capsules coating.
Propolis:
Medicine for -ulcer, high blood pressure. Can also be used for sealing cracks, making antibiotics &
antiviral it is also remedy against backache.
Venom:
Antitoxin - vaccine against allergies.
Pollen:
A highly proteinus food for bodybuilding.
It is bitter and makes honey dirty.
Royal jelly:
Nutritious for longer life i.e. queens lives for a long time due to being on the royal jelly.
(Royal jelly is tasteless & encourages long life).
BEE-FORAGING PLANTS & CROPS
To be updated
PESTS & DISEASES
American bees have diseases but African bees dont have diseases but can only be affected
by dirty water.
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The example
.. of the American bee diseases are foul diseases: European foul disease, chalk
brood, chilling, Noxzema, sac roods, dysentery/ amoeba- yellow fever.
Pests:
1) Human activities During inspection or harvesting the bee can be hart or even killed.
(Sensitise people on handling, working in hives very fast).
2) Wax moth This enters hive, lays eggs and the larval stage feeds on honey. Always when
inspecting the hive, remove them by picking. When the population in the hive is too
high remove the combs, scrub and wash with water. Then dry the hive in the sun.
3)
Ants & termites These enter the hive and establish colony. They release bad smell
that chases bees .Greasing wires & posts is the best preventive measure. Also slash
around apiary to maintain cleanliness.
4) Wasps/bee pirates- These suck bee sap and wait at hive entrance to get hold of bees.
The wasp looks like the bee so if you place a basin with water below the entrance it
will see its image in it and go in for it thinking that it is a bee and thus drawn.
5) Beetles: These feed on the combs and thus damaging them. Removing and crushing can
control them.
6) Honey burger This eats honey. It can be controlled by use of a dog and always remove
awful smells.
7) Bee-eater (bird like),
8) Bush baby,
9) Bees louse.
Stings-
FIRST AID
Scrap out - dont pull since this will leave / press poison venom in your body.
Then put cold water or freezing water or saliva.
Smear with kerosene or Robb. This relives pain.
Take piriton / antihistamine to reduce painful effect.
Take strong coffee or tea.
Take alcohol, changaa or whisky. If problem persists then seek doctors advice.