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Profissional Documentos
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Contents
Introduction
Structural Fallacies
Content Fallacies
Argument Refutation
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Elements of argument
factual errors
factual errors
1.
Premise
2.
Premise
3.
Premise
4.
Conclusion
Inference
logical errors
(structure/formal and
content/informal)
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Types of Fallacies
Structural Fallacies
logical errors that
cause the invalidity of
the argument
Content Fallacies
logical and factual
errors that weaken the
inductive strength or
cause the
unsoundness of the
argument
dubious and clearly
false premises
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invalid
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Contents
1
2
Introduction
Structural Fallacies
Content Fallacies
Argument Refutation
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Structural Fallacies
If you have
Gucci bags,
youll look
cool.
If you dont
have Gucci
bags, you
wont look
cool.
You may still
look cool,
probably not
like this
http://www.vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Kinh-doanh/2007/10/3B9FB08B/
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Structural Fallacies
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Structural Fallacies
A: I cant stand Siamese cats.
Ugh. They have those
strange blue eyes.
B: Mary Ellen has a kitten
with blue eyes. I didnt
know its was Siamese.
Siamese cats have strange
blue eyes.
Ellens kitten has blue eyes.
Ellens kitten is Siamese.
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Contents
1
2
3
4
Introduction
Structural Fallacies
Content Fallacies
Argument Refutation
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Content Fallacies
Fallacies of Presumption
Fallacies of Relevance
Fallacies of Ambiguity
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Fallacies of presumption
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Fallacies of presumption
"You are either with us or against us. You
have refused to join our cause, therefore
you must be working against our cause.
False
False dilemma = there are not only 2
choices (false premise)
http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/ig.htm
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Fallacies of presumption
Residents of this state should
vote to elect Kravitz as state
governor in the upcoming
election. During Kravitzs final
term as a state senator, she was
a member of a special legislative
committee that explored ways the
state can reduce its escalating
rate of violent crime. Elect Kravitz
for governor, and our cities
streets will be safer than ever.
Hasty generalization: Assuming
that all things remain unchanged
over time (false premise)
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Fallacies of presumption
At the local Viewer Choice video store,
the number of available movies in VHStape format remains about the same as
three years ago, even though the number
of available movies on DVD has
increased tenfold over the past three
years. People who predict the impending
obsolescence of the VHS format are
mistaken, since demand for VHS movie
rentals today clearly remains just as
strong as ever.
Hasty generalization: Whats true for a
member is true for the whole group (false
premise)
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Fallacies of presumption
- Mom: For a marriage to work, people have to
have a lot in common
- Daughter: Wrong! I know a lot of miserable
marriages where the people had a lot in
common.
People have a lot in common
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Fallacies of presumption
- Maria: Professor, professor, why wouldnt you
answer my question in class?
- Professor Zzzyyxx: Questions in my class I do
not allow. If one student I am allowing to ask a
question, then others I must allow. And then I
will have lots and lots of questions to answer.
And time I wont have for my lecture.
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Fallacies of presumption
If a student is allowed to ask question.
hidden premise: all students are equal
then all students are allowed to ask questions.
(if you add a premise here, Ull change the context)
??? insufficient to conclude that
then all students will ask questions.
(if you add a premise here, Ull change the context)
??? insufficient to conclude that
then the questions will be answered.
hidden premise: the time I spend answering all
the questions will be at least equal to all the time I
have.
then I will have no time for my lecture.
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Fallacies of presumption
-
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Fallacies of presumption
ng ng cng khng
nh, mm tm chnh l
nguyn nhn u tin gy
bnh t trong v dch va
qua. Cc An ton v sinh
thc phm iu tra 61
trng hp mc t u
tin v nhn thy, tt c
h u n mm tm.
Post-hoc fallacy: after
this therefore because
of this: false premise
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Fallacies of presumption
Ti TP HCM, Khoa cp
cu ca cc bnh vin
Ch Ry, Trng Vng,
Nhn dn Gia nh,
Nhn dn, s ca nhp
vin b chn thng s
no do tai nn giao
thng gim gn 50%, so
vi trc khi thc hin
i m bo him.
http://www.vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Xa-hoi/2007/12/3B9FD676/
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Fallacies of relevance
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Fallacies of relevance
I hear that Brigitte Bardot is
campaigning for animals rights.
But shes the one who used to
do advertisements for fur
coats.
personal attack
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http://lovenstein.org/
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Fallacies of relevance
Ti cng khng hon ton ng tnh
vi quan im l vic quan h trc
hn nhn l hon ton hp t nhin
nu tnh yu chn. Vi vng g
nh? Ti sao cc bn tr khng i
thm thi gian xy dng tnh cm
c ln dn, ln dn m hoa, kt
tri bng mt cuc hn nhn, em
li hnh phc cho c hai h, li hp
vi thun phong m tc ca ngi
Vit.
Appeal to traditions
http://www.vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Ban-doc-viet/Tam-su/2007/12/3B9FD84A/
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Fallacies of relevance
Nu khng i m bo him, bn s thy
mnh lc lng
Appeal to popularity
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Fallacies of relevance
Appeal to Novelty
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Fallacies of relevance
Do you believe in
God?
No, I dont like the
thought that Im
not in control.
Appeal to
consequences
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Fallacies of relevance
"During her 17 years as a professor of botany,
Professor Thomas has proved herself to be well
worth her annual salary of $50,000. Her classes
are among the largest at the university,
demonstrating her popularity among students.
Moreover, the money she has brought to the
university in research grants has exceeded her
salary in each of the last two years. Therefore, in
consideration of Professor Thomas'
demonstrated teaching and research abilities, we
recommend that she receive a $10,000 raise and
a promotion to Department Chairperson; without
such a raise and promotion, we fear that
Professor Thomas will leave Elm City University
for another college."
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Fallacies of Relevance
Wherever there's a pool there's always a flirt
wherever there's school there'll always be homework
wherever there's a beat there's always a drum
wherever theres fun there's always coca cola
doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo dooo. doo doo
doo doo doo always coca cola
The stars will always shine, the birds will always sing
As long as there's thirst, there's always the real thing
Coca-cola is always the one
Wherever there is fun there's always Coca-cola
Weak analogy
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Fallacies of ambiguity
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Contents
1
2
3
4
Introduction
Structural Fallacies
Content Fallacies
Argument Refutation
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Elements of argument
factual errors
factual errors
1.
Premise
2.
Premise
3.
Premise
4.
Conclusion
Inference
logical errors
(structure/formal and
content/informal)
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Argument by Jennifer
Premise 1: In a debate debaters argue as hard as they
can while in a deliberation it is easy for them to give up
their side earlier than they should.
Premise 2: The debating style is used in crucial
argument.
Premise 3: The debating style may let people get hurt
but that does not have a considerable effect on the
effectiveness of the style.
Conclusion: A debate is better than a deliberation in
getting us to the truth.
Evaluation: Premise 2: appeal to popularity; Premise 1 &
3: no evidence to support these premises.
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Argument by Mark
Premise 1: The pressure to save face or to
win distracts debaters from the truth.
Premise 2: Getting at the truth is much
more important than winning.
Premise 3: Because of the possible pain,
people are afraid of debating over issues
they really care.
Conclusion: A deliberation is better than a
debate in getting us at the truth.
Evaluation: Premise 1 & 3: no evidence
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