Model code of safe practice

Part 21

Guidelines for the control of hazards arising

from static electricity

3rd edition

EI MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE

PART 21: GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF HAZARDS
ARISING FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY
Third edition
February 2013

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MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE PART 21: GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF HAZARDS ARISING FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY

CONTENTS
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1

Introduction and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Scope
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

How to use these guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3
Product characteristics and equipment requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.1 Product characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.2 Equipment requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.2.1
Mechanical design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2.2
Earthing and bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.2.3
Clothing and footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.2.4
Plastic surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4
Road and rail loading operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

4.1.1
Static electricity hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

4.1.2
Loading rates for road tanker loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.1.3
Loading rates for rail loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4.2 Road and rail loading of lubricating oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4.3 Vehicle-to-vehicle transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.4 Receipt of additives and chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5
Storage tank operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5.1.1
Tank filling with low conductivity liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5.1.2
Tank filling with higher conductivity liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.1.3
Receiving product from multi-product pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.2 Manual sampling and gauging of storage tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.2.2
Static electricity hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.2.3
Sampling and gauging equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5.2.4
Operating procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.3 Tank cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6
Ship and barge operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

6.1 General
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6.2 Tank loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6.2.1
Low conductivity fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6.2.2
Switch loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.2.3 Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6.2.4
Splash loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

6.2.5
Ship-to-shore connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE PART 21: GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF HAZARDS ARISING FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY

6.3



6.4



6.5

6.2.6
Maximum flow rates for sea loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Sampling and gauging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.3.2
First-foot sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Line clearing using water or gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.4.1 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.4.2 Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Tank cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

7
Handling liquids and solids in containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

7.1.1
Static electricity hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

7.2 Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

7.2.1
Metal or equivalently dissipative plastic IBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

7.2.2
IBCs made of an insulative material surrounded by a conductive enclosure,

grid or coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7.3 Catalyst filling and handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8
Filling station operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

8.2 Forecourt surface and filling station equipment design - earthing and bonding . . . . 64

8.2.1
Forecourt surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

8.2.2
Tanks, metal (conductive) pipes, electrical equipment and dispensers . . . . 64

8.2.3
Plastic pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

8.2.4
Additional earthing considerations for plastic pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

8.2.5
Mixed metallic and plastic pipe types at a single site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

8.2.6
Mixed plastic pipe types at a single site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

8.2.7
Fuel deliveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

8.3 Fuelling of vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

8.3.1
Diesel vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

8.3.2
Petrol vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

8.4 Filling containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

8.4.1
Small containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

8.4.2
Large containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

8.5 Refuelling with LPG or CNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
9
Maintenance and testing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

9.1 General
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

9.2 Draining lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

9.3 Clearing product out of lines by using air or nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

9.4 Grit blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

9.4.1
Static electricity hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

9.5 Tank cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
9.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

9.5.2
High pressure, high velocity water washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

9.5.3
Cleaning with hydrocarbon jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

9.5.4
Steam cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

9.6 Steam leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

9.7 Paint spraying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

9.8 Meter proving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE PART 21: GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF HAZARDS ARISING FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY

10
Aircraft fuel handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.2 Static dissipator additive (SDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.3 Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10.3.1 Hose types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10.3.2 Making hose connections to the aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10.4 Earthing and bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10.4.1 Refuelling vehicle systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

10.4.2 Hydrant-dispenser systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

10.4.3 Earthing the aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

10.4.4 Bonding requirements for other equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

10.4.5 Making bonding connections to the aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

10.5 Fuelling light aircraft and helicopters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

10.6 Pipeline operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

10.7 Flow rates limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

10.7.1 Aircraft fuelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

10.8 Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
11

LPG and LNG systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

12

Offshore operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Annexes:
Annex A Explanation of static electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

A.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

A.2
Static electrical charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

A.3
Rate of generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

A.4
Dissipation and discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

A.4.1 Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

A.4.2 Spark, brush and corona discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

A.5
Incendive discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

A.6
Spark gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

A.7
Ignition by static electrical discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

A.8
Control of ignition hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

A.8.1 Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

A.8.2 Accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

A.8.3 Spark gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

A.8.4 Flammable vapours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

A.8.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Annex B Model assessment of ignition risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

B.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Annex C Glossary of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Annex D References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE PART 21: GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF HAZARDS ARISING FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY

FOREWORD
This Model Code provides an explanation of the static electricity ignition risk as it relates to operations
in the petroleum industry, and provides technical guidance for the more frequent operations which
will help to reduce the inadvertent ignition of flammable atmospheres due to static electricity.
The third edition of this Model Code provides new and revised information on:

how to use the guidelines in the context of a risk assessment,

the influence of bio-components (only a preliminary warning highlighting potential

risk is possible at present),

a more detailed discussion of earthing and bonding requirements for filling stations
and aircraft fuelling,

personal protective equipment (PPE), including footwear,

filling IBCs,

the use of plastics for underground piping at filling stations,

fuelling with LPG and CNG (brief information only),

tank cleaning,

meter proving,

liquefied natural gas (brief information only), and

upstream operations (brief information only).

In addition, the information on electrical equipment which was not directly relevant to static electricity
hazards has been removed and the arrangement of sections has been reorganised to put the general
information on static electricity hazards into an Annex. Minor changes to the Model Code have also
been made in several places in order to increase alignment with other publications and standards.
The information contained in this publication is provided as guidance only and while every reasonable
care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of its contents, the EI and the technical representatives
listed in the acknowledgements, cannot accept any responsibility for any action taken, or not taken,
on the basis of this information. The EI shall not be liable to any person for any loss or damage which
may arise from the use of any of the information contained in any of its publications.
The above disclaimer is not intended to restrict or exclude liability for death or personal injury caused
by own negligence.
Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Technical Department, Energy
Institute, 61 New Cavendish Street, London, W1G 7AR, e: technical@energyinst.org

MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE PART 21: GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF HAZARDS ARISING FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This publication was prepared at the request of the EIs Electrical Committee by Harold Walmsley
(Harold Walmsley Electrostatics Ltd). It was subsequently reviewed and developed by the members of
the Electrical Committee.
At the time of publication the Electrical Committee comprised:
Duncan Crichton
BP Exploration
Bob Emmerson
Shell U.K. Limited
Terry Hedgeland Consultant
Glyn Jenkins
Valero Energy Limited
Ian Neve
Total Lindsey Oil Refinery
Tom Ramsey ExxonMobil
John Stevens BPA
Andrew Sykes EI
Stephen Wilkinson
Phillips 66 Limited
Leigh Williams
Health & Safety Executive
The EI wishes to record its appreciation of the work carried out by the members of the Electrical
Committee and to recognise the contribution made by those individuals, companies and organisations
that provided comments during technical review of earlier drafts.
Technical editing and project coordination was undertaken by Andrew Sykes (EI).

MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE PART 21: GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF HAZARDS ARISING FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY

INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

1.1 BACKGROUND
Static electricity is a phenomenon that will be familiar to most people. When the atmosphere
is dry, small electric shocks are commonly experienced after walking across synthetic materials,
or removing synthetic clothing. Very seldom are these small electric shocks dangerous or
life threatening. However, it is worth noting that an electric shock that can be felt would
probably cause ignition of a flammable atmosphere if it were present.
Static electricity can be generated in the work environment. In the petroleum industry,
the possibility of an electrical discharge or spark occurring when flammable atmospheres are
present poses an ignition hazard that could threaten the safety of personnel.
Work to understand static electricity hazards and prevent incidents has been
undertaken in numerous studies and the general principles for controlling these hazards
are now well understood. However, as the industry evolves, the specific details of products,
equipment and operations change and consequently, incidents have still occurred.
This Model Code has been updated to provide improved guidance on how to control
and minimise the risks associated with static electricity. It is intended to complement other
publications and standards (e.g. those issued by API, BSI, CEN, CENELEC, IEC, ISGOTT,
ISGINTT, etc.) and provide additional guidance for operational areas where incidents continue
to be reported.
It is also intended that use of this Model Code will aid the petroleum industry in
meeting their duties under the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations
2002 (DSEAR)1.

1.2 SCOPE
The scope of this Model Code covers static electricity hazards in the petroleum industry. The
main focus is on downstream operations (the handling of refined products and components)
because this is where most of the hazards will potentially occur. However, a brief summary
on possible upstream (exploration and production) issues is also provided. This Model Code
provides:

a general explanation of the relevant aspects of static electricity;

information to guide the evaluation of static electricity hazards in a risk assessment;

information on relevant product characteristics and equipment requirements, and

measures for controlling static electricity in particular operations.

Guidance on specific measures is provided in the following areas:

road and rail loading and unloading;

product storage and transfer, including sampling and gauging;

ship and barge loading and unloading;

product deliveries;

filling station operations;

barrel, drum and container filling, and

aircraft fuel handling.

1 The Offshore Installations (Prevention of Fire and Explosion, and Emergency Response) Regulations 1995 (PFEER)
apply to offshore installations. It is intended that using the guidance in this Model Code will assist in complying
with these regulations, specifically Regulation 9.

MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE PART 21: GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF HAZARDS ARISING FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY

Adoption of the specific measures in this Model Code should help reduce the likelihood of
an inadvertent ignition of a flammable atmosphere in the operations concerned. The general
guidance provides an opportunity to understand hazard processes, so that potential hazards
can be identified in new operations or with new equipment designs and change can be
managed appropriately.
Users should recognise that even the specific measures described in this Model Code
provide only an overview of the methods for controlling static electricity hazards. The detailed
implementation of the measures at any particular site depends on local considerations. The
appropriate implementation should be determined by including a consideration of static
electricity issues in a site risk assessment, such as that required under DSEAR (onshore) and
PFEER2 (offshore). Users are recommended to perform risk assessments on their operations to
determine the most appropriate way to apply the guidance in this Model Code.
General electrical safety hazards are not included in the scope of this Model Code;
however, information on electrical equipment (which may be used for static electricity
protection) is provided in EI Model code of safe practice Part 1: The selection, installation,
inspection, and maintenance of electrical and non electrical apparatus in hazardous areas.
Hazardous areas are used for controlling ignition hazards from electrical and
mechanical equipment, but can also assist in controlling static electricity hazards. Guidance
on hazardous area classification can be found in EI Model code of safe practice Part 15: Area
classification code for installations handling flammable fluids.

2 One method of satisfying the requirements of PFEER is by the application of DSEAR.