XBee and ZigBee basic concepts

http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/html/90001399/90001399_A/Files/XBee-concepts.html

This section covers basic concepts regarding the XBee radio modules. As XBee Gateway and related
documentation refers to these concepts frequently, it is important to understand them.
Contents:
XBee Concepts

RF modules
XBee RF modules
Radio firmware
Radio communication protocols
Radio module operating modes
AT (Application Transparent) operating mode
AT command mode
API operating mode
API escaped operating mode
Escape characters
API frames
AT settings or commands
ZigBee Protocol concepts
ZigBee nodes

Coordinators
Routers
End devices
Example ZigBee nodes
Creating and joining ZigBee networks
PAN ID
Channel
Create a ZigBee network
Using a custom PAN ID
Configure the XBee Gateway ZB Device with a
custom PAN ID
Configure other ZigBee nodes with a custom
PAN ID
Join an existing ZigBee network

XBee Concepts
Following are key concepts for XBee devices.

RF modules
A radio frequency (RF) module is a small electronic circuit used to transmit and receive radio signals on
different frequencies. Digi produces a wide variety of RF modules to meet the requirements of almost any
wireless solution, such as long-range, low-cost, etc. The most popular wireless products are the XBee RF
modules.

XBee RF modules
XBee is the brand name of a family of RF modules produced by Digi. XBee RF modules are modular
products that make deploying wireless technology easy and cost-effective. Multiple protocols and RF
features are available, giving customers enormous flexibility to choose the best technology for their needs.
The XBee RF modules are available in two form-factors: Through-Hole and Surface Mount, with different
antenna options. Almost all modules are available in the Through-Hole form factor and share the same
footprint.

Radio firmware
Radio firmware is the program code stored in the radio module's persistent memory that provides the
control program for the device. From the local WEB interface of the XBee Gateway, you can update or
change the firmware of the local XBee module or any other module connected to the same network as the
local one. This is a common task when changing the role of the device or use the latest version of a
firmware.

Radio communication protocols

A radio communication protocol is a set of rules for data exchange between radio devices. Depending on
the hardware radio firmware on an XBee module, the XBee modules support a specific radio
communication protocol.
Following is the complete list of protocols supported by the XBee radio modules:

IEEE 802.15.4

ZigBee

ZigBee Smart Energy

DigiMesh (Digis proprietary)

ZNet

IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)

Point-to-multipoint (Digis proprietary)

XSC (XStream Compatibility)

Note: Not all the XBee devices can run all these communication protocols. The combination of XBee
hardware and radio firmware determines the protocol that an XBee device can execute. Refer to the XBee
RF Family Comparison Matrix for more information about the available XBee RF modules and the
protocols they support.

Radio module operating modes

The operating mode of an XBee radio module establishes the way a user or any microcontroller attached to
the XBee communicates with the module through the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
(UART) or serial interface.
Depending on the firmware and its configuration, the radio modules can work in three different operating
modes:

AT (transparent) operating mode

API operating mode

API escaped operating mode

In some cases, the operating mode of a radio module is established by the firmware version, which
determines whether the operating mode is AT or API, and the AP setting of the firmware, which determines
if the API mode is escaped (AP=2) or not (AP=1).
In other cases, the operating mode is only determined by the AP setting, which allows you for configure the
mode to be AT (AP=0), API (AP=1) or API escaped (AP=2).

Application Transparent (AT) operating mode

In Application Transparent (AT) or transparent operating mode, all serial data received by the radio module
is queued up for RF transmission. When RF data is received by the module, the data is sent out though the
serial interface.
To configure an XBee module operating in AT, put it in AT Command mode to send the configuration
commands.
AT Command mode

When the radio module is working in AT operating mode, settings are configured using the AT Command
mode interface.
To enter AT command mode, you must send the 3-character command sequence through the serial interface
of the radio module , usually +++, within one second. Once the AT command mode has been established,
the module sends the reply OK\r, the command mode timer is started, and the radio module can receive AT
commands.

The structure of an AT command follows:

AT[ASCII command][Space (optional)]
return]

[Parameter (optional)][Carriage

Example:
ATNI MyDevice\r
If no valid AT commands are received within the command mode timeout, the radio module automatically
exits AT Command mode. You can also exit command mode issuing the CN command (ATCN\r).
API operating mode

Application Programming Interface (API) operation mode is an alternative to AT mode. This requires that
communication with the module be done through a structured interface; in other words, data is
communicated in API frames. For more information about API frames, see API Frames.
The API specifies how commands, command responses, and module status messages are sent and received
from the module using the serial interface. API operation mode enables many operations such as the
following:

Configuration of the XBee module itself.

Configuration of remote modules in the network.

Data management and transmission to multiple destinations.

Receive success/failure status of each transmitted RF packet.

Identify the source address of each received packet.

Depending on the AP parameter value, the radio module can operate in one of two modes: API (AP=1 ) or
API escaped (AP=2) operating mode.
API escaped operating mode

API escaped operating mode (AP = 2) works similarly to API mode. The only difference is that when
working in API escaped mode, some bytes of the API frame specific data must be escaped.
API escaped operating mode is used to add reliability to the RF transmission avoiding conflicts with
special characters such as the start-of-frame byte (0x7E). Since 0x7E can only appear at the start of an API
packet, if 0x7E is received at any time, it can be assumed that a new packet has started regardless of length.
In API escaped mode, those special bytes are escaped.
Escape characters

When sending or receiving an API frame in API escaped mode, specific data values must be escaped
(flagged) so they do not interfere with the data frame sequence. To escape a data byte, insert 0x7D and
follow it with the byte to be escaped XOR'd with 0x20.
The data bytes that need to be escaped are as follows:

0x7E: Frame Delimiter

0x7D: Escape

0x11: XON

0x13: XOFF

API frames
An API frame is the structured data sent and received through the serial interface of the radio module when
it is configured in API or API escaped operating modes. API frames are used to communicate with the
module or with other modules in the network.
An API frame has the following structure:

Where:

Start delimiter: This field is always 0x7E

Length: The length field has a two-byte value that specifies the number of bytes that will be contained
in the frame data field. It does not include the checksum field.

Frame Data: The content of this field is composed by the API identifier and the API identifier specific
data. Depending on the API identifier (also called API frame type), the content of the specific data will
change.

Note: There are many API frame types or identifiers. The XCTU application includes an embedded tool
called Frames Generator that helps you to build and fill any type of API frame. If you do not have XCTU
installed, go to http://www.digi.com/xctu to download and install it.

Checksum: Byte containing the hash sum of the API frame bytes.

In API escaped mode, there may be some bytes in the Length, Frame Data and Checksum fields that need
to be escaped.

AT settings or commands
The firmware running in the XBee RF modules contains a set of settings and commands that can be
configured to change the behavior of the module or to perform any action related with it. Depending on the
protocol, the number of settings and their meanings varies, but all the XBee RF modules can be configured
with AT commands.
All the firmware settings or commands are identified with two ASCII characters and some applications and
documents refer to them as AT settings or AT commands.
The configuration process of these AT settings varies depending on the operating mode of the XBee RF
module.

AT operating mode. In this mode, you must put the module in a special mode called AT Command
mode, so it can receive AT commands. For more information about configuring XBee RF modules in AT
operating mode, see AT Command Mode.

API operating mode. To configure or execute AT commands when the XBee RF module operates in
API mode, must generate an AT Command API frame containing the AT setting identifier and the value
of that setting and send it to the XBee RF module. For more information about API frames, see API
Frames.

ZigBee protocol concepts

ZigBee is a wireless mesh network protocol for low-power digital radio modules. The ZigBee protocol
defines a network layer above the 802.15.4 layers to support advanced mesh routing capabilities. It allows
for creating and organizing the network hierarchy providing some extra communication features such as
encryption and authentication.
Through the mesh and routing capabilities, ZigBee allows the transmission of data over long distances by
passing the data through intermediate nodes to more distant ones.
Features of the ZigBee protocol include:

Support for multiple network topologies such as point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and mesh networks.

Low duty cycle, which promotes long battery life.

Low latency.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS).

Up to 65,000 nodes per network.

128-bit AES encryption for secure data connections.

Collision avoidance, retries and acknowledgements.

Note: This documentation does not cover the ZigBee protocol in detail. For more information about the
ZigBee protocol, see the ZigBee Specification Overview on the ZigBee Alliance websitepage for an indepth explanation.

ZigBee nodes
The ZigBee protocol defines three types of nodes: Coordinators, Routers, and End Devices, with a
requirement of one Coordinator per network. While all nodes can send and receive data, there are
differences in the specific roles they play.
Coordinators

Coordinators are the most capable of the three node types. There is exactly one coordinator in each network
and it is the device that establishes the network originally. A coordinator store information about the
network, including security keys, but it cannot be battery-powered (that is, it cannot sleep) because it must
store the packets for end device nodes.
Routers

Routers act as intermediate nodes, relaying data from other devices. Routers can connect to other devices
and with the coordinator, but, as with the coordinator, they cannot sleep because they must store the
packets for end devices. Routers are commonly used to extend the network.

End devices

End Devices, usually sensors, can be low-power / battery-powered devices. They have sufficient
functionality to talk to their parent devices, either the coordinator or a router, and cannot relay data from
other devices. This reduced functionality allows for the potential to reduce cost.
Example ZigBee nodes

The following figure displays a topology example of a ZigBee network.

Creating and joining ZigBee networks

ZigBee networks are called Personal Area Networks or PANs. In the ZigBee protocol, the only node that
can start a new network is the coordinator. For that reason, each ZigBee network must have one
coordinator.
To start a network, the coordinator must automatically choose a PAN identifier (PAN ID) and the operating
channel for that network. Once those parameters are established and the network is initialized, the
coordinator and routers can allow other devices (other routers or end devices) to join the network and can
route data.
PAN ID

Each network is defined with a unique PAN identifier (PAN ID). This identifier is common among all
devices of the same network. This is, devices on the same ZigBee network must share the same PAN ID in
order to communicate each other. This PAN ID is established by the coordinator when it is creating the new
network. When the coordinator is powered on, it automatically selects a PAN ID or uses a pre-configured
one to identify the network that it will start.
If a coordinator is configured with PAN ID 0, it performs a PAN scan to identify nearby ZigBee networks
and uses a random unused PAN ID to start the new network.
If a router or end device is configured with PAN ID 0, it performs a PAN scan and tries to join to the first
ZigBee network it finds.
Channel

The 802.15.4 PHY (physical layer) protocol description defines 16 operating channels in the 2.4 GHz
frequency band. Before starting the network, the coordinator automatically performs a channel scan to
select a good channel to use for the network.
All the ZigBee nodes in a network can be configured with the channel or channels on which they operate.

Create a ZigBee Network

As explained previously, to create a ZigBee network you need a coordinator, which is the node type that
starts the network itself. The XBee Gateway includes a built-in XBee ZB node already configured as
coordinator. Therefore, as soon as you power on the XBee Gateway ZB device, your ZigBee network is
initialized.
By default, the ZigBee coordinator in the XBee Gateway ZB device is configured with a PAN ID 0. That
setting means that the coordinator selects a random, unused PAN ID for the network. The XBee Gateway
also is configured to use any of the 16 channels , so the coordinator can perform a channel scan and choose
the best one for the network.
The XBee Gateway Cloud Kit also includes an XBee ZB module configured as router node. This means
that you should be able to connect the XBee ZB module to the network initialized by the XBee Gateway.
By default, the PAN ID of this ZigBee module is configured to 0. Therefore, if you power on the XBee ZB
module and there is not any other ZigBee network around, the module should join the ZigBee network
initialized by the XBee Gateway automatically. This joining operation is indicated when the Association
LED of the board on which the XBee ZB module is mounted starts blinking.
To verify that your XBee ZB module has successfully joined the ZigBee network started by the XBee
Gateway ZB device, follow these steps:
1. Make sure the XBee Gateway is powered on. Make sure the XBee ZB node is mounted on the
development board and that the development board is powered on.
2. In an Internet browser open the Home page of your XBee Gateway. In the list of links on the left side,
under Configuration, click XBee Network. The XBee Configuration page is displayed.
3. Just below the Remote XBee Devices table, check the Clear list before discovery option and click
the Discover XBee Devices button.

4. After some seconds the table should display your XBee ZB node.

Using a custom PAN ID

In some cases, you want to have control over the PAN ID used to create your ZigBee network. Having this
control is useful when there are some other networks around and you do not want your router or end device
nodes to join them. In such cases, you need to specify a custom PAN ID and configure the coordinator,
routers and end devices to use it.
Configure the XBee Gateway with a custom PAN ID

The first device to configure with a custom PAN ID is the coordinator, which in this case is the XBee
Gateway. Follow these steps to change the PAN ID of your XBee Gateway:
1. In an Internet browser, open the Home page of your XBee Gateway ZB and go to the XBee Network
section from the left menu.
2. Select the XBee Gateway local XBee device to configure it.
3. In the XBee Configuration page, open the Network Settings section. There, configure the Extended
PAN ID (ID) option with your custom PAN ID value. Remember this value, as you will configure the
other ZigBee nodes of the network with the same one.

4. Click Apply to save the changes in the device.

After applying the changes, the coordinator initializes the ZigBee network with the new PAN ID. If you
had any other ZigBee nodes connected to the network, you must update their PAN IDs so they will join the
new one.
Configure other ZigBee nodes with a custom PAN ID

If you want your ZigBee routers or end devices to connect to a ZigBee network with a specific PAN ID,
you must configure them to update the PAN ID they have configured with the new one. As they are not
joined to the network that your XBee Gateway (coordinator) initialized, you cannot configure them using
the XBee Gateway ZB web interface. In this case, you must use the XCTU software.
If you do not have XCTU installed, go to http://www.digi.com/xctu to download and install it.
Once you have XCTU installed, follow these steps to change the PAN ID of an XBee ZB module, that is,
the module that comes with the XBee Gateway ZB Cloud Kit:
1. Attach the XBee ZB node to the XBee development board included in the kit, and connect it to your PC
using a USB cable.

2. Open XCTU and add the XBee node you have just connected to your PC to the list of radio modules.

3. Select the node and wait for the application to read all its settings.
4. At the right side of the XCTU display, under the Networking category, there should be a setting called
ID PAN ID. In this setting, replace the current PAN ID with your custom PAN ID.

5. Once you have changed the setting, click the Write radio settings button to save the new PAN ID in
the XBee module.

As soon as you save the new PAN ID in the XBee RF module, the module tries to connect to the ZigBee
network that has the PAN ID that you configured.
Join an existing ZigBee network

Although it is not a very common task, you can configure your XBee Gateway device to operate as a router
and join an existing network. To do so, follow these steps:

1. In an Internet browser, open the Home page of your XBee Gatewayand go to the XBee Network
section from the left menu.
2. Select the XBee Gateway ZB local XBee device to configure it.
3. In the XBee Configuration page, open the Network Settings section. There, configure the Extended
PAN ID (ID) option with the PAN ID of the network to which the XBee Gateway should join.

4. In the same page, uncheck the setting Coordinator Enable (CE). This causes the XBee Gateway to
behave as a router node within the ZigBee network.

5. Click Apply to save the changes in the device.

After applying the changes, the XBee Gateway behaves as a router node and tries to connect to the ZigBee
network with the PAN ID that you configured.
To join your XBee ZB module from the kit to an existing network, you should follow the same steps
described in the Configure other ZigBee nodes with a custom PAN ID section.