Criminal Procedure

FourGlobalIssues
1.doesthe4thapplytoagivensearchorseizure?
IfYes
2.didtheyhaveawarranttoauthorizetheirconduct?
Whataretherulesandlimitationsgoverningwarrantsearches
Iftheydidnthaveawarrant
3.WarrantlessSearchesandSeizures:ExceptionsandLimits
isthegovernmentsconductadmissible?Ifyesitsadmissibleandyouredone.
Ifthegovernmentsconductisnotadmissible
4.DoesTheExclusionaryRuleApplytoletthisshitinanyway?

FourthAmendmentSearchandSeizure
ProtectedAreas:DidtheSSinvadeanareaoritemprotectedbythe4th
GovAgentPhysicalIntrusion
Violatedpersonsreasonableexpectationofprivacy
o IfoneoftwoissatisfiedDoesthatpersonhavestanding.
th
4 amendmentprotect
o (1)persons
o (2)houses&hotelrooms
Curtilageisincludedadjacenttothehomewheretheactivityofhomelifeextends.
o (3)papers

o (4)effects
UnprotectedItemsKnowingexposuretothirdpartieswillremove4thprotection.
(1)accountrecordsheldbyabankareexposedtobankpersonal
(2)publicairspaceanythingthatcanbeseenbelow.
o Californiav.Soraloclaimedthatflyingoverpotfarminyardwasinvadingcurtilagebut
SCOTUSsaiditwaspublicallynavigableairspace.Ifdeltacanseeitsocancops
(3)Garbageifitsatthecurbitsabandonedandcopscantakeit
(4)OdorsfromcarandluggagebutNOTfromyourhome.
(5)openfieldsanythingthatcanbeseeninoracrossanopenfield.
o Anythingoutsidethecurtilageisanopenfield
3spheres
Example:gov.agentseizesapersonhousepapereffectprotecteditem
Twotests
o 1:TRESSPASSTESTGovtagentmustphysicallyintrudeonaconstitutionallyprotected
areatoobtaininformation.In2012thecourtreinvigoratedthistestwithUS.vJones
(GPSinundercarriageofcarfor28dayswithoutwarrantbcitwastrackingcaron
publicroadswhichareopenfields.Placingthedeviceonacar/effectisaphysical
intrusiononthateffectforthepurposeofobtaininginformation.)
o 2.PRIVACYBASEDTESTTwoProngKATZTestmajorityusethissince1967
Doesthisviolateareasonableexpectationofprivacy?
Firstthingmustshowisactualorsubjectiveexpectationofprivacyinthearea
searchedoritemsseized
Secondthingmustshowisthatsocietyrecognizesthatprivacyexpectationas
reasonable.
KYLLOExceptionpresumptivelyunreasonablewhenthepoliceusea
devicethatisnotinpublicusetoexploredetailstheycouldnothaveknown
withoutphysicalintrusion.
Policedidnotbelievethisimplicatedthefourthamendmentbut
SCOTUSdisagreed.Youneedawarrantforthiskindofthing.
ConstitutionalStandingifyouhaveasearchofaprotectedareaoritemimplicatingtrespassor
privacytestthe4thwillapplyifthepersonhasstandingtochallengethesearch.
Thatindividualspersonalprivacyrightsneedtobeinvaded.

o Sixcontextstypicallyinexams
Ownerofthepremisesalwayshasstanding
NonownerwholivesonthepremesisRentershavestanding
Overnightguesthasstandinginareasanovernightguestcanaccess.
Commonareasareokbutprivateareasarenot
i.e.masterbedroomclosetyouwouldnotaccess.
CommercialPremises
Houseownedbyanacquaintanceusedittobagcocainesearchhousewas
permissiblebecauseifyoureonlythereonaonetimebasisforafewhoursto
serveacommercialpurposethereisnotasufficientnexustothisplaceto
affordtheprivacyrightsnecessarytochallengethegovernmentagents
conductonprivacygrounds.
Lowercourtshavelookedatfactuallydistinctcaseswherethereis
morethanaonetimebasiswithextendedtime,routineaccess,
relationshipwithownerofcommercialpremises.Maydistinguishand
createanexceptiontotheabove.
Ownershipofseizedpropertygivesstandingifthepersonhasareasonable
expectationofprivacyintheareafromwhichthepropertywasseized.
Guyhasabunchofdrugsandputstheminhisgirlfriendspurse.Copssearch
houseshesstayinginandtheylookinherpurse.Theboyfriendtellsthecops
theybelongtohimandhetriestochallengetheclaim.SCOTUSsaidhehad
nostandingbecausehehadnoexpectationinprivacyinhisgirlfriendspurse
andonlyshecouldchallengethem.
AutoSearchpassengerinthecarthatssearchedandcontrabandattributabletoyou
asthepassengerisfound.Youdonthavestandingasapassengertochallengethe
search.
Sawedoffriflecase.
WarrantsConstitutionalityofsearchesconductedwithwarrant
SubIssues:3requirementsforasearchconductedpursuanttoawarranttobeconstitutional.
o (1)Warrantmustbeissuedbyaneutralanddetachedmagistrate
o (2)WarrantMUSTbesupportedbyProbableCauseandParticularity(textual)
Ifnotisthewarrantsavedbyanofficersgoodfaithgoodfaithdoctrine
o (3)Isthewarrantproperlyexecutedbythepolice.
Neutralityofmagistrateneutralanddetachedwhenherconductdemonstratesbiasinfavorofthe
prosecution.
o Inruralareawhereaccesstocourtislimitedamunicipalofficercandoit.Inthecasethisguy
waspaidflatrateforeverwarrantissuedandhejustgavethemallwarrantssoitintroduced
inherentprosecutorialbias.

Wasthereprobablecausefortheissuanceofthewarrant?Wasitparticularized?
o Probablecauserequiresproofofafairprobabilitythatcontrabandorevidenceofcrimewill
befoundintheareasearched.
Hearsaycanbeusedtofurnishprobablecause.
InformantTipscanfurnishprobablecause
Sufficiencyrestsoncorroborationbythepoliceofenoughofthetipsters
informationtoallowmagistratestomakeacommonsensepractical
determinationthatprobablecauseexistsbasedonthetotalityofthe
circumstance.
ILLINOISV.GATESUSECOMMONSENSE
GatesreplacedAugilarSpinelli(NYUsesThis)whenyouhave
probablecausebasedonaninformantstiptovalidatethewarrantand
findprobablecauseyouneedtoapplyatwoparttest
o mustestablishtheInformantsbasisofknowledge.
o mustalsoestablishinformantsreliabilityorveracity.
BothfactorsrelevantunderGATESbuttheyarenotas
distinct.MoreofabalanceunderGATES.
o ParticularityWarrantmustspecifytheplacetobesearchedandtheitemstobeseized.
IfawarrantislackingtheGoodFaithDoctrineKicksin
EXCEPTIONSthatwillkillgoodfaith
Affidavitsupportingthewarrantapplicationissoegregiouslylacking
inprobablecausethatnoreasonableofficercouldhavereliedonit.
o DAwenttogetawarrantbutproducedonlyanaffidavit
draftedbythecaptainofpolicewhogotinfofromtipsterwho
isknowtothemandhasprovidedreliableinformationinthe
past.
o DAmustgivemagistrateenoughtoconductanindependent
investigationtoassesspresenceofprobablecause.Absentthis
informationgrantingawarrantwouldgoagainsttheframers
intentinestablishingamagistraterequirement.
Ifthewarrantissofaciallydeficientinparticularitythatofficerscould
notreasonablypresumeittobevalid
Iftheaffidavitreliedonbythemagistratecontainsknowingor
recklessfalsehoodsthatarenecessarytotheprobablecausefinding.
o NotallliesONLYknowingorrecklessandnecessarytothe
probablecausefinding.
Yougottahaveprobablecausewiththeliestakenout
Ifthemagistrateisbiasinfavoroftheprosecution.

o Biaserodesgoodfaith.
WastheWarrantproperlyexecuted?
o DidthecopcomplywiththewarrantsTERMSANDLIMITATIONS?
IfitsayslivingroomandbedroomforstoleniPods
Onlythoseroomsareok
TheycanonlyopencontainersthatwouldreasonablycontainaniPod.
o Compliancewiththeknockandannouncerule.
Policemustannouncetheirpresence&purposebeforetheycanbustin.
UNLESStheofficerreasonablybelievesthatdoingsowouldbefeudal,
dangerousorwouldinhibittheinvestigation.
BROADEXCEPTIONS!!!!!
Decidingwhetherornottoknockandannounceandhowlongthey
havetowaitisonlybasedoninfoavailabletothem.15/20seconds
Scotussaidokforsmallapartment.Ifhomeownerisintheshowerit
wontbeunreasonableifthecopsdontknowhesintheshoweronly
infoavailabletocopsconsidered.
SearchesandSeizuresConductedWithoutWarrants
Ifyoudeterminethatawarrantisnotnecessaryunderthecircumstancesyoustillneedtobesurethat
itisreasonableinordertoremainconstitutional.
o 4thamendmentdoesnotclearlydelineatewhenyouneedawarrant
o inthe1970swhencourtbecamemoreconservativethescotusbuiltinamillionzillion
exceptionstothewarrantrequirementtomakeitalignwiththeframersintent.
8exceptionstothewarrantrequirementESCAPIST
EexigentCircumstances*
o Evienscentevidenceevidencethatwoulddissipateordisappearinthetimeitwouldtaketo
getawarrant.
Tissueevidenceunderasuspectsnails.Youcantakeascrapingfromundernails
withoutawarrant.
Exception:inaDUIcontextyoucannottakebloodalcohollevelwithblood
drawbecauseSCOTUSsaidtodayitsaquickprocesstogetawarrantand
intrusiononthesuspectsfourthamendmentrightsaresosignificantreforcible
extractionofbloodsoitsrarethatsuchactionwouldbejustified.
HotPursuitcopscanenterasuspectorthirdpartieshometocatchafleeingsuspect.

Anythinginplainviewisadmissible
Emergencyaidexceptioncopscanenteraresidenceiftheyhaveanobjectionably
reasonablebasisforbeliefthatsomeoneinsideneedsemergencyaidtoaddressor
preventinjury
SsearchesIncidenttoArrest
o 4thamendmentrightsinstantlydiminishuponarrest,thismeanstheyarenotsimilarlysituated
tolawabidingcitizens
jailistheirnewhomesowewanttobesuretheydonthaveanythingtheyaregoing
tohurtthecopsonandtomakesuretheyarentsecretinganyevidencethatwewant
topreserveorkeepoutoftheprisonsystem.
Justification:Officersafetyandtheneedtopreserveevidence
Timingisimportanttheymustbecontemporaneousintimeand
placewiththearrest.
Geographicscopeisthewingspanincludesbody,clothingand
containerswithinthearresteesimmediatecontrolwithoutregardto
theoffenceforwhichthearrestwasmade.BIRGHTLINE
STANDARDREGARDLESSOFWHATTHEARRESTWASFOR.
o Iftheypatyoudownandfinddrugstheycomeinasevidence
aslongasthatisfoundwithinthewingspan.
SearchingCARSroadsideafterDUIcopcansearchthearresteescarbuttheyare
limitedtotheinteriorcar.ThatincludesclosedcontainersbutNOTTHETRUNK.
SCOTUSDISTINCTIONBETWEENSECURED&UNSECURED
ARESTEES
Oncethearresteeissecuredandinthecopcarthearresteescarcan
onlybesearchedinthepolicebelievethecarcontainsevidence
pertainingtothecrimeforwhichthearrestwasmade.Thislimitation
doesnotapplytoanunsecuredarrestee.
Consent
o Copscanaskforconsenttosearchanythingandifyouagreetoletthemsearchitdoesnt
makesensetoaskthemtogetawarrantbecauseyouveagreedtowaiveyour4thamendment
rights.
Whatisvalidconsent?
Voluntaryandintelligent
Copsdonthavetotellyouthatyouhavetherighttorefuse
Whatisthescopeofconsent?
Allareasforwhichareasonableofficerwouldbelieveyouconsented
to.
ApparentAuthorityifcopgetsconsentfromsomeonewholacksactualauthorityto
grantittheconsentisstillvalidiftheofficerreasonablybelievesthattheconsenting
partyhadactualauthority.
WomancomestostationtologaDVcomplaintandcopgoeswithcopto
apartment.Saysitsourapartmenthasakeyandsaysshekeepsstuffthere.
Theofficerseesdrugparaphernaliaandgetstotheboyfriendwhosaysisnt
notbothoftheirapartments.Coptakesthedrugstuff.Bfchallengesdrug
seizureasfruitofanunlawfulentry.SCOTUSsaysitsfinebchehadapparent
authoritywhichwasenough.
6

Whenmultipleadultssharearesidenceanyonecanconsenttosearchof
COMMONareas.Anobjectingroommatewilltrumpaconsentingroommate.
Aautomobiles6exceptionscancomeintoplayhere.Turnsonfacts
o Justification:
Readymobility
Lesserexpectationofprivacy
Officersneedprobablecausetobelievethatcontrabandorevidenceofcrime
willbeinthevehicle.
Thisgivesthemaccesstothewholecarincludingtrunkandany
packageluggageorcontainerthatcouldreasonablycontaintheitem
theyarelookingfor.
o TrafficStops:theofficerdoesnotneedprobablecauseatthetimehepullsthecaroveras
longashegettheprobablecausebeforeheactuallyconductsthesearch.
PplainView
o Alwayssubjecttothesamethreerequirements
(1)lawfulaccesstotheplacewhereyousawit
(2)lawfulaccesstotheitemitself
(3)criminalityoftheitemmustbeimmediatelyapparent
Iinventory
o Ofarresteeswhentheyarebookedintojail.
o Ofcarswhentheyareimpounded
Constitutionalitydependson
Regulationsmustbereasonableinscope
Searchitselfhastocomplywiththeregulations
Searchmustbeconductedingoodfaithtosafeguardownerspossessionsand
toprotectofficerssafety
OFFICERSSUBJECTIVEINTENTMATTERS

SspecialNeedsDoctrineinthelate1980s
o Thespecialneedsoflawenforcement,governmentofficialsandschoolofficialbeyonda
generalneedforlawenforcement.
Postterryconstitutionalitybasedonlessthanprobablecausemaybethatsnota
constitutionalfloor.
Balanceofstatesinterestv.individualinterestssoyouhavenoflooratall.
DrugtestingwarrantlessandsuspicionlesstestingforRailroad
employeesafteracrash,customsagentswhoareresponsiblefordrug
interdiction,publicschoolchildrenwhoengageinanyextracurricular
activities(firstathletesthanextendedtoanyactivity/clubbasedonthe
widespreaduseofdrugsbyournationsteenagers)
o Youcanalsolookinthebagsofkidstocheckforviolationsof
schoolrulesifthesearchisreasonableatitsinceptionandis
notexcessivelyintrusiveinlightoftheageandgenderofthe
studentandthenatureoftheinfraction.
o 8thgradestudentstripsearchwhotheybelievedwascarrying
prescriptionstrengthAdvilbecauseofherageandgenderand
becausetherewasnodangerassociatedwiththedrug.
Doesnotapplytolawenforcementprogramswhoseprimarypurposeisto
gathercriminalevidenceforgeneralusebylawenforcement.
Checkpointsfordrunkdrivingspecialneedispublichealthandsafety
Indianasetupnarcoticscheckpointinabadneighborhoodbutthey
didnothavethesamestateinterestredriving.Theirpurposewas
purelyrelatedtolawenforcement.
TterryStopandFrisk
o ONLY4thamendmenttextualstandardisprobablecauseuntilTerryvOhiointhe1960s
copssawguyscasestoreandwantedtobrieflystopandquestionthemtofigureouttheir
deal.
Canweinvadeapersons4thamendmentrightsonlessthanprobablecause?
Youcanstop,questionandpatdownapersononlessthanprobablecause.
Terrystopbriefdetentionorseizureforthepurposeofinvestigating
suspiciousconduct.
ThresholdQuestion:whenissomeoneseizedunderthe4thamendment
whenbasedonthetotalityofthecircumstances,areasonableperson
wouldnotfeelfreetoleaveorwoulddeclineanofficersrequestto
answerquestions.
Policepursuititstreateddifferentlywhensomeoneisbeingpursued
byapoliceofficertheyareseizedonlyiftheysubmittotheofficers
authoritybystoppingoriftheofficerphysicallyrestrainsthem.While
runningawayyouarenotseizedbutassoonastheygetyouyourein
astateofseizure.
TrafficStopisatypeofterrystopboththedriverandthepassengersare
seizedsoeithercanchallengethelegalityofthestop.
Cophasdiscretiontoorderpassengeranddriveroutofthecar.
Dogsniffsareallowedaslongasthesniffdoesnotprolongthestop
unreasonably.
o Odorsfromthecararenotprotectedby4thsameforluggage.
8

homesgetprotectionthatthecarandluggagedonot
get.Theycantsniffthecurtilagetogetinfoevenifits
girlscoutcookielikeintrusion.
o TERRYFRISKasdistinguishedformterrystop.SAFETYFRISKS
Apatdownofthebodyandouterclothingforweaponsthatisjustifiedbyabelief
thatthesuspectisarmedanddangerous.
IFthecopfindsaweaponitscomingin
IfthecopfindsDRUGSitcancomeinaslongasthecopdoesntphysically
manipulatethecontraband.
Youcantfeelthecontoursbutifyouimmediatelyrecognizeityoucan
bringitin.
Youcanfriskacarsearchthecabinbutyourelimitedtoplaceswhereaweapon
canbeplacedorhidden.
o EVIDENTIARYSTANDARDREASONABLESUSPICION
STOPSpecificandarticulablefactsthatindicatethatcriminalactivityisaftoot.
FRISKSpecificandarticulablefactsthatindicatethatasuspectisarmedand
dangerous.
OBJECTIVEREASONABLENESSNOTSUBJECTIVEINTENT.
ExclusionaryRule:FourthAmendmentLimitations
Unconstitutionallyobtainedevidenceisonlykeptoutoftheprosecutionscaseinchiefbutitcan
comeintoimpeachthedefendantoncrossexamination.
Knockanannounceviolationsarenotgoingtoimpacttheadmissibilityoftheevidenceobtainedin
thesearchthatfollows
Policemisconductmustbedeliberaterecklessorgrosslynegligent
o Bookkeepingerrorthatledtoanunlawfularrest.Theevidencewasnotexcludedbecause
tortnegligenceisnotenough
Erroneouslyobtainedwhileexecutingasearchwarrantwillnotkeeptheevidenceoutaslongasthe
mistakewasreasonable.
o Copsgotothewrongdoorintheapartmentbuilding.Theyfindmaddrugsbutthedrugs
wontbekeptoutbasedonthecopsmistakesinceitwasreasonablyandsincetheystopped
thesearchassoonastheyrealizedtheymadeamistake.
FruitofthePoisonousTreeallaboveisdirectevidencebutthisisderivativeevidenceby
exploitingunconstitutionaldirectevidence
o Thisdoesntcomeinintheprosecutorscaseandchief
Twowaystonullifyifbreakinthecausallinkfrustratesthechainbetweenthe
originalillegalityandtheevidencethatislaterdiscovered.
Inevitablediscoverywhentheevidencewouldnecessarilyhavebeen
discoveredthroughlawfulmeans.

11yearoldgirlkilledinIowaatChristmastime.Detectivewastold
nottoquestionhimbuttheyengagedincasualconversationand
confessedandledtothegirlsbodybutSCOTUSsaiditwasaviolation
ofthe6thamendmentandtookthebodyoutasfruitofthepoisonous
tree.Theywentbackandsaidthatthecopswerelookingforthebody
inaparcelw/agridsearchandthegirlsbodyhadbeendumpedwithin
thegridsoifthedetectivedidntbeatthemtoitthecopswouldhave
founditanyway.
Attenuationadmitsderivativeevidencewherethepassageoftimeand
interveningeventspurgethetaintoftheoriginalillegalityandrestorethe
defendantsfreewill.
Eavesdroppinga/k/aTheFalseFriendDoctrine
Youassumetheriskthattheotherpersonwillkeeptheconversationprivatewhenyoutalktoa
friendandheswearingawire.
LawofArrest
Anarrestoccurswheneverthepolicetakesomeoneintocustodyagainsttheirwillforprosecution
ORinterrogation.
o Adefactoarrestwhenthepolicecompelsomeonetocometothestationforfingerprintingor
questioning.
SCOTUSwhensomeoneisarrestedforaseriousoffenseitispermissibletotakea
DNAsamplew/cheekswabasapartoftheroutinebookingprocess.
YOUNEEDPROBABLECAUSETOARREST.
Youcanarrestforalloffenseseventhosepunishablebyafineonly.Cops
haveplenaryauthorityunderthe4thamendmenttoarrestindividualsforany
offense
o Youneedawarranttoarrestintheirhome
o 3rdpartyhomearrestandsearchwarrant
o publicplaceyoudontevenneedawarrant.
Confessions:waystoexcludeaconfession
The14thAmendmentDueProcessClause
Involuntarinessconfessionisaproductofpolicecoercionthatoverbearsthesuspectswill.
o SCOTUSgodcommandedguytogofromBostontoDenvertoconfesstoacrimefrom
yearsagocopgetswaiverandreadsMiranda.Hedeclinedintopsychosisinthe24hours
followingconfessionandpsychologisttestifiesthathewaspsychoticatthetimehegavethe
confession.
Courtsaystheconfessionisinbecausehiswillwasnotoverbornebycoercionevenif
hewasnuts.Godsnotastateactorforthepurposeofthe14thamendment.
6thAmendmentRighttoCounsel
PowerfulrightforcriminalbutLIMITEDcomparedtoMirandarighttocounsel.
o Expressguaranteethatariseswhentheisformallycharged.Onceitattacheditappliesatall
criticalstagesoftheprosecutioni.e.arraignment,probablecausehearingsandpolice
interrogationsaftercharging.

10

Offencespecificinthatitonlyappliestothechargesagainstyou.Noprotectionfor
unchargedcriminalactivity.
Incriminatingstatementsobtainedbycopsfromawhoasbeenformally
chargedareadmissibleaslongasthosestatementsweredeliberatelyelicited
andthedefendantdidnotknowinglydeliberatelyandvoluntarywaiverof
counsel.
Example:chargedwithburglaryandrepresentedbypublicdefender.Remandedtocustody
pendingtrial.TwoweekslaterADAquestionshimandheincriminateshimselfabouttheburglary
andaboutanunrelatedmurder.
o His6thamendmentrightshavebeenviolatedregardingtheburglarybecausequestioningwas
deliberateandhehadnotvoluntarilywaivedcounsel.Noviolationexistswithrespecttothe
murder.
5thAmendmentMirandadoctrine
Impliedrightsgroundedintheselfincriminationclauseofthe5thamendment
o Righttoremainsilent
o Anythingyousaycanandwillbeusedagainstyou
o Youhavetherighttoanattorney
o Ifyoucannotaffordone,onewillbeappointedforyouatnocost
Theybecomenecessarywhentworequirementsaresatisfied
(1)custodyrequirement
Step1:freedomofmovementtestwouldareasonablepersonfeelhe
wasnotatlibertytoendtheinterrogationandleave.Ifsatisfiedmove
onto
Step2:Theenvironmentinwhichtheinterrogationtakesplaceisnot
inherentlycoerciveorpolicedominated.Likestationhouse
interrogationinMiranda
(2)CustodialInterrogation
anyconductthepolicekneworshouldhaveknownwaslikelytoelicit
andincriminatingresponse.
o ILLINOISv.PERKINSundercoveragentputincellwith
toelicitincriminatingevidenceaboutunrelatedmurderwhich
theywereabletodo.claimedMirandaviolationbut
SCOTUSsaidno.
Ifhebelievedhewastalkingtoafrienditwasnt
inherentlycoerciveorpolicedominatedasitwasin
Miranda.Mirandaisonlyaremedyforanindividualin
apolicedominatedorcoerciveenvironment.
EXCEPTIONifinterrogationispromptedbyanimmediateconcernfor
publicsafetyconcernsanystatementsmakescanbeusedagainsthim.
o subjecttocustodialinterrogationabsenttheexceptionhas3options
(1)Waiverightsmostpopular

11

Mirandawaiverisvalidif
(1)itsknowingandintelligent
o ifsuspectunderstandsnatureofrightsandconsequencesof
abandoningthem
(2)Itmustbevoluntarywaiver
o nottheproductofpolicecoercion
waivercanbeexpressorimpliedbyacourseofconduct
thatindicatedhisdesiretospeak
ifhegothisMirandarightsandunderstoodthemhe
waivesbymakinganuncoercedstatement
Theburdenisonwhomustprovewaiverby
preponderanceoftheevidence.
Invokerighttoremainsilent
Mustbeunambiguouslyinvoked
Onceinvokedtheymustscrupulouslyhonortheinvocation
Attheveryleasttheycantbadgerhimintotalking
Theyneedtowaitasignificantperiodoftimebeforeresuming
question
InvokerighttocounselMOSTPOWERFULRIGHT
Standsinstarkcontrastoftrendstoundothewarrencourtsbullshitwhich
conservativesbackpeddledon.
Sufficientlyclearthatareasonableofficerinthatsituationwould
understandwhatsuspectsaidtobearequestforcounsel
Fromthatpointallinterrogationmustceaseunlesssuspectinitiates
NOTOFFENSESPECIFICalltopicsarebarredoutsideofpresenceof
attorneyandfollowshimforthefirst14daysafterhisrelease.
o Onceasksforhislawyerthepolicecantquestionhimabout
anythingatalloutsidethepresenceofhislawyerandtheironly
wayoutoftheboxisifthesuspectinitiatesandsaysIwanna
talktothecops.Thisfollowshimfor14daysafterreleaseand
onthe15thdaytheycantryagain.
ExclusionaryRule:5thAmendment/MirandaLimitations
IncriminatingstatementsobtainedinviolationofMirandacantbeusedincaseinchiefbutthey
canbeusedagainstoncrosstoimpeach.(justlike4thamendment)

12

FailuretogiveMirandawarningdoesnotrequiresuppressionofthephysicalfruitsprovidedthe
statementsarevoluntary.
o Ifconfessestomurderandtellscopwhereweaponishecansuppressconfessionbutnot
weaponbcitsaphysicalfruit.
IfastatementisinadmissibleduetoMirandaviolation,subsequentstatementsafterMirandawaiver
isobtained,areadmissibleIFtheinadmissiblestatementisntobtainedthroughinherentlycoercive
policetacticsoroffensivetodueprocess.
o Mirandamistakeupfrontmirandizedandwaivedsecondstatementcomesinunless
mistakewassoinherentlycoerciveitoffendsdueprocess.
PretrialIdentificationsrulesvarydependingontypeofID
LineUp
Ashowuponlyshowswitnessonepicandaskedifthatstheguy
PhotoArray
o Twosubstantivechallengestopretrialidentification
6thamendmentrighttocounselafterlineupsandshowupsthattakeplaceafter
formalchargingbutNOTtophotoarrays.
Violationofdueprocessifitissounnecessarilysuggestivethatitcreatesa
substantiallikelihoodofmisidentification.
Balancereliabilityofsuggestiveidentificationagainstitscorruptingeffect.
o RemedyisexclusionofwitnessincourtID.
WitnesscanstillmakeanincourtIDiftheprosecutioncanprovethatwitness
recollectionisnotfromtheunconstitutionallineupshowuporphotoarray
Witnessopportunitytoviewsuspectatcrimescene
Specificityofdescriptiongiventothepolice
Certaintyofthewitnessidentification.
Ifthewitnessobservationswereimplantedinmindbasedon
suggestionratherthanpersonalobservationitsnotoktogetonthe
standandpointto.
Ifwitnessisreliablethenthewitnessshouldntbeoutjustbecausethe
copsfuckeduptheidentification.
o Eitherwouldbeamiscarriageofjustice.
PreTrialProceedings

13

Afterarrestgoesbeforemagistrate
o Initialappearancewhereisadvisedofhisrights,bailissetandanattyisappointedif
necessary.
Iftheywanttodetainyoupretrialtobindyouoverfortrialorkeepyouinjailthey
needtoshowprobablecause
Gersteinhearingisntnecessaryifthegrandjuryhasissuedanindictmentor
ifthemagistratehasissuedanarrestwarrant.
TrialRights
BRADYRULE.:Prosecutorhastodiscloseallmaterialexculpatoryevidencetoacriminal
Judgesallcriminalhaverighttounbiasedjudge
o Nofinancialstakeintheoutcomeofthecase
o Noactualmaliceagainstthedefendant
Juryfairandimpartialjury
o Rightkicksinwhenthemaximumauthorizedsentenceexceeds6months.
o Theremustbeatleast6membersofthejuryinacriminaltrial
6requiresaunanimousvote
over6theydonthavetobeunanimoustocomplywithconstitutionalrequirements.
Wetypicallyrequireboththoughitsinexcessoftheconstitutionalrequirement.
DEPENDSONJSX.
o CrossSectionalRequirement
Poolofjurorsrepresentsacrosssectionofthecommunity.
Peoplearedrawnfromthatgrouptohearacaseandtheymaybenondiverse
providedthepoolfromwhichthepanelwasdrawnisdivers.
Preemptorychallengescanbeusedbyeithersidewithoutsayingwhy
UNLESSexclusionisbasedonraceorgender.
Ineffectiveassistanceofcounsel
o MostcommonlyraisedclaimonappealbutitshardtosucceedonaStricklandtest:two
prongtest
Deficiencyrequirementcounselperformancemustfallbelowanobjectionable
standardofreasonablenessitwasasifhewasnotfunctioningascounsel.Nocatnaps
duringtrial

14

Prejudicerequirementbutforthedeficiencytheoutcomeofthetrialwouldhave
beendifferent.AttysleptthroughwitnessdirectandcouldntcrossbutSCOTUSsaid
itwasntanimportantwitnessanditwasntprejudicial.
GuiltyPleas95%arepleadout
TobeVALIDaguiltypleamustbevoluntaryandintelligent.
o Tomeetthatstandardajudgemustconductapleatakingcolloquy
Itmusttakeplaceinopencourtandaddressontherecord
Natureofthecharges
includingrequiredelementsofoffense
consequencesoftheplea
knowsheswaivingtherighttopleadnotguiltyandtherighttoa
trial.
DoubleJeopardy
Nopersonshallbeputtwiceinjeopardyofliveorlimbfromthesameoffensebythesame
sovereign.
o Attacheswhenthejuryisswordorifbenchtrialwhenthefirstwitnessisswornorifinguilty
pleacontextwhenthejudgeacceptsthepleaunconditionally.
o Thisdoesnotapplyincivilproceedings.
BlockburgerTest:twooffensesarenotthesameforDJpurposesifeachcontainsan
elementtheotherdoesnot.
Ifonlyoneoffensecontainsanelementnotintheotherthanthedoublejeopardywill
notapply.
IffirsttriedforthelesserhecantbetriedforthegreaterSAMEthingifit
goestheotherway.
Differentstatesnotsamesovereign
Fedandstatenotthesame
StateandinternalmunicipalitiesDOapply
o Hungjuryallowstoberetried
o Successfulappeal,particularlyofalegalissueallowsretrial
SuccessfulappealduetoinsufficiencyofevidenceattrialdoesnotDJ
o Breachofthepleaagreementbythedefendantviewedasacontractvoidsagreementand
getsaretrial.
o Ifprosecutionbreachescanrenegotiate
FifthAmendmentPrivilegeagainstCompelledTestimony

Anyonecantakethe5thamendmentbutonly
o Iftestifyingunderoath
Testimonialprivilegesoitdoesntapplytophysicalieextractionofblood
Onlyappliestowordscompelledfromourmouth
Defendantcantgetfuckedforstayingquiet
Proscaneliminatethisprivilegebygrantingimmunity
Useandfruitsoruseandderivativeuse
o cantuseyourtestimonyoranythingderivedfromitbuttheycanuse
anythingobtainedpriortoimmunitygrant
canttakethefifthoncrossforanythingwithinthescopeofdirect
youcanttakethe5thifthestatuteoflimitationshasrunontheunderlyingcrime
YOUCANONLYTAKETHE5THIFYOUREGOINGTORISKBEINGCHARGED
WITHACRIMEFORWHATYOUSAY.YOUCANTJUSTSAYITWILLMAKEYOU
LOOKBAD.

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