ABSTRACT

The experiment utilizes Marcet Boiler as main apparatus to conduct investigation on

relationship between the saturation temperature of liquid water and the corresponding
pressure of water vapor. The saturation temperature is recorded for every 0.5 bar intervals of
pressure readings and the measured slope, dT/dP is being calculated to be compared with
calculated slope, Tvg/hfg being provided by standardized steam table. The theoretical slope is
calculated by deriving the Clapyeron equation based on several assumptions such as constant
enthalpy value for all range of temperature readings and ideal gases behavior for all vapor
molecules. Lastly, the experiment data can be improved by taking few precautions, such as
examination of apparatus conditions and repetition of experiment procedures.

INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics is the specific study of interchange for both heat and work energy
across its system boundary to its surroundings and vice versa. As a given system goes through
a process whereby it alters the properties of fluid, the ideal gases tend to follow the
thermodynamic law stated by using the equation of state interlinked with pressure, density or
specific volume, molecule mass, absolute temperature and gas constant, R. The equation of
state that applied on most thermodynamics substances is known as:

PV=

mRT
M

On the other hand, real gases are subjected by various aspects beyond the necessary
considerations related to the changes of ideal gases. Hence, it is no longer subjected to
absolute governance by the equation of state unless there is presence of minor modifications
within it to apply on purposes based on properties of real gases.
In this experiment, Marcet Boiler is specifically being chosen as the main apparatus to
initiate close study about relationship between saturation temperature and related pressure of
water using the demonstration of vapor pressure curve. It simply works on the fundamental
principle of boiling process which both temperature and pressure readings of saturated steam
are eventually reach equilibrium state with water. In fact, the state of equilibrium for both
vapor and liquid state of water is related closely to the saturated temperature of liquid water
as both variables are depending on the water vapor pressure. Saturation temperature, Tsat and
saturation pressure, Ttemp, are known as the point of phase changing process for a pure

substance when one of the variables is fixed or held at constant value. For example, the
evaporation process of water molecules require less energy input during the initial period of
boiling process for water as there is hardly any resistance since there is absence of water
vapor above surface of liquid water. In other words, it can be concluded that the more energy
required for water molecules to evaporate at higher pressure in order to reach the state of
equilibrium.
At the very beginning of the experiment, the heat energy is being supplied to the
water by huge electricity resistance flow in the circuit. The molecules within the water start to
vibrate, move and rotate more actively as they progress slowly to saturated vapor state by
escaping from the surface of water. This evaporation process increases amount of water vapor
stored in the tank which it eventually exerts more pressure onto water surface. Therefore, the
rate of evaporation process decelerates as resistance created by vapor pressure grows
gradually against most water molecules with time. To sum up, the continuous boiling process
will raise the saturation temperature of water at liquid state since the amount of water vapor
present is almost equivalent to the resistance for evaporation process to occur inside Marcet
Boiler.
The beginning of the experiment gets going under zero gauge pressure inside the heat
vessel as it is calibrated relative to atmospheric pressure. After obtaining a series of vessel
pressure and its corresponding temperature readings, a vapor pressure curve is being plotted
using the experimental values and also the theoretical values so that both curves can be
compared by their measurable value for the slope of the graph (dT/dP). The theoretical
calculation of slope involves the Clapeyron relationship which it implies the pressure, heat
and expansion during phase changing process when two phases are in equilibrium with each
other. The Clapeyron relationship can be written as below:
d T T ( v g v f ) T v g
=
=
dP
hfg
hfg

vf

Specific volume of water

Absolute pressure

vg

Specific volume of steam

Absolute temperature

hf

Enthalpy of water

hg

Enthalpy of steam

h fg

Latent heat of vaporization =

h gh f

OBJECTIVE
1) To study the relationship between pressure and temperature of saturated in
equilibrium.
2) To demonstrate the vapour pressure curve.

THEORY
An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that the pressure, specific volume or density, and
absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R.
PV = mRTM
Where, P = Absolute pressure
V = Volume
n = Amount of substance (moles) R = Ideal gas constant
T = Absolute temperature (K)
However, real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few changes on the ideal
gas equation of state allow its application in the properties of real gas.When energy increases
within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules enables the increase in the
number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium state is reached. The state of
equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. At lower pressure,
the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while less energy required in
achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs
at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature.The Marcet Boiler is used to
investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam in
equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the atmospheric pressure and 8 bars.
The experimental slope (dT/dP)SAT obtained is compared to the theoretical value determined
through calculation from the steam table.

APPARATUS

PROCEDURE
1. The Solteq HE 169 marcet boiler were identified
2. Determine the 13 essential fitting of marcet boiler
3. Draw a table
RESULT
13 essential fitting for marcet boiler :
1. Two or more safety valve
2. Two water gauge
3. A steam pressure gauge
4. A blow down valve or cock
5. Two feed pump or alternatively one feed pump and one injector
6. A main steam stop valve
7. A feed check valve
8. An inspector's pressure gauge attachment
9. A fusible plug
10. A low water alarm
11. A low water fuel cut out
12. The manufactures maker name plate
13. A registration plate

EXPERIMENTAL TABLE

Pressure, P(bar)

Temperature,
T

Time, t (s)

Measure slope

Calculated slope

,
Gauge

Absolute

Degree
C

CALCULATION

Where;
Vf : specific volume of saturated liquid
Vg : specific volume of saturated vapour
Hf : enthalpy of saturated liquid
Hg : enthalpy of saturated vapour
Hfg : latent heat of vaporization.

DISCUSSION
Safety valve at marcet boiler is a one type of valve that automatically actuates when
the pressure of inlet side of the valve increases to a predetermine pressure to open the valve
disc and discharge the fluid the pressure of the fluid steam or gas. Water gauge isn used to
indicate the height of water surface. Glow down valve is use to adjust the pressure drop
below the lifting pressure by altering the height of the adjusting guide ring. Feed water pump
is used to pump feed water in to a marcet boiler.

Steam stop valve is to regulate the flow of steam from one steam pipe to other or from
the boiler to the steam pipe. Feed check valve is used to control the supply of water to the
boiler and to prevent the escaping of water from the boiler when the pump pressure is less or
pump is stop. The attachment for inspector's pressure gauge shall be in order. Test not
exceeding the working pressure of the boiler shall be taken before the inspector's visit, to test
tightness of the joint.

A fusible plug is used as a safety precaution against low water level of marcet boiler. A low
water alarm ensures that the combustion of fuel does not continue if the water level in the
boiler has drop to or below a predetermined level.
RECOMMENDATION
To get a similar result as theoretical value, try as much to avoid parallax error while taking
the reading because this can affect the result. Next, repeat the experiment several times in
order to increase the accuracy of the reading. Finally, make sure that a professional was there
before conducting the experiment to avoid any accident from occurring.

REFERENCE
1. Beaton, C.F. (1986). Steam Tables. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Republished in Feb,
2011. doi: 10.1615. Retrieved from http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1150/
2. Senese, F. (Feb, 2010). What is the Clausius-Clapeyron equation? Frostburg.edu.
Retrieved from http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/clausius-clapeyronvapor-pressure.shtml
3. Babb, D. (2014). Vapor Pressure And Saturated Vapor Pressure. Pennstate. Retrieved from
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo003/content/l4_p4.html
4. Nave, R. (2014). Saturated Vapor Pressure & Evaporation vs Boiling. HyperPhysics.
Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html
5. Corley, R.H.V. & Tinker, P.B.H. (2003). Small scale mills. The Oil Palm. pg. 456-458.
Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd

APPENDIX

Feed Check Valve

Steam Pressure Gauge

Control Panel