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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology used in this study. The
research methodology consists of place and time of research, approach and types
of research, the source of data, method of collecting data, procedure of the
research, and technique of analyzing data. The complete information about
research methodology use by researcher in this research will be presented as
follows:
A. Place and Time of Research
1.
Place of Research
This research takes place at SMPN 4 Madiun that is located on
Abdurrahman Saleh 3rd street, Madiun City. The reason for selecting this
school as the place of research is that there have not been any researches
at this school yet, particularly concerning with the application of films or
songs as learning media in teaching writing.
2.
Time of Research
This study has been conducted for 5 months; from August to
December 2013 The research activities that the researcher does during
the time are presented as follows:
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2.
3.
4.
Research
Activities
Pre-Research
Arranging
for
research design
Observing
related literature
Preparing
research
proposal
Collecting data
by pretest and
post test
Analyzing data
Reporting
the
result of study
Sept.
Oct.
2013-2014
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
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Pre test
Treatment
Post test
O1
X1
O2
O1
X2
O2
Note:
GE1: Films/movies
GE2: songs
X1
X2
O1
: Pre test
O2
: Post test
(Arikunto, 2006: 86)
In this design, the observation was done twice, before and after the
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called pre test, and the observation that is done after the experiment (O 2) is
called post-test. The difference between O1 and O2 is assumed as the effect
of the treatment/experiment.
C. Population, Sample, and Sampling
1. Population
A population is a set (or collection) of all elements processing one
or more attributes of interest (Arikunto, 2006: 130). However,
Population is number of individual or thing that will make an object
ofresearch (Hadi, 1995:72). From the statement above, the researcher
conclude that the population is a number of people that have similar
characteristics and become the object of the research. The population of
this research was the eighth grade of SMPN 4 Madiun in the academic
year of 2013/2014.
There are seven classes, namely VIII-A, VIII-B, VIII-C, VIII-D,
VIII-E, VIII-F, VIII-G, VIII-H, and VIII-I. The total number of the
students is 308 students. All of them were given English materials in
teaching and learning process. Moreover, they were chosen as the
population of the research based on some reasons, those are:
a. The students were all in the same grade.
b. The students were relatively in the same age.
c. The students had been studying English for the same period.
2. Sample
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the research question (e.g. in-class exam; lesson plans; pre-and post-test,
software, students exercises, worksheets, writing assignment or projects,
student record; textbooks).
Based on the statement above, it can be said that documentation in
collecting data means collecting all written documents which are relevant
to the research question. From the documentation technique, the researcher
gets some data of the students writing achievement and any document
used in teaching writing process in SMPN 4 Madiun. The data from the
documentation technique are then interpreted and evaluated as the
information to support this research.
3. Test Method
The research instrument is a tool used for capturing data in the study.
In this study, the research instrument used is a test technique. Brown
(1994: 254) defines a test as a method of measuring a persons ability or
knowledge in a given area. A test is used to collect the data of students
writing skill.
E. Procedure and Method of Data Collection
There were some steps in gathering the data in this study, they are
scoring technique, try out, pre-test, and post-test.
1. Scoring Technique
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Table 3.3. Scoring Guidance Taken from Heatons Grid and Categories
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Criteria
of
Mastery
Score
Criterion of Scoring
Fluency
4
3
2
1
Grammar
5
4
3
2
1
Vocabulary
5
4
3
2
1
Content
5
4
3
2
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Criteria
of
Mastery
Score
1
Spelling
5
4
3
2
1
Criterion of Scoring
individual ideas, may be clearer but very difficult to
deduce
Unacceptable: lack of organization to serve that
communication is seriously imparted.
Excellent: no error.
Good: 1 or 2 minor errors only.
Fair: several errors, not too hard to understand.
Inadequate: several errors, some interfere with
communication, some words very hard to recognize.
Unacceptable: numerous errors, hard to recognize,
several words communication made very difficult.
2. Pre-Test
Criteria of Mastery
91 100
81 90
71 80
61 70
Less than 60
Level
Excellent
Good
Adequate
Inadequate/unsatisfactory
Failing/unacceptable
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Pre-test was given before doing the experiment in starting the data
collection to identify the writing report achievement. The test was in the
form of writing test. After having been explained about what they were
going to do, the students were given the instrument. They were to write the
text in 40 minutes.
3. Post-Test
Post-test was given after conducting all the activities during
treatment. It was to measure the students achievement in writing report
after the treatment. The test was also as the same as the pre-test, i.e.
writing report text with the same. The experimental group was shown a
movie before starting to do their post test. The control group, on the other
hand, was not given the similar method with the experimental one. The
students of the control group were songs to help them in doing post-test.
F. Research Instrument
Instrument is important thing in an experiment since it will affect on the
data obtained. As Kerlinger (1965: 118) states an instrument plays an
important role in a study in the sense that the reliability of data obtained.
Arikunto (2010: 203) also defines that research instrument is Alat atau
fasilitas yang digunakan oleh peneliti dalam pengumpulan data agar
pekerjaannya lebih mudah dan hasilnya lebih baik, dalam arti lebih cermat,
lengkap, dan sistematis sehingga lebih mudah diolah. (a device used by the
researcher while collecting data to make his work easier and get a better,
complete and systematic result in order to make the data easy to be processed).
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Then, the range score, class interval and class width were determined.
After that, Xcount was found. If the value of Xcount < X ()(dk), the pretest
for each group was said to be normally distributed.
To compute normality, the writer used the formula as follows:
(Oi Ei) 2
=
Ei
i 1
K
In which,
= Normality
2. Homogeneity Test
Based on Budiono (2009: 174), homogeneity test is used to know
whether the data is homogeneous or not. Homogeneity is a condition in
which all the variables in a sequence have the same finite or limited, and
have a variance. When homogeneity of variance is determined to hold true
for a statistical model, a statistical approach or simpler computational to
analyzing the data may be used to know a low level of uncertainty in the
data. To find out the homogeneity of data, the homogeneity formula was
used as follows:
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F=
Ve
Vc
In which,
F
: homogeneity
Ve
Vc
If the Fcount < Ftable, it can be concluded that the data of the pretest was
homogeny (Arikunto, 2006: 324)
3. Hypothesis test
The researcher uses t test to analyze the data of writing skill achieved
by the eighth grade students writing skill of SMPN 4 Madiun in the
academic year of 2013/2014 who have been taught using films and taught
using songs. The t test to analyze the data, with the following formula:
x1 x 2
t0
S
1
1
n1 n2
Where:
t0 = significant figures the value of group
x1 = average of students writing score test who have been taught using
films (experiment group 1)
x2 = average of students writing score test who have been taught using
songs (experiment group 2)
S = standard deviation
n1 = the number of the experiment group 1
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