Alg1 Chap07

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Linear Equations
>
Make this Foldable to help you organize
information about solving linear equations. Begin
with four sheets of grid paper.
Fold each sheet in half from

top to bottom.
Cut along fold. Staple the

eight half-sheets together to
form a booklet.
Cut tabs into margin. The top

tab is 4 lines wide, the next
tab is 8 lines wide, and so on.
Label each page with a lesson

number and title. The last tab
is for the vocabulary.
Linear
Equations
71
72
Reading and Writing As you read and study the

chapter, fill the journal with notes, diagrams, and
examples.
282 Chapter 7 Linear Equations
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Problem-Solving
Workshop
Project
Year
Have you ever heard someone say, I

remember when penny candy actually cost
a penny? The table shows how the value of
a dollar has changed. In this project, you will
choose ten items and estimate their value in
earlier years. For this project, assume that
todays cost and the cost in 1998 are the
same.
Value of a Dollar
1950
1958
1966
1974
1982
1990
1998
Working on the Project

Work with a partner and choose a strategy. Use the
questions below to help you get started.
$100 per week today is equivalent to how much

money per week in 1958?
>
$6.76
$5.64
$5.03
$3.31
$1.69
$1.25
$1.00
Strategies
Look for a pattern.
Draw a diagram.
Make a table.
Suppose a hamburger costs $2.80 today. How
Work backward.
much would a comparable hamburger have cost

in 1950? in 1966?
How does the value of a dollar change over time?
Can this change be described as a linear function?
Use an equation.
Make a graph.
Guess and check.
Technology Tools
Use a calculator to help you estimate the cost of items in different years.
Use graphing software to graph the data points (year, value of a dollar)
in a scatter plot.
Research For more information about inflation, visit:
www.algconcepts.com
Presenting the Project

Write a one-page paper describing your results. Include the following:
todays costs of the ten items you selected,

an estimate for the cost or value of each item in 1950 and in another year, and
a scatter plot showing the value of a dollar as a function of the year.
Chapter 7 Problem-Solving Workshop
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Slope
Youll learn to find the

slope of a line given
the coordinates of two
points on the line.
The rows in some movie theaters are so

steep that there are no bad seats. We say
that the theater has a steep slope. Slope is
the ratio of the rise, or the vertical change,
to the run, or the horizontal change.
Why Its Important
slope
What Youll Learn
Construction
Building codes require
that certain slopes be
used for stairways.
See Exercise 28.
9
10
rise
run
rise
9 ft
vertical change
horizontal change
The slope of the floor in the theater

run 10 ft
9
10
at the right is .
On the graph below, the line passes through points at (4, 0) and (11, 3).
The change in y or rise is 3 0 or 3, while the change in x or run is 11 4
3
7
or 7. Therefore, the slope of this line is .

change in y
change in x
rise
run
slope
Words: The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y to the
corresponding change in x.
y
Model:
Slope
Symbols:
change
in y
(rise)
Examples
change in x
(run)
(11, 3)
change in y
change in x
slope
(4, 0)
Determine the slope of each line.

y
(7, 6)
(5, 2)
(0, 2)
(5,3)
change in y
change in x
slope
62
70
4
4

The slope is .
7
7

change in y
change in x
slope
3 2
5 (5)
5

The slope is
0

undefined. Why?
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Your Turn
y
a.
b.
(1, 4)
(6, 2)
(2, 3)
(3, 3)
In Example 1, suppose 2 6 had been used as the change in y and

26
0 7
4
7
0 7 had been used as the change in x. Since is also equal to , it
In many real-world applications, the slope is the rate of change.
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does not matter which order is chosen. However, the coordinates of both
points must be used in the same order.
Example
Income Link
The graph at the right shows the

hours worked and income for
Helena and Steve. Find the slope
of each line. To what does the
slope refer?
change in y
Helena: slope
change in x
10
or 10
1
change in y
Steve: slope
change in x
6
or 6
1
22
20
18
16
14
Income 12
($)
10
8
6
4
2
Helena
1
10
6
1
Steve
Hours Worked
The graph represents Helenas income and Steves income. The

steepness depends on their hourly pay rate. So, the slope refers to
each persons pay rate. Helena makes $10 per hour and Steve makes
$6 per hour.
y
Look at the pattern in the graph at

the right. Each time x increases 3 units,
y decreases 1 unit.
x
3
3
3
0
3
6
9
y
6
5
4
3
change in y
change in x
(0, 6)
1
3 1
1
1
1
1
3
(3, 5)
(6, 4)
3 1
(9, 3)
3
1
3
slope or
www.algconcepts.com/extra_examples
Lesson 71 Slope
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Example
1:56 PM
A line contains the points whose

coordinates are listed in the table.
Determine the slope of the line.
Each time x decreases 2 units,
y increases 3 units.
change in y
change in x
2
2
2
6
4
2
0
3
0
3
6
3
3
3
3
2
slope
3
2
The slope of the line containing these points is .
Your Turn
c.
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
d.
5
1
3
7
2
3
4
5
The examples above suggest the following.

Words:
Determining
Slope Given
Two Points
The slope m of a line containing any two points with

coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by the following
formula.
difference of the y-coordinates
difference of the corresponding x-coordinates
slope
y y
x2 x1
2
1
Symbols: m
, where x2 x1
Examples
the line through

(2, 9) and (6, 9)
y y
x2 x1
2
1
m
the line through

(3, 2) and (4, 7)
y y
x2 x1
2
1
m
99
62
0
or 0
4

The slope is 0.
The slope is .

7 (2)
4 3
9
9
or
7
7
9
7
Your Turn
e. the line through
(2, 5) and (3, 9)
f. the line through

(8, 1) and (4, 1)
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The slopes of lines can be summarized as follows.

positive slope
negative slope
Concept
Summary
0 slope
m0
undefined slope
y
m0
m50
m is undefined
Check for Understanding

Communicating
Mathematics
1. Sketch the graph of a line having each slope.

a. negative
1
b.
c. 0
d. 1
rate of change
slope
1
4
y
2. Choose the line whose slope is .

y
a.
b.
c.
1
3.
x
x
Naomi says that only the

coordinates of points A and
D can be used to find the slope of the
line at the right. Percy says he could use
the coordinates of B and D to find the
slope. Who is correct? Explain.
Getting Ready
Guided Practice
A
B
C
D
Simplify each expression.
2 1
Sample:
2 1
3
3
Solution: or
4 (3)
4 (3)
61
4.
3 8
6.
4 (2)
5.
2 5
9 (5)
74
Determine the slope of each line. (Examples 13)

y
7.
8.
(3, 2)
(2, 3)
(1, 2)
(2, 0)
Lesson 71 Slope
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9. Determine the slope of the

line passing through the
points whose coordinates
are listed in the table.
(Example 4)
2
1
8
4
Determine the slope of each line. (Examples 56)

10. the line through
(1, 0) and (2, 9)

(10, 3) and (5, 3)
12. Entertainment The Cyclone

roller coaster has the steepest
first drop of any wooden coaster
in the world. It drops about
5 feet for every 3 feet of horizontal
change. What is the slope of the
first drop? (Example 1)
5
3
Cyclone, Coney Island, N.Y.
Exercises
Practice

y
13.
14.
15.
(0, 3)
(2, 5)
Homework Help
For
Exercises
1318
28, 29
1921, 27
2226
5, 6
(2, 2)
See
Examples
1, 2
3
(5, 1)
(1, 0)
16.
Extra Practice
(6, 1)
See page 705.
(3, 2)
17.
18.
O
(5, 1)
(1, 3)
O
(6, 6)
(7, 2)
(6, 3)
Determine the slope of the line passing through the points whose
coordinates are listed in each table.
19.
0
1
2
3
12
10
8
6
20.
0
2
4
6
7
6
5
4
21.
2
1
4
7
7
6
5
4
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(2, 5) and (6, 9)

(2, 3) and (3, 5)

(4, 3) and (4, 5)
25. Find the slope of a line that passes through (8, 9) and (0, 6).
26. What is the slope of a line that passes through A(8, 2) and B(5, 8)?
27. Driving Some roads in the Rocky Mountains have a rise of 7 feet for
every 100 horizontal feet. What is the slope of such roads?
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Applications and
Problem Solving
28. Construction Building codes regulate the

steepness of stairs. Some homes must have
steps that are at least 11 inches wide for
each 9 inches that they rise.
a. What is the slope of the stairs?
b. Describe how changing the width or the
height affects the steepness of the stairs.
29. Money The linear function f(x) 0.25x
represents the value of x quarters.
a. Explain how changes in x affect f(x).
What does this tell you about the
slope of the graph of the equation?
b. Describe a reasonable domain and range
for the function.
11 in.
9 in.
Number of
Quarters
x
Value of
Quarters
f(x)
1
2
3
4
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
30. Critical Thinking Determine whether the

table represents a function that is linear
or nonlinear. Explain.
Mixed Review
16
31. Assume that y varies inversely as x. Suppose y 4 when x 6. Find y

when x 2. (Lesson 66)
Determine whether each relation is a function. (Lesson 64)
32. {(4, 8), (5, 5), (1, 3), (0, 6)}
33. {(7, 1), (4, 3), (0, 1), (4, 0)}
34. Communication The coastline of New Zealand is 8161 miles long.

This is about 86% of the length of a cable under the ocean that
connects New Zealand and Canada. What is the approximate length
of the cable? (Lesson 53)
Standardized
Test Practice
35. Short Response Solve 9x 4x 10.
(Lesson 46)
36. Multiple Choice Solve 5 0.8y 7. (Lesson 45)

A 15
B 15
C 9.6
D 2.5
www.algconcepts.com/self_check_quiz
Lesson 71 Slope
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72
What Youll Learn
Youll learn to write a
linear equation in
point-slope form given
the coordinates of a
point on the line and
the slope of the line.
Why Its Important

Population Pointslope equations are
useful in making
predictions about
the population.
See Exercise 40.
1:56 PM
Writing Equations in
Point-Slope Form
You can write an equation of a line if you know its slope and the
coordinates of one point on the line.
y2 y1

m
x2 x1
Slope of a line
yy
1 m
x x1
Replace (x2, y2) with (x, y).
yy
1 (x x1) m(x x1)

x x1
Multiply each side by (x x1).
y y1 m(x x1)
This equation is said to be in point-slope form. Recall that it is called a
linear equation because its graph is a straight line. The graph of a nonlinear
equation is not a straight line.
Words:
For a nonvertical line through the point at (x1, y1) with

slope m, the point-slope form of a linear equation is
y y1 m(x x1).
Numbers:
y 6 4(x 1)
Point-Slope
Form
(x1, y1) (1, 6) and m 4
The equation of a vertical line through the point at (x1, y1) is x x1.
Examples
Write the point-slope form of an equation for each line passing

through the given point and having the given slope.
3
4
(4, 5), m
y y1 m(x x1)
3
4
y (5) (x 4)
3
4
y 5 (x 4)
Point-Slope Form
Replace x1 with 4, y1
(4, 5)
3
4
with 5, and m with .

3
4
An equation of the line is y 5 (x 4).

Check:
Look at the graph. Choose some other point on the line and
3
determine whether it is a solution of y 5 (x 4). Try

4
(0, 8).
3
4
y 5 (x 4)
3
4
8 5 (0 4) Replace x with 0 and y with 8.

3 3
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(7, 2), m 0
y y1 m(x x1)
y 2 0[x (7)]
y20
y2202
y2
Point-Slope Form
Replace x1 with 7, y1 with 2, and m with 0.
Add 2 to each side.
An equation of the line is y 2.
Your Turn
2
3
a. (3, 2), m 2
b. (5, 4), m
You can also write an equation of a line if you know the coordinates of
two points on the line.
Example
Write the point-slope form of an

equation of the line at the right.
First, determine the slope of the line.
y y
x2 x1
51
2 3
(2, 5)
4
5
2
1 or
m
(3, 1)
4
The slope is . Now use the slope and
5
either point to write an equation.

Use (2, 5).
Method 1
y y1 m(x x1)
4
5
y 5 [x (2)]
Check:
Point-Slope
Form
(x1, y1)
(2, 5)
4
5
y 5 (x 2)
4
5
y 5 (x 2)
4
1 5 (3 2) (x, y)
5
(3, 1)
4
4 (5)
5
4 4
Use (3, 1).
Method 2
y y1 m(x x1)
4
5
y 1 (x 3)
Check:
Point-Slope
Form
(x1, y1)
(3, 1)
4
5
y 1 (x 3)
4
5
5 1 (2 3)
4
5
4 (5)
44
(x, y)
(2, 5)
4
4
Both y 5 (x 2) and y 1 (x 3) are point-slope forms
5
5
of an equation for the line passing through (3, 1) and (2, 5).
Lesson 72 Writing Equations in Point-Slope Form
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Your Turn
Write the point-slope form of an equation for each line.
y
c.
d. the line passing through

(1, 4) and (3, 5)
(0, 1)
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(3, 1)
Example
In the 1988 Olympics, the

womens winning long
jump was about 24.7 feet.
It is predicted that by
2020 the record will be
about 26.3 feet. Write the
point-slope form of an
equation for the line in
the graph.
Sports Link
Womens Long Jump

y
27
Distance
(ft)
(2020, 26.3)
26
25
(1988, 24.7)
24
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Year
Source: USA Today
First, determine the slope of

the line.
Prerequisite
Skills Review
Operations with
Decimals, p. 684
y y
x2 x1
26.3 24.7
2020 1988
2
1 (x1, y1) (1988, 24.7), (x2, y2) (2020, 26.3)
m
1.6
32
1
20
or
1
20
The slope is .
Now use the slope and either point to write an equation.

Point-Slope Form
y y1 m(x x1)
1
20
1
20
y 24.7 (x 1988) Replace (x1, y1) with (1988, 24.7) and m with .
1
20
An equation of the line is y 24.7 (x 1988).

Check by substituting (2020, 26.3) into the equation.

Communicating
Mathematics
1. Tell what information is needed to write

a linear equation in point-slope form.
2. Sketch a line whose slope is 2. Then use
a point on the line to write an equation
of the line in point-slope form.
point-slope form
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Getting Ready
Guided Practice
State the slope and the coordinates of a point on

the graph of the equation.
Sample: y 2 3(x 5)
Solution: y y1 m(x x1)

y 2 3(x 5)
m 3, (5, 2)
2
5
4. y 4 (x 8)
3. y 6 2(x 1)
5. y (5) 3(x 9)

through the given point and having the given slope. (Examples 1 & 2)
3
7. (2, 4), m
4
9. (8, 1), m 0
6. (5, 6), m 2
8. (3, 4), m 5

(Example 3)
y
10.
11.
(0, 3)
(3, 1)
(1, 3)
(6, 2)
12. the line through (5, 3)

and (2, 1)

and (4, 7)
14. Physical Science The table shows the growth

of the Pacific giant kelp plant. (Example 4)
a. Write the point-slope form of an equation
that represents the growth.
b. How much will the plant grow in 7 days?
c. Would the plant show faster or slower
growth if the slope of the equation was 30?
Exercises
Practice
Time Growth
(days) (cm)
x
y
2
3
90
135
Write the point-slope form of an equation for each line passing through
the given point and having the given slope.
15. (1, 4), m 3
2
3
16. (7, 2), m 5
17. (9, 1), m 6

4
5
18. (3, 6), m
19. (2, 2), m
21. (4, 2),

m is undefined.
22. (0, 6), m
3
5
20. (1, 5), m 7

1
5
23. , 4, m
2
293
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y
24.
For
Exercises
(6, 6)
(2, 4)
(1, 6)
(2, 1)
3840
26.
(2, 5)
(3, 6)
See
Examples
1, 2
3
1523, 36
2535, 37
25.
Homework Help
Extra Practice
See page 705.
27.
28.
29.
(3, 3)
(2, 3)
(2, 0)
O
x
(1, 3)
O
(6, 5)
(1, 2)

and (3, 8)

and (0, 3)

and (0, 1)

and (4, 5)

and (2, 9)

and (5, 2)
36. Write an equation in point-slope form of a line that has a slope of

1.8 and passes through (5, 11).
37. What is the point-slope form of an equation of the line containing the
points Q(3, 6) and R(4, 7)?
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Applications and
Problem Solving
38. Transportation The graph shows

the growth in the number of
sport-utility vehicles in the
United States.
a. Write the point-slope form
of an equation for the graph
of the line.
b. Use the equation to predict
the number of sport-utility
vehicles in the United States
in 2004.
SUVs on the Rise
y
15
(1997, 12.6)
10
Number
(millions)
(1993, 7)
5
0,
93
Source: Polk
,
94
,
95
Year
,
96
,
97 x
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39. Savings Lynda adds $5 to her savings

account each week, as shown in the
graph at the right.
a. Write the point-slope form of an
equation of the line through the
points that represent her savings.
b. Describe a reasonable domain and
range for the equation.
Data Update For the

latest information on
U.S. population, visit:
www.algconcepts.com
30
25
20
Savings
15
($)
10
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
Number of Weeks
Residents Not Born in U.S.A.

40. Population The graph
y
shows the percent of
10
U.S. residents who are
(2000, 9.5)
born outside the
8
United States.
6
a. Write the pointPercent
slope form of an
4
(1970, 4.7)
equation for the
2
line passing
0,
,
,
,
,
,
through the points.
70
75
80
85
90
95
2000 x
Year
b. Use the graph to
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
estimate the percent
of residents that were born outside the United States in 1995.
Use the equation to check your estimate.
c. Predict the percent of residents that will be born outside the
United States in 2005.
41. Critical Thinking Find the coordinates of a point through which

3
the graph of y 11 (x 8) passes, if the y-coordinate is twice
4
the x-coordinate.
Mixed Review
42. Construction A ramp installed to give handicapped people access to

a building has a 3-foot rise and a 36-foot run. What is the slope of the
ramp? (Lesson 71)
Find the domain of each equation if the range is {0, 2, 4}.
(Lesson 62)
43. y 2x
44. y 4 x
Find the percent of increase or decrease.

46. original: 15
new: 18
45. y 2x 2
(Lesson 55)
47. original: 6
new: 24
48. Use the percent equation to find 45% of 160.
Standardized
Test Practice
49. Grid In Find (1.2)(7).
(Lesson 54)
(Lesson 41)
50. Short Response List six numbers whose median is 12. (Lesson 33)
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What Youll Learn
Youll learn to write
a linear equation in
slope-intercept form
given the slope and
y-intercept.
Why Its Important

Catering Caterers
can use linear
equations to represent
the total cost.
See Exercise 47.
1:57 PM
Writing Equations in
Slope-Intercept Form
The line crosses the y-axis at (0, 5). The number
5 is called the y-intercept of the equation of
the line. The line crosses the x-axis at (2, 0).
Thus, 2 is the x-intercept of the equation of
the line.
In Lesson 72, you learned how to write
an equation in point-slope form by using
the slope and a point on the line, and two
points on the line. You can also write an
equation of a line if you know the slope
and y-intercept. Consider the graph below,
which crosses the y-axis at (0, b).
y
(0, b)
Slope-Intercept
Form
Examples
y
y-intercept
(0, 5)
x-intercept
(2, 0)
y y1 m(x x1) Point-Slope Form

y b m(x 0) Replace (x1, y1) with
y b mx
(0, b).
y b b mx b
Add b to each side.
y mx b
slope
y-intercept
y
Words: Given the slope m and Model:
y-intercept
y-intercept b of a line,
the slope-intercept
(0, b)
form of an equation of
O
x
the line is y mx b.
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of each line with the

given slope and y-intercept.
m 4, b 5
y mx b
4x 5
Replace m with 4 and b with 5.
An equation of the line is y 4x 5.
1
3
m , b 6
y mx b
1
3
1
x 6
3
x (6)
1
3
Replace m with and b with 6.

1
3
An equation of the line is y x 6.
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m 0, b 3
y mx b
0x 3
3
Replace m with 0 and b with 3.
y
The equation of the line is

y 3. Remember that a
line with a slope of 0 is a
horizontal line.
y3
Your Turn
5
3
a. m 2, b 1
b. m , b 0
c. m 0, b 8
Now you can use the methods in Lesson 72 to write equations in

slope-intercept form.
Examples
Write an equation of the line in slopeintercept form for each situation.
y y1 m(x x1)
y 5 1(x 2)
y5x2
y55x25
yx3
Point-Slope Form
Replace (x1, y1) with (2, 5)
and m with 1.
Check:
yx3
523
55
Add 5 to each side.

An equation of the line is y x 3.
(2, 5)
slope 1 and passes through (2, 5)
What are the x- and y-intercepts?
Replace x with 2 and y with 5.
passing through (4, 4) and (2, 1)

First, determine the slope of the line.
(4, 4)
y2 y1

m
x2 x1
(2, 1)
14
2 (4)

3
6
1
2
or
(continued on next page)
Lesson 73 Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form
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Now substitute the known values into the point-slope form.

y y1 m(x x1)
Point-Slope Form
1
2
Replace (x1, y1) with (4, 4) and m with .
1
2
Distributive Property
y 4 [x (4)]
y 4 x 2
1
2
Then write in slope-intercept form.

1
2
y 4 4 x 2 4 Add 4 to each side.

1
2
y x 2
1
2
An equation of the line is y x 2. You can see from the graph
that the y-intercept is 2. You can also check by substituting the coordinates
of one of the points into the equation.
Your Turn
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of each line.
3
e. the line passing through

(2, 4) and (0, 5)
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d. the line whose slope is

4
and passes through (8, 2)
Example
Science Link
A California inventor designed the

Skycar, a car that can fly. The graph
represents its landing from 50
meters off the ground. Write an
equation of the line in slopeintercept form.
The y-intercept of the line is 50.
Determine the slope.
y2 y1
0 50
or 2
m
x2 x1
25 0
y
50
(0, 50)
40
Height
30
(m)
20
10
(25, 0)
10
20
Now substitute these values into the slope-intercept form.

y mx b
2x 50 Replace m with 2 and b with 50.

An equation of the line is y 2x 50.
30
Time (s)
40
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10:30 AM

Communicating
Mathematics
1. Sketch a line that has a y-intercept of 4 and a

negative slope.
y-intercept
x-intercept
2. Determine whether the graph of y 3x 8
slope-intercept form
passes through (5, 23). Explain how you
found your answer.
3.
Andrew says that every line has an x-intercept. Jacquie
disagrees. Who is correct? Give an example to support
your answer.
Guided Practice
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line with each slope

and y-intercept. (Examples 13)
3
2
4. m , b 4
1
4
5. m , b 3
6. m 0, b 12
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line having the given

slope and passing through the given point. (Example 4)
7. m 4, (2, 1)
3
5
1
2
9. m , (4, 5)
8. m , (0, 5)
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line passing through

each pair of points. (Example 5)
10. (2, 3) and (1, 0)
11. (2, 4) and (5, 2)
12. (4, 9) and (5, 9)
y
13. Recycling Yoshi collected 100 pounds
350
of cans to recycle. He plans to collect
300
250
an additional 25 pounds each week.
Cans 200
(4, 200)
The graph shows the amount of cans
(lb) 150
he plans to collect. (Example 6)
100
(0, 100)
50
a. Write an equation in slope-intercept
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x
form of the line.
Number of
Weeks
b. What does the slope represent?
c. Use the equation to predict the total amount of cans Yoshi will
have collected after 12 weeks.
A recycling plant
Exercises
Practice
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line with each slope

and y-intercept.
14. m 3, b 1
15. m 2, b 5
16. m 4, b 2
3
17. m , b 7
2
1
18. m , b 8
4
19. m , b 3
20. m 3, b 0
21. m 0, b 4
22. m 1.6, b 12
2
5
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Homework Help
For
Exercises
See
Examples
1422,
4446
13
2331
3240, 47
4143
Extra Practice
See page 706.
10:30 AM
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line having the given

slope and passing through the given point.
1
4
23. m 3, (5, 2)
24. m , (0, 8)
25. m 5, (0, 0)
26. m 0, (5, 6)
27. m 2, (4, 5)
28. m 3, (4, 3)
29. m 5, (6, 4)
30. m , (1, 1)
3
7
1
2
31. m , (3, 6)
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line passing through

each pair of points.
34. (4, 3) and (2, 1)
37. (9, 3) and (1, 3)
40. (1, 8) and (3, 6)
32. (3, 5) and (2, 1)

33. (4, 0) and (0, 5)
35. (3, 0) and (2, 4)
36. (1, 6) and (2, 6)
38. (7, 2) and (14, 4) 39. (1, 0) and (6, 4)
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each line.

y
41.
42.
(0, 6)
(4, 0)
(2, 4)
O
O
43.
(1, 3)
(0, 2)
(3, 2)
44. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of a line with slope and
3
y-intercept the same as the line whose equation is y 4x 7.
45. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of a line with a y-intercept
of 11 and slope the same as the line whose equation is y 3x 9.
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Applications and
Problem Solving
46. Work For babysitting, Nicole charges

a flat fee of $3, plus $5 per hour. The
graph at the right shows how much
Nicole earns babysitting.
a. Write an equation in slope-intercept
form of the line.
b. What do you think the slope and
y-intercept represent?
c. Use the equation to find how much
money she will make if she babysits
5 hours.
27
24
21
Earnings 18
15
($)
12
9
6
3
Time (h)
47. Catering A caterer charges $120 to cater a party for 15 people and
$200 for 25 people. Assume that the cost y is a linear function of the
number of people x.
a. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for this function.
b. Explain what the slope represents.
c. How much would a party for 40 people cost?
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48. Critical Thinking A line contains points at (5, 5) and (9, 1). Write a
convincing argument showing that the x-intercept of the line is 10.
Check by sketching the line.
through the given point and having the given slope. (Lesson 72)
Mixed Review
1
2
49. (4, 5), m 2
50. (6, 2), m
Express each relation as a table and as a graph. Then determine the

domain and the range. (Lesson 61)
51. {(3, 1), (1, 5), (1, 3), (2, 6)}
53. Measurement
Convert 9144 meters to kilometers. (Lesson 51)
Find each quotient.

54. 7.2 72
(Lesson 43)
55. 6 (1.2)
56. 0.5 (0.2)
57. Multiple Choice Solve c 3 6 17. (Lesson 37)

A {8, 14}
B {8, 14}
C {14, 8}
D {14, 8}
Standardized
Test Practice
Quiz 1
>
52. {(3, 0), (1, 3), (0, 3), (3, 2)}
Lessons 71 through 73
Determine the slope of each line. (Lesson 71)

y
1.
2. the line through points at

(0, 2) and (2, 2)
(0, 3)
(3, 1)
Write the point-slope form of an equation for each line passing through the
given point and having the given slope. (Lesson 72)
3. (5, 4), m 2
8
5
4. (1, 6), m
5. Education In order to curve a set of test scores, a teacher uses the equation
y 2.5x 10, where y is the curved test score and x is the number of problems
answered correctly. (Lesson 73)
a. Find the test score of a student who answers 32 problems correctly.
b. Explain what the slope and y-intercept mean in the equation.
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74
What Youll Learn
Youll learn to graph
and interpret points
on scatter plots.
Why Its Important

Insurance Insurance
companies can use
scatter plots to
determine policy rates.
See Exercise 17.
2:02 PM
Scatter Plots
The Caribbean islands have
many different species of birds.
To determine if there is a
relationship between area and
number of bird species, we can
graph the data points in a
scatter plot. In a scatter plot,
two sets of data are plotted
as ordered pairs in the
coordinate plane.
(area, number of species)
x-coordinate
y-coordinate
For example, the point
with the box around it
is at (95, 236). The area is
the independent quantity,
and the number of species
is the dependent quantity.
You can use the scatter
plot to draw conclusions
and make predictions about
the data.
Birds in the Caribbean

Area Number of
(sq mi) Species
Country
Aruba
Anguilla
Barbados
Bermuda
Bonaire
Cayman Islands
Grenada
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
U.S. Virgin Islands
69
34
166
21
95
93
133
236
151
144
350
236
176
117
150
132
113
206
Source: Thayer Birders Diary
y
350
300
Number
250
of
Species
(95, 236)
200
150
100
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Area (sq mi)
The country with the least area has 350 species of birds.
In general, as area increases, the number of species of birds appears to
decrease. This shows a relationship between area and the number of
species. That is, the number of species is a function of area. The country
of Anguilla is an exception to this generalization.
The domain is the set of all x-coordinates:
{21, 34, 69, 93, 95, 132, 133, 150, 166}.
The range is the set of all corresponding y-coordinates:
{350, 151, 236, 176, 236, 206, 117, 113, 144}.
A gold and blue macaw
Based on the data in the scatter plot, you could predict that a Caribbean
country with an area of 50 square miles would have fewer than 350
species of birds.
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Often, when data are displayed in a scatter plot, you can determine
whether there is a pattern, trend, or relationship between the variables.
Data points that appear to go uphill show a relationship that is positive.
Data points that appear to go downhill show a relationship that is
negative.
Positive Slope
Negative Slope
No Pattern
y
Scatter
Plots
x
As x increases,
y increases.
positive relationship
As x increases,
y decreases.
negative relationship
no obvious
pattern;
no relationship
In the opening
application, suppose a
line were drawn close
to most of the data
points. The line would
have a negative slope.
That is, as the area
increases, the number
of species decreases.
Thus, area and
number of species
would have a negative
relationship.
y
350
300
Number
250
of
Species
200
150
100
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Area (sq mi)
rld
Re
O
al Wo
Example
School Link
The scatter plot at the right

shows the word processing
speeds of 12 students and the
number of weeks they have
studied word processing.
Determine whether the
scatter plot shows a positive
relationship, negative
relationship, or no
relationship. If there is a
relationship, describe it.
y
50
40
Word
Processing 30
Speed
(wpm)
20
10
10
Experience (weeks)
The plot indicates that as the number of weeks of experience

increases, the word processing speed increases. Thus, there is a
positive relationship between experience and word processing speed.
Lesson 74 Scatter Plots
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Your Turn
Determine whether each scatter plot shows a positive relationship,
negative relationship, or no relationship. If there is a relationship,
describe it.
y
a.
b.
30
City
Mileage 20
(mi/gal)
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10x
Engine Size
(L)
Week
Organizing data in a scatter plot makes it easier to observe patterns.
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50
45
40
Quiz 35
Score 30
25
20
15
Example
School Link
The table shows the amount

of time students in math
class spent studying and
the scores they received on
the test.
A. Make a scatter plot of
the data.
Let the horizontal axis
represent study time,
and let the vertical axis
represent test scores.
Then plot the data.
B. Does the scatter plot show
a relationship between
study time and test scores?
Explain.
In general, the scatter plot
seems to show that a
higher grade is directly
related to the amount of
time spent studying. There
is a positive relationship.
Study Time Test

(min)
Score
60
55
10
75
120
90
110
45
Study Time Test

(min)
Score
92
79
65
87
98
95
75
73
100
95
90
85
Test
80
Score 75
70
65
60
30
95
60
15
35
70
25
115
77
94
83
68
79
78
97
100
20
40
60
80
100
120
Study Time (min)
C. Describe the independent and dependent variables. Then state

the domain and the range.
Because test scores depend on the amount of study time,
test scores is the dependent variable, and study time is the
independent variable. The domain is the set of all study times
and the range is the set of all test scores.
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Your Turn
c. Make a scatter plot of the data. Determine whether there is a
relationship between annual rainfall and weight of pumpkins.
Explain.
Annual
Rainfall (in.)
43
35
38
42
30
29
44
40
41
Weight of
Pumpkin (lb)
204
195
198
200
190
190
206
202
200

Communicating
Mathematics
1. Describe how you can use a scatter plot to

display two sets of related data. Then explain
what the domain, range, independent variable,
and dependent variable are.
scatter plot
2. Explain how you know whether there appears to be a linear

relationship between the two sets of data plotted on a scatter plot.
Include the concept of slope in your explanation.
Math Journal
Guided Practice
3. Describe situations in which data graphed in a scatter plot would have

a positive relationship, negative relationship, and no relationship. Tell
what the labels on the horizontal and vertical axes for each scatter plot
would be.
4. Determine whether the scatter plot
has a positive relationship, negative
relationship, or no relationship. If
there is a relationship, describe it.
(Example 1)
8
7
Physical 6
5
Activity
4
(hours)
3
2
1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 x
Watching Television
(hours)
5. Weather The average

maximum and minimum
monthly temperatures in
July of ten cities are given
in the table at the right.
(Example 2)
a. Make a scatter plot of
the data.
b. Does the scatter plot show
a linear relationship
between maximum and
minimum temperatures?
Explain.
Minimum Maximum
(F)
(F)
City
Atlanta, GA
Lexington, KY
Galveston, TX
Columbus, OH
Jackson, MS
Albany, NY
Los Angeles, CA
Miami, FL
Portland, OR
Chicago, IL
70
66
79
63
71
60
65
76
57
63
88
86
87
84
92
84
84
89
80
84
Source: The World Almanac
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6. Health The scatter plot at the

right shows data that compare
a persons weekly exercise to
that persons resting heart rate.
Does there appear to be any
relationship between hours of
exercise and resting heart rate?
If so, describe it. (Example 2)
100
Resting
Heart
Rate
80
60
40
10
Exercise (h)
Exercises
Practice
Homework Help
For
Exercises
See
Examples
78
917
Determine whether each scatter plot has a positive relationship,

describe it.
y
y
7.
8.
40
360
30
CO2 320
(g/mi)
Income
($1000s) 20
280
4
Extra Practice
10
240
See page 706.
20
40
60
80 x
College (years)
Car Speed (mph)
Make a scatter plot of each set of data. Then describe any trend
shown in the scatter plot.
9.
10.
Dallas Stars Hockey Team, Selected Players

Goals
Assists
Goals
Assists
34
28
12
13
12
1
13
4
6
47
27
33
18
17
3
14
11
11
3
2
20
14
17
9
6
6
4
9
6
32
34
17
21
23
14
12
Source: Infoplease.com
Breakfast Sweets
Sugar (g) Calories

30
36
13
19
15
18
47
52
23
260
430
420
270
530
430
420
580
520
Source: Nutrition Action

Healthletter
11. Emission of CO2 from car exhaust is harmful to the environment.

Refer to the scatter plot in Exercise 7. What recommendation would
you make about speed limits based on the data? Explain.
Determine whether a scatter plot of the data for the following would
show a positive, negative, or no relationship between the variables.
12.
13.
14.
15.
playing time and points scored

your height and month of birth
size of household and pounds of garbage produced
age of car and its value
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Applications and
Problem Solving
16. Insurance The table shows

Number of
Number of
data on the age of drivers and
Age Accidents Age Accidents
the number of traffic accidents
they have for each 100,000
16
168
23
120
17
181
24
117
drivers of that age.
18
190
25
92
a. Make a scatter plot of the
19
195
26
80
data. Determine if there is
20
145
27
69
a positive, negative, or no
21
126
28
70
relationship. If there is a
22
114
29
75
relationship, describe it.
b. Based on the scatter plot, what recommendation would you make
to insurance companies about how to determine insurance rates
for different age drivers?
17. Earth Science The table below shows the elevation and the average
annual precipitation for places around the world.
Average Yearly
Average Yearly
Elevation (ft) Precipitation (in.) Elevation (ft) Precipitation (in.)
20
66
118
82
79
200
23
118
190
49
59
37
45
50
32
44
55
23
138
164
79
108
125
10
82
171
21
47
33
27
59
46
27
21
Source: The World Almanac
a. Make a scatter plot of the data.

b. Does there seem to be a relationship? If so, describe it.
c. Describe the slope of a line passing through the points.
18. Critical Thinking Refer to the scatter plot in Exercise 6. Would the
relationship between the variables change if you relabeled the axes
so that resting heart rate was on the horizontal axis? Explain.
Mixed Review
19. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line passing through

(2, 8) and (1, 7). (Lesson 73)
20. Graph y x 4. (Lesson 63)
21. Architecture The Chrysler Building in New York is approximately
300 meters high. If a model of the building is 60 centimeters high, find
the scale of the model. (Lesson 52)
22. Solve 3(5 x) 12. Check your solution. (Lesson 47)
Standardized
Test Practice
23. Multiple Choice The area of the

rectangle is 185.9 square centimeters.
Find the length. (Lesson 44)
A 22 cm
B 163.9 cm
C 174.9 cm
D 16.9 cm
11 cm
x cm
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Chapter 7
Investigation
Things Up
Materials
Best-Fit Lines and Prediction
grid paper
straightedge
In the summertime, have you ever noticed that it feels hotter on days that
are humid? The heat index describes what the temperature feels like to
the body when there is humidity.
graphing
calculator
or graphing
software
Investigate
1. The table shows the heat index for various air temperatures and
percents of relative humidity. For example, at 100F and 30% relative
humidity, the heat index is 104F. So, it feels like 104F.
Air
Temperature 0%
Heat Index at Relative Humidities

5%
10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
50%
70F
64
65
65
65
66
66
67
67
68
68
69
75F
69
69
70
71
72
72
73
73
74
74
75
80F
73
74
75
76
77
77
78
79
79
80
81
85F
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
90F
83
84
85
86
87
88
90
91
93
95
96
95F
87
88
90
91
93
94
96
98
101
104
107
100F
91
93
95
97
99
101
104
107
110
115
120
a. Look at the row for 75F. Write ordered pairs of the form (percent
humidity, heat index) for the entire row. For example, the first
ordered pair is (0, 69).
b. Make a scatter plot of the data.
c. Does the scatter plot show any relationship between humidity and
heat index? If so, describe it.
d. Describe the domain and the range using words and using numbers.
2. When there is a relationship between two sets of data, you can draw a
best-fit line through the points, as you did in Lesson 74. This line is
close to most of the data points. Use a straightedge to draw a best-fit
line on the scatter plot you made in Exercise 1.
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Another way to fit a line to data is with a median-median line. To make a median-median
line, you divide the data set into 3 equal parts and find the median for each part. You then
use these three points to draw a line to approximate the data.
3. You can use the best-fit line to write a linear equation that describes a relationship
between humidity and heat index.
a. Select two points on the line that you drew in Exercise 2. Use the points to determine
the slope of the line. The points may or may not be points in the scatter plot.
b. Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form.
c. Describe the independent and dependent variables.
d. A best-fit line can help you predict values even when you dont have data for every
point. Interpolation is used to predict values between the greatest and least data
points. Extrapolation is used to predict values that are below the least value or above
the greatest value. Use your equation to predict the heat index at 75F when the
relative humidity is 60%.
The process of finding a line that best fits a set of data is called linear regression. The
slope of the best-fit line is called the correlation coefficient. The best-fit line will
probably not pass through all of the data points. The distances from data points to the
best-fit line are called residuals.
In this extension, you will use a graphing calculator or graphing software to explore the
line of best fit. On a track or football field, collect data for running times for the
following distances: 10 yards, 20 yards, 70 yards, and 100 yards.
Make a scatter plot and draw best-fit lines for the data you collected. Write an
equation in slope-intercept form for the best-fit line.
Use your equations to predict the times for running 50, 80, and 150 yards. Are your
predictions reasonable?
Use a graphing calculator or graphing software to find linear equations for the data.
Compare your equation for the best-fit line to the equation given by the calculator or
software.
Use the best-fit line equation to predict the time to run 1760 yards.
Explain whether the time prediction for running 1760 yards is reasonable.
Presenting Your Conclusions

Make a poster displaying the data table, your scatter plots, best-fit line, and equation.
Investigation For more information on windchill

factor, visit: www.algconcepts.com
Chapter 7 Investigation Humidity Heats Things Up 309
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75
What Youll Learn
Youll learn to graph
linear equations by
using the x- and
y-intercepts or the
slope and y-intercept.
Why Its Important
10:34 AM
Graphing Linear Equations

A simple method of graphing a linear equation is using the points where
the line crosses the x-axis and the y-axis. Consider the equations x y 8.
To find the x-intercept, let y 0.
To find the y-intercept, let x 0.
xy8
xy8
x08
y0
0y8
x8
Rates Linear graphs

are helpful in showing
phone costs.
See Exercise 38.
x0
y8
The x-intercept is 8, and the y-intercept is 8. This means that the graph
intersects the x-axis at (8, 0) and the y-axis at (0, 8). Graph these ordered
pairs. Then draw the line that passes through these points. Each point on
the graph represents two numbers whose sum is 8.
y
(0, 8)
(8, 0)
Examples
Determine the x-intercept and y-intercept of the graph of each

equation. Then graph the equation.
5y x 10
5y x 10
5(0) x 10
5y x 10
Replace y with 0.
x 10
10
x

1
1
5y 0 10
Replace x with 0.
5y 10
Divide each
side by 1.
x 10
The x-intercept is 10, and the
y-intercept is 2. This means that the
graph intersects the x-axis at (10, 0)
and the y-axis at (0, 2). Graph these
ordered pairs. Then draw the line
that passes through these points.
5y
10

5
5
Divide each
side by 5.
y2
y
(0, 2)
5y x 10
(10, 0)
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2x 4y 8
2x 4y 8
2x 4(0) 8 Replace y with 0.
2x 8
2x
8 Divide each

2
2
side by 2.
x4

2x 4y 8
2(0) 4y 8
Replace x with 0.
4y 8
4y
8
Divide each

4
4
side by 4.
y 2
y
The x-intercept is 4, and the

y-intercept is 2. This means
that the graph intersects the
x-axis at (4, 0) and the y-axis
at (0, 2). Graph these ordered
pairs. Then draw the line that
passes through these points.
(4, 0)
O
(0, 2)
Check: Look at the graph. Choose some other point on the line and
determine whether it is a solution of 2x 4y 8. Try (2, 1).
2x 4y 8
2(2) 4(1) 8 Replace x with 2 and y with 1.
4 (4) 8
88
Your Turn
b. 3x y 3
c. 4x 5y 20
You can easily find the slope and y-intercept of the graph of an
equation that is written in slope-intercept form.
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Re
a. x y 2
Example
Mail Link
To mail a letter in 2003, it cost $0.37 for the first ounce and $0.23 for
each additional ounce. This can be represented by y 0.37 0.23x.
Determine the slope and y-intercept of the graph of the equation.
y mx b
y 0.23x 0.37
The slope is 0.23, and the y-intercept is 0.37. So the slope represents
the cost per ounce after the first ounce, and the y-intercept represents
the cost of the first ounce of mail.
Lesson 75 Graphing Linear Equations
311
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Example
2:05 PM
Determine the slope and y-intercept of the graph of 10 5y 2x.
Write the equation in slope-intercept form to find the slope and

y-intercept.
10 5y 2x
10 5y 10 2x 10 Subtract 10 from each side.
5y 2x 10
5y
2x 10

5
5
Divide each side by 5.
2
5
y x 2
2
5
The slope is , and the y-intercept is 2.
Your Turn
d. y 5x 9
e. 4x 3y 6
You can also graph a linear equation by using the slope and y-intercept.
Examples
Graph each equation by using the slope and y-intercept.
2
3
y x 5
y mx b
2
3
y x (5)
2
3
The slope is , and the y-intercept is 5.

Graph the point at (0, 5). Then go up 2
units and right 3 units. This will be the
point at (3, 3). Then draw the line
through points at (0, 5) and (3, 3).
y
x
O
3
(3, 3)
Check: The graph appears to go through

the point at (6, 1). Substitute
(0, 5)
2
3
(6, 1) into y x (5).

2
3
y x (5)
2
3
1 (6) (5) Replace x with 6 and y with 1.

1 4 5
1 1
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3x 2y 6
First, write the equation in slope-intercept form.
3x 2y 6
3x 2y 3x 6 3x
Subtract 3x from each side.
2y 6 3x
2y
6 3x

2
2
3
2
3
2
y x 3 The slope is , and the y-intercept is 3.

Graph the point at (0, 3). Then go up 3 units
and left 2 units. This will be the point at
(2, 6). Then draw the line through (0, 3)
and (2, 6). Check by substituting the
coordinates of another point that appears
to lie on the line, such as (2, 0).
y
2
(2, 6)
3
(0, 3)
Your Turn
1
2
f. y x 3
g. x 4y 8
The graph of a horizontal line has a slope of 0 and no x-intercept. The

graph of a vertical line has an undefined slope and no y-intercept.
Examples
Graph each equation.
y4
y mx b
y 0x 4
slope 0, y-intercept 4
(3, 4)
(0, 4)
No matter what the value of x,

y 4. So, all ordered pairs are
of the form (x, 4). Some examples
are (0, 4) and (3, 4).
x 2
y
slope: undefined, y-intercept: none

(2, 3)
No matter what the value of y,

x 2. So, all ordered pairs are of
the form (2, y). Some examples
are (2, 1) and (2, 3).
(2, 1)
Your Turn
h. y 1
i. x 3
313
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Communicating
Mathematics
Guided Practice
1. Explain how many points are needed to draw the graph of a linear
equation.
2.
Gwen says that y 8 and x 8 are both functions.
Darnell says that only one of the equations is a function.
Who is correct? Explain.
equation. Then graph the equation. (Examples 1 & 2)
4. x 4y 4
6. 2x 6y 12
3. x y 3
5. 5x 2y 10
Determine the slope and y-intercept of the graph of each equation.

Then graph the equation. (Examples 38)
8. y 4x
7. y x 1
1
9. y x 3
4
10. y 2
9
11. Temperature The equation F C 32 gives the temperature in

5
degrees Fahrenheit if you know the degrees Celsius. What are the
slope and y-intercept of the graph of the equation? (Example 3)
Exercises
Practice

equation. Then graph the equation.
Homework Help
For
Exercises
See
Examples
1223
1, 2
38, 39
2435
46
36, 37
78
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
Extra Practice
See page 706.
xy4
x 2y 4
5x y 5
4x 5y 20
6x 3y 6
2x 5y 10
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
x y 5
x 3y 3
2x y 6
3x 4y 12
7x 2y 14
1
x y 4
2

Then graph the equation.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
yx3
y 2x 1
x6
1
y x 3
2 3
y x 5
2
x 2y 4
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
35.
y x 2
y 3x 1
y4
3
y x 4
4
2x y 3
3x 5y 10
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36. a.
b.
c.
37. a.
b.
c.
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Applications and
Problem Solving
Graph 3x 2y 4.
What is the slope of the line?
Where does the line intersect the x-axis?
Graph a line that goes through points at (4, 5) and (2, 2).
Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form.
Name the slope and y-intercept.
38. Rates A long-distance phone company charges $5 per month plus

$0.10 per minute.
a. Write a linear equation to represent the total monthly cost f(x) as a
function of the number of minutes x.
b. Graph the equation.
c. Explain what the slope and y-intercept represent.
39. Physical Science The weight of a bucket of water is a linear function
of the depth of the water. When there are 4 centimeters of water in the
bucket, it weighs 2 pounds. When there are 12 centimeters of water in
the bucket, it weighs 4 pounds.
a. Write an equation for the weight of the bucket f(x) as a function of
the depth of the water x.
b. Graph the equation.
c. Estimate how much a bucket of water will weigh if there are
18 centimeters of water in it.
y
40. Critical Thinking Explain how

the pattern in the arithmetic
sequence 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, . . .
is related to the graph at the right.
A long-distance call
Mixed Review
41. Sketch a scatter plot that shows a positive relationship between two
sets of related data. (Lesson 74)
42. Entertainment It costs $60 to rent jet skis for 2.5 hours. At that rate,
how much will it cost to rent jet skis for 6 hours? (Lesson 65)
(Lesson 56)
Find the probability of each outcome if a die is rolled.

43. a 4
44. an even number
45. a number greater

than 6
Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 36)

46. 6 x 20
Standardized
Test Practice
47. 12 b 7
48. 0 k 1.5
49. Multiple Choice Which fractions are ordered from least to greatest?
(Lesson 31)
3 5 9
A , ,
14 23 23
5 9 3
B , ,
23 23 14
9 5 3
C , ,
23 23 14
3 9 5
D , ,
14 23 23
315
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What Youll Learn
Youll learn to explore
the effects of changing
the slopes and
y-intercepts of linear
functions.
Why Its Important

Business Families of
graphs can display
different fees.
See Exercise 10.
2:06 PM
Families of Linear Graphs

The graph representing a
cheetahs speed is much
steeper than the graph
representing a spiders
speed or an elephants
speed. This is because the
cheetah runs faster and
therefore covers greater
distance in each unit of time.
Maximum Animal Speeds

y
cheetah
62 mph
70
elephant
25 mph
60
50
Distance
40
(mi)
30
20
What do the graphs have

10
in common? They have the
spider 1 mph
same y-intercept, 0. They are
O
1
2
3
4
called a family of graphs
Time (hr)
because they have at least
one characteristic in common
that makes them different from other groups of graphs.
Families of linear graphs often fall into two categoriesthose with the
same slope or those with the same x- or y-intercept.
Family of Graphs
Family of Graphs
y
y
Linear
Graphs
y
1
x
2
1
2
3
y x 2
y x 1
y x1
same slope
Examples
Not a Family of Graphs
y
1
x
3
1
same y-intercept
1
3
y x
different slopes and

different intercepts
Graph each pair of equations. Describe any similarities or

differences. Explain why they are a family of graphs.
y 3x 4
y 3x 2
The graphs have y-intercepts of 4
and 2, respectively.
They are a family of graphs
because the slope of each line is 3.
y
y 3x 4
y 3x 2
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yx3
y
1
2
y x3
1
2
y x 3
y x3
Each graph has a different slope.

Each graph has a y-intercept of 3.
Thus, they are a family of graphs.
Your Turn
a. y 2x 1
y 2x 5
b. y x 1
y 3x 1
A graphing calculator is a good tool for exploring families of graphs.
Step 1
Graph y x in the standard

viewing window.
X,T,,n
Step 2
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Example
Business Link
1
2
Graph y 2x and y x.
Try These
1. Describe the differences in the
graphs of y 2x and y x in
terms of their slopes and intercepts.
1
2. Describe the differences in the graph of y x and the graphs in
2
Exercise 1 in terms of their slopes and intercepts.
3. Clear the Y list of the previous equations. Then graph y |x|,
y |x| 3, and y |x 2|. Describe the differences in these
graphs in terms of their slopes and intercepts.
rld
Re
Graphing
Calculator Tutorial
See pp. 724 727.
ZOOM 6
You can compare graphs of lines by looking at their equations.
Matthew and Juan are starting their own pet care business. Juan
wants to charge $5 an hour. Matthew thinks they should charge $3
an hour. Suppose x represents the number of hours. Then y 5x
and y 3x represent how much they would charge, respectively.
Compare and contrast the graphs of the equations.
The equations have the same
y-intercept, but the graph of
y 5x is steeper. This is because
its slope, which represents $5 per
hour, is greater than the slope of
the graph of y 3x.
6
5
Cost 4
($) 3
2
1
y
y 5x
y 3x
0.5
1.5
Time (hr)
(continued on the next page)
Lesson 76 Families of Linear Graphs 317
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Your Turn
Compare and contrast the graphs of the equations.

Verify by graphing the equations.
2
3
d. y x 3
c. y 3x 4
y x 4
2
3
y x 1
A parent graph is the simplest of the graphs in a family. Lets

summarize how changing the m or b in y mx b affects the graph of
the equation.
Parent Graphs
Parent: y x
Parent: y x
y
y 3x
yx
Parent: y 2x
y 4x
y 3x
y x
1
4
y 2x
y 2x 3
y x
y 2x 4
As the value of m
increases, the line
gets steeper.
As the value of m
decreases, the line
gets steeper.
As the value of b
increases, the graph
shifts up on the y-axis.
As the value of b
decreases, the graph
shifts down on the y-axis.
You can change a graph by changing the slope or y-intercept.

1
2
Change y x 3 so that the graph of the new equation fits each
Examples
description.
same y-intercept, steeper negative slope

1
2
The y-intercept is 3, and the slope is .
y
y 2x 3
The new equation will also have a

y-intercept of 3. In order for the slope to
be steeper and still be negative, its value
1
2
must be less than , such as 2. The
1
2
y x3
new equation is y 2x 3.
same slope, y-intercept is shifted up 4 units

1
2
The slope of the new equation will be . Since the current
y-intercept is 3, the new y-intercept will be 3 4 or 7. The new
1
2
equation is y x 7. Check by graphing.
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Your Turn
Change y 2x 1 so that the graph of the new

equation fits each description.
e. same slope, shifted

down 1 unit
f. same y-intercept, less steep

positive slope

1. Describe how the graph of each equation is
1
different from the graph of y x 1.
family of graphs
parent graph
1
4
a. y x 3
c. y 2x 1
1
8
1
d. y x 4
4
b. y x 1
2. Sketch a family of graphs. Identify the parent graph and explain how
the graphs are similar.
3. a. Explain the connection between a rate, such as miles per hour or
dollars per hour, and slope.
b. Describe how changing the rate affects the slope of the graph.
c. Include some examples and sketches of graphs.
Graph each pair of equations. Describe any similarities or
differences and explain why they are a family of graphs.
(Examples 1 & 2)
4. y 3x 3
y 3x 2
1
2
3
y x 4
2
5. y x 4
Compare and contrast the graphs of each pair of equations. Verify by

graphing the equations. (Example 3)
6. 2x 1 y
2x y
1
4
7. y x 3
y x 3

description. (Examples 4 & 5)
8. same y-intercept,
steeper positive slope
Pet care
9. same slope, shifted up 3 units
10. Pet Care Refer to Example 3. Suppose Juan and Matthew both
agree to charge $3 an hour, but Juan wants to charge an additional
$5 fee per visit. Then y 3x 5 represents how much Juan would
charge. (Example 2)
a. Graph y 3x and y 3x 5.
b. Explain how the graphs are similar and how they are different.
c. What does the slope represent?
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Exercises
Practice
Homework Help
For
Exercises
See
Examples
1116
1, 2
1722, 32
2331
4, 5
Extra Practice
See page 707.
Graph each pair of equations. Describe any similarities or differences.

Explain why they are a family of graphs.
11. y 5x
12. y 3x 4
13. y 4x
y 2x
yx4
y 4x 2
2
3
14. x 1 y
1
x 1 y
4
1
2
15. y x
16. y 2x 2
y 3x
y 2x 3

graphing the equations.
17. y x
1
18. x y
19. y 3x 1
5x y
y 3x 8
yx
1
20. y x 4
3
1
y x
3
21. y 2x 2
1
2
22. y x 1
3
4
y x 2
x 3 2y
4
5
description.
23. y-intercept is 0, same slope
25. shifted down 4 units,
same slope
27. steeper negative slope,
same y-intercept
24. positive slope, same y-intercept

26. shifted up 2 units,
same slope
28. less steep negative slope,
same y-intercept
29. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of a line passing through

points at (3, 5) and (3, 7). Then write an equation that has the same
slope but a different y-intercept.
30. Write an equation of a line whose graph lies between the graphs of
y 3x 4 and y 3x 2.
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Applications and
Problem Solving
31. Shipping Most cargo is transported

by barge, train, or truck. The graph
represents the distances traveled for
the same amount of fuel.
a. Are these graphs a family of graphs?
Explain.
b. What does the slope represent?
c. Which form of transportation gets
the most miles per gallon? Explain.
Barge
Train
500
400
Distance
300
(mi)
200
Truck
100
Fuel (gal)
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32. Population
The U.S. Latino population is growing at a rate five times
faster than that of the general population, according to the
Census Bureau.
Source: USA TODAY
Compare and contrast the graphs that represent the growth of the
Latino population and the growth of the general population.
33. Critical Thinking Given A(0, 7), B(2, 3), C(4, 6), and D(0, 7),
determine whether
AB
and C
D
are a family of graphs. Explain how
you know.
Mixed Review

(Lesson 75)
34. y 5x 1
3
4
35. y 2x
36. y x 7
37. Jewelry Necklace charms can be gold or silver, boy-shaped or girlshaped, and contain a different birthstone for each month of the year.
How many different charms are possible? (Lesson 42)
Standardized
Test Practice
38. Short Response Find 14 (3).
(Lesson 32)
39. Multiple Choice What is the property shown by

5(x 2) 5x 10? (Lesson 14)
A Commutative ()
B Identity
C Distributive
D Associative ()
Quiz 2
>
Lessons 74 through 76
1. Animals Determine whether a scatter plot showing the temperature of

a glass of water at a given air temperature has a positive relationship,
describe it. (Lesson 74)
Determine the x-intercept and y-intercept of the graph of each equation.
Then graph the equation. (Lesson 75)
2. 2x y 4
3. x 4y 4
4. 2x 3y 12
5. Videos The graph shows how much two different video stores
pay for movies. (Lesson 76)
a. Describe any similarities or differences and explain why
they are a family of graphs.
b. Explain what the slope represents.
c. Which store pays less per movie?
70
60
50
Cost
40
($) 30
20
10
y Store
A
Store
B
1 2 3 4 5 6x
Number of
Movies
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What Youll Learn
Youll learn to write
an equation of a line
that is parallel or
perpendicular to the
graph of a given
equation and that
passes through a
given point.
2:07 PM
Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
y
The graphs of the equations shown at the right

are a family of graphs because they have the
same slope. Because 4x is never equal to 4x 5,
the value of y will never be the same for any
given value of x, and the graphs will never
intersect. These lines are parallel.
y 4x
y 4x 5
Why Its Important

Surveying Surveyors
use parallel and
perpendicular lines
to plan construction.
See Exercise 39.
Words:
Model:
If two lines have the same slope, then they are parallel.
1
2
y x2
Parallel Lines
Symbols:
m
m
O
1
2
y x1
All vertical lines are parallel.
Example
Determine whether the graphs of the equations are parallel.

3
4
y x 2
4y 3x 12
First, determine the slopes of the lines. Write each equation in slopeintercept form.
3
4
y x 2
Slope-Intercept
Form
4y 3x 12
4y
3x 12

4
4
3
4
The slope is .
3
4
y x 3

3
4
The slope is .
The slopes are the same, so the lines are parallel. Check by graphing.
Your Turn
a. y 2x
7 2x y
b. y 3x 3
2y 6x 5
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A parallelogram is a four-sided figure with two sets of parallel sides.
Example
Geometry Link
Determine whether figure ABCD is a parallelogram.

Explore
To be a parallelogram,
AB

and D
C
must be parallel.
Also, A
D
and B
C
must be
parallel.
Plan
Find the slope of each side.
Solve
1 2
3
B: m or 1
A

1 (2)
3
Prerequisite
Skills Review
Simplifying Fractions,
p. 685
1 2
17
3
6
y
D (4, 5)
A (2, 2)
C (7, 2)
B (1, 1)
1
2
C: m or
B

25
3
74
3
52
3
1
A
D: m or

4 (2)
6
2
D
C
: m or 1
A
B is parallel to D

C
because their slopes are both 1.
1
B
C is parallel to A
D because their slopes are both .

Therefore, ABCD is a parallelogram.
Examine A parallelogram has opposite sides that are equal in length.

Use a ruler to check that this appears to be true of ABCD.
You can use the slope of a line to write an equation of a line that is
parallel to it.
Example
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that is parallel

to the graph of y 4x 8 and passes through (1, 3).
The slope of the given line is 4. So, the slope of the new line will also
be 4. Find the new equation by using the point-slope form.
y y1 m(x x1)
y 3 4(x 1)
y 3 4x 4
y 3 3 4x 4 3
y 4x 7
Point-Slope Form
Replace (x1, y1) with (1, 3) and m with 4.
Add 3 to each side.
An equation whose graph is parallel to the graph of 4x y 8 and

passes through (1, 3) is y 4x 7. Check by substituting (1, 3) into
y 4x 7 or by graphing.
Your Turn
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that is parallel
to the graph of each equation and passes through the given point.
c. y 6x 4; (2, 3)
d. 3x 2y 9; (2, 0)
Lesson 77 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 323
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Materials:
grid paper
protractor
Step 1
Draw line through the origin and

P(5, 3).
Step 2
Use a protractor to rotate the line

90. Label the new line .
'
y
P (5, 3)
90
Try These
1. What are the slopes of and ?
2. Compare the slopes. What is their product?
The results of the Hands-On Algebra activity lead to the following

definition of perpendicular lines.
Words: If the product of the slopes of two lines is 1, then the
lines are perpendicular.
Model:
Perpendicular
Lines
y x 3
Symbols:
m
m
x
y x 1
In a plane, vertical lines are perpendicular to horizontal lines.
Example
Determine whether the graphs of the equations are perpendicular.

2
3
y x 1
3
2
y x 2
The graphs are perpendicular
because the product of their
slopes is or 1.
2
3
3
2
y
y
3
x
2
2
2
3
y x 1
Your Turn
1
5
f. y 4x 3
y 5x 1
4y x 5
e. y x 2
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Example
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that is

1
3
perpendicular to the graph of y x 2 and passes through

(4, 2).
1
3
1
3
The slope is . A line perpendicular to the graph of y x 2 has

slope 3. Find the new equation by using the point-slope form.
y y1 m(x x1)
y 2 3[x (4)]
y 2 3x 12
y 2 2 3x 12 2
y 3x 10
Point-Slope Form
Replace (x1, y1) with (2, 4) and m with 3.
Add 2 to each side.
The new equation is y 3x 10. Check by substituting (4, 2) into the
equation or by graphing.
Your Turn
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the

line that is perpendicular to the graph of each
equation and passes through the given point.
h. 2x 3y 2; (3, 0)
g. y 2x 6; (0, 0)

Communicating
Mathematics
1. Compare and contrast the slopes of lines that

are parallel and the slopes of lines that are
perpendicular.
parallel lines
perpendicular lines
2. Choose the graph that is parallel to the graph

of 3x 4y 12. Explain.
a.
b.
(6, 6)
(1, 5)
(4, 0)
(3, 2)
c.
(3, 2)
Guided Practice
Getting Ready
(0, 3)
State the slopes of the lines parallel to and

perpendicular to the graph of each equation.
Sample: y 3x 6
Solution: The slope is 3. Lines parallel to the graph have a slope
1
of 3. Lines perpendicular to the graph have a slope of .
3
3. y 4x 2
4. 5x y 8
5. 2x 3y 7
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10:38 AM
Determine whether the graphs of each pair of equations are parallel,

perpendicular, or neither. (Examples 1 & 4)
6. y 4x 9
y 4x 11
7. y x 5
2
y 2x 1
8. y 5x 3
x 5y 2
y
9. Geometry Determine mSTQ if the slope

2
5
Q is and the slope of
SP
of
R
is . Explain.
5
(Example 4)
T
R
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of

the line that is parallel to the graph of each
equation and passes through the given
point. (Example 3)
10. y x 5; (7, 2)
3
11. y x 4; (2, 0)
x
S
Exercise 9

perpendicular to the graph of each equation and passes through
the given point. (Example 5)
13. 3x 8y 4; (0, 4)
12. y 2x 3; (3, 4)
14. Bicycling Joey and Cortez are both riding their bikes
at 12 miles per hour. However, Cortez started 5 miles
ahead of Joey. The equations y 12x and y 12x 5
represent the positions of Joey and Cortez, respectively.
(Example 1)
a. If they ride for 3 hours, will Joey catch up to Cortez?
Explain your answer in terms of slopes of the graphs
of the equations.
b. Are the graphs a family of graphs? Explain.
Bicycling in San Francisco
Exercises
Determine whether the graphs of each pair of equations are parallel,

perpendicular, or neither.
Practice
Homework Help
For
Exercises
See
Examples
1523, 39
1, 4
3637, 40
2429, 36
3035, 37
Extra Practice
See page 707.
3
5
15. y x 2
y x 1
16. y 5x 4
y 5x 8
17. x 3y 7
y 1x 9
18. y 2x 6
y 2x
19. y 2x 3
x 2y 4
20. y x
3
3x 2y 0
21. 3y 8
y3
22. x 5 0
4
2y 9 0
23. 7x 3y 4
3x 7y 1
5
3
3
2
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10:38 AM
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that is parallel to

the graph of each equation and passes through the given point.
1
2
24. y 4x 5; (2, 3)
25. y x 3; (0, 0) 26. y 4; (2, 5)
27. 4x y 1; (2, 1)
28. 3x y 3; (3, 5)
29. x 3; (2, 6)

perpendicular to the graph of each equation and passes through the
given point.
30. y 2x 3; (3, 4)
33. y 2x; (2, 0)
31. y 4x 5; (1, 1) 32. 2x 5y 3; (2, 7)

35. 3x 5y 2; (1, 0)
34. x 6; (4, 2)
Determine whether A
B
and C
D
are parallel, perpendicular, or neither.
36. A(4, 3), B(5, 2), C(8, 3), D(9, 2)
37. A(2, 3), B(4, 0), C(2, 5), D(1, 11)
38. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of each line.
a. passes through the point at (4, 2) and is parallel to the graph of
5x 2y 6
b. perpendicular to the line through points at (1, 2) and (8, 6) and
passes through the point at (0, 5)
al Wo
rld
Re
Applications and
Problem Solving
y
39. Surveying Determine whether

roads AB and BC are perpendicular
in the survey at the right. Explain.
40. Geometry Determine whether

quadrilateral JKLM is a rectangle
if its vertices are J(0, 5), K(9, 2),
L(7, 4), and M(2, 1). Explain
how you know.
41. Critical Thinking Suppose the
line through points at (2, 2) and
(x, 5) is parallel to the graph of
2x 4y 9. What is x?
Mixed Review
(5, 30)
(28, 16)
C
B
(13, 10)
Exercise 39

graphing the equations. (Lesson 76)
42. y 4x
y 4x 3
43. y 3x 2
y 3x 2
44. y x 2
7y 2x 14
A card is drawn from a standard deck of cards. Determine whether

each event is mutually exclusive or inclusive. (Lesson 57)
45. P(queen or ace)
48. Solve 6 q 5.
Standardized
Test Practice
46. P(8 or red card)
47. P(heart or spade)
(Lesson 35)
49. Grid In Solve g 15.6 2.75.
(Lesson 34)
50. Multiple Choice In which quadrant does the graph of

G(15, 4) lie? (Lesson 22)
A I
B II
C III
D IV
328-331 C7SGT-845771
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CHAPTER
2:08 PM
Study Guide and Assessment
Understanding and Using the Vocabulary
Review Activities
For more review activities, visit:
www.algconcepts.com
After completing this chapter, you should be able to define

each term, property, or phrase and give an example or two
of each.
best-fit line (p. 308)
correlation coefficient (p. 309)
extrapolation (p. 309)
family of graphs (p. 316)
interpolation (p. 309)
linear regression (p. 309)
median-median line (p. 309)

parallel lines (p. 322)
parent graph (p. 318)
perpendicular lines (p. 324)
point-slope form (p. 290)
rate of change (p. 285)
residual (p. 309)

scatter plot (p. 302)
slope (p. 284)
slope-intercept form (p. 296)
x-intercept (p. 296)
y-intercept (p. 296)
State whether each sentence is true or false. If false, replace the underlined
word(s) to make a true statement.
1. In the equation y mx b, b is the x-intercept of the line.
2. A line that appears to go downhill from left to right has a negative slope.
3. Perpendicular lines have the same slopes.
4. The graph of a linear equation is a straight line.
5. You can write an equation of a line if you know the slope and a point on the line .
6. The point-slope form of a linear equation is y y1 m(x x1).
7. The graph of a line having a slope of 0 is a vertical line.
8. To determine the y-intercept of the graph of an equation, let y 0 and solve.
9. A scatter plot is a graph in which data are plotted as ordered pairs.
10. Data points that appear to go uphill in a scatter plot show a positive relationship.
Skills and Concepts

Objectives and Examples
Lesson 71 Find the slope of a line given
the coordinates of two points on the line.
Determine the slope of the line through
points at (3, 1) and (7, 4).
y y
x2 x1
41

7 (3)
3

10
2
1
m
Review Exercises
y
11.
(0, 1)
12.
(3, 3)
(3, 2)
(2, 2)
(x1, y1) (3, 1),

(x2, y2) (7, 4)
3
10
The slope is .

(6, 0) and (2, 8)

(4, 9) and (4, 5)
www.algconcepts.com/vocabulary_review
328-331 C7SGT-845771
3/18/03
2:08 PM
Chapter 7 Study Guide and Assessment

Review Exercises
Lesson 72 Write a linear equation in pointslope form given the coordinates of a point on
the line and the slope of the line.
y y1 m(x x1) Point-Slope Form

y 8 2(x 1) (x1, y1) (1, 8) and m 2
Lesson 73 Write a linear equation in slopeintercept form given the slope and y-intercept.
y mx b Slope-Intercept Form
4x 12 m 4 and b 12
slope
y-intercept
17. (0, 3), m 5
18. (4, 8), m 0
19. Write an equation in point-slope form of a

line passing through (10, 4) and (8, 7).
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of

the line with each slope and y-intercept.
20. m 1, b 4
21. m 3, b 9
1
2
Lesson 74 Graph and interpret points on

scatter plots.
y
22. m , b 5
23. m 2, b 0
24. m 0, b 7
25. m 11, b 6
Determine whether each scatter plot has a

positive relationship, negative relationship,
or no relationship. If there is a relationship,
describe it.
y
26.
Height 170
(cm)
24
26
28
30
27.
Height
of
Trees
Grades
160
Write the point-slope form of an equation

for each line passing through the given
point and having the given slope.
1
15. (2, 5), m 3
16. (1, 6), m
x
x
Forearm Length (cm)
Watching TV
Width
of Leaves
There is a positive relationship between

forearm length and height of students. As
forearm length increases, height increases.
Lesson 75 Graph linear equations by using
the x- and y-intercepts or the slope and
y-intercept.
y
2
3
slope
y-intercept 2
(0, 2)
3
Determine the x-intercept and y-intercept of

the graph of each equation. Then graph.
29. 2x y 4
28. x 3y 6
Determine the slope and y-intercept of the
graph of each equation. Then graph.
30. y x 5
31. y 2x 3
329
328-331 C7SGT-845771
3/18/03
2:08 PM

y
y 2x 4
1
4
y x4
Lesson 77 Write an equation of a line that

is parallel or perpendicular to the graph of a
given equation and that passes through a
given point.
1
2
are each .

is perpendicular
to b because the
product of their
slopes is 1.
1
2
y x1
y 2x 1
1
2
3
2
32. y x 4
y 3x 4
33. y x 1
3
yx1
34. y 2x
y 2x 5
1
35. x 3 y
2
1
x 4 y
2
Determine whether the graphs of each pair

of equations are parallel, perpendicular, or
neither.
36. y 2x 8
37. y 3x
y 2x 4
y 3x 1
1
7
38. y x 1
3
39. x 5 y
4
y 7x 1
3
4
y x 6
y x
Compare and contrast the graphs of each

pair of equations. Verify by graphing the
equations.
is parallel to a
because their slopes
See pages 705707.
Review Exercises
Lesson 7 6 Explore the effects of changing

the slopes and y-intercepts of linear functions.
The graphs have the
same y-intercept and
different negative
slopes. They are a
family of graphs.
Extra Practice
Applications and Problem Solving

40. Building Paved areas are usually
slightly inclined so that puddles do not
form. The pavement at the right rises
1 inch for every 25 inches of horizontal
change. What is the slope? (Lesson 71)
1 in.
1 in.
41. Employment The table shows earnings for Employees A and B.

(Lesson 76)
a. Sketch a graph of each employees earnings by plotting
points with the coordinates (hours, earnings).
b. Suppose Employee C earns more money per hour than
Employee A and less money per hour than Employee B. How
would a graph of this employees earnings compare with the
graphs in part a?
25 in.
25 in.
Number Earnings ($)

of Hours
A
B
1
2
3
4
6
12
18
24
11
22
33
44
30
55
328-331 C7SGT-845771
3/18/03
2:08 PM
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Test
1. Describe how changing each of the following affects the graph of a

linear function.
a. slope
b. y-intercept
2. Compare and contrast the graphs of y 4x 1, y x 1, and y 3x 1.
Verify by graphing the equations.
y
3.
4.
(2, 6)
5. the line passing through

points at (1, 2) and (6, 0)
(3, 3)
(6, 4)
(1, 4)
Write the point-slope form of an equation for each line passing through
the given point and having the given slope.
6. (5, 6), m 3
7. (3, 1), m 2
8. (4, 8), m 0
Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line passing through each

pair of points.
9. (1, 5) and (2, 8)
10. (3, 1) and (7, 11)
11. (4, 0) and (2, 3)
12. Music A disc jockey notices that as the music gets faster, more people
start dancing. Would a scatter plot showing speed of music and number of
dancers have a positive relationship, negative relationship, or no relationship?
Graph each equation.
13. x y 2
14. x 3y 3
16. y 2x 5
17. y x 2
15. 2x 4y 12
1
3
18. y 1
19. Are the graphs of the equations parallel, perpendicular, or neither?

y 4x 9
1
y x 6
4
20. Construction The pitch of a roof

describes its steepness. Suppose a
roof is 40 feet wide and its pitch
1
2
is . Find x, its height above the
m2
.
rafters at its peak. Hint: Use
run
rise
40 ft
www.algconcepts.com/chapter_test
Chapter 7 Test 331
332-333 C7STP-845771
3/18/03
CHAPTER
2:09 PM
Preparing for Standardized Tests
Algebra Word Problems

All standardized tests involve writing and solving equations from
realistic settings. Youll need to translate words into equations.
Youll need to find patterns in number tables and write equations
to represent the patterns.
State Test Example
ACT Example
Ami dropped a rubber ball from several

heights and measured how high the ball
bounced. Her results are shown in the table.
How high would the ball bounce if it were
dropped from a height of 36 centimeters?
Height of Drop (cm) Bounce Height (cm)

40
60
80
100
A 19 cm
Hint
B 24 cm
30
45
60
75
C 27 cm
When a question
includes a variable, you
can plug-in a number
for the variable that fits
the problem.
D 30 cm
After N chocolate bars are divided equally

among 6 children, 3 bars remain. How many
would remain if (N 4) chocolate bars were
divided equally among 6 children?
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
E 4
Hint Sketch a diagram to understand the
problem. Use the plug-in strategy.
Solution One way to solve this kind of
problem is to choose a numeric value for N
and plug it in. Suppose each of the 6
children got 2 chocolate bars, and 3 bars
remain. Then N 6(2) 3 15.
Look for a pattern in the table.
Solution The bounce is 30 when the drop

height is 40. The bounce is 75 when the drop
3
4
height is 100. So, the bounce is of the drop

height. Check that this pattern is true for each
of the other numbers in the table.
Let b represent the bounce height and let d
represent the drop height.
3
Write an equation.
4
3
(36) Replace d with 36.
4
108
or 27
4
Now, use the value of 15 for N.

N 4 15 4 or 19 bars
b d
The ball would bounce 27 centimeters. The

answer is C.
Divide 19 bars among 6 children.

19 18 1 or 3(6) 1
The remainder is 1. The answer is B.
332-333 C7STP-845771
3/18/03
2:09 PM
Chapter 7 Preparing for Standardized Tests

After you work each problem, record your
answer on the answer sheet provided or on
a sheet of paper.
Multiple Choice
1. Refer to the table and the equation in the
first example on the opposite page. From
what height should Ami drop the ball so
that the bounce height is 105 centimeters?
A 110 cm
B 140 cm
C 180 cm
D 200 cm
2. A cable TV company charges $21.95 per
month for basic service. Each premium
channel selected costs an additional $5.95
per month. If x represents the number
of premium channels selected, which
expression can be used to find the
monthly cost of cable service?
A 5.95 21.95x
B 21.95 5.95x
C 21.95 5.95 x D 21.95 5.95x
3. Steve ran a 12-mile race at an average speed
of 8 miles per hour. If Adam ran the same
race at an average speed of 6 miles per hour,
how many minutes longer than Steve did
Adam take to complete the race?
A 9
B 12
C 16
D 24
E 30
4. The bar graph shows the number of people
who watch prime time television each day
of the week. About how many more people
watch on Monday than on Saturday?
100
90
80
70
Millions 60
of
50
People 40
30
20
10
0
5. Kim earns $4 per hour baby-sitting. If x

represents the number of hours Kim babysits, which expression could be used to
find the amount she earns?
A x 4 B x 5 C 4x
D 5x
1
6. If Nathan is as old as his father and the

4
sum of their ages is 60, then how old is
Nathan?
A 8
B 12
C 15
D 20
E 48
7. There are 5 different pizza toppings. How
many different 3-topping pizzas are
possible?
A 10
B 15
C 60
D 125
8. A group of 5 adults and 3 children sees a
play. A childs ticket costs $6.25, and an
adults ticket costs $9.75. Which equation
can be used to find c, the amount of change
from $100 after paying for the groups
tickets?
A 5(6.25) 3(9.75) 100 c
B 5(9.75) 3(6.25) c
C 5(9.75) 3(6.25) c 100
D 5(9.75) 3(6.25) 100 c
Grid In
9. What number increased by two is equal to
two less than twice the number?
Extended Response
10. The fare charged by a taxi driver is a $3
fixed charge plus $0.35 per mile. Beth pays
$10 for a ride of m miles.
Part A Write an equation that can be used
to find m. Show your work.
Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat. Sun.
A 5 million
C 25 million
B 15 million
D 50 million
www.algconcepts.com/standardized_test_practice
Part B Use the equation in Part A to find

how many miles Beth rode. Show your
work.
Chapter 7 Preparing for Standardized Tests 333

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282-283 CO7-845771

Page 282 mac85 Mac 85:1st shift: 1268_tm:5919a:ch07:

Fold each sheet in half from

Cut along fold. Staple the

Cut tabs into margin. The top

Label each page with a lesson

Reading and Writing As you read and study the

282 Chapter 7 Linear Equations

Page 283 mac85 Mac 85:1st shift: 1268_tm:5919a:ch07:

Have you ever heard someone say, I

Working on the Project

$100 per week today is equivalent to how much

Suppose a hamburger costs $2.80 today. How

much would a comparable hamburger have cost

Presenting the Project

todays costs of the ten items you selected,

Chapter 7 Problem-Solving Workshop

Page 284 mac54 mac54: js_116:

Youll learn to find the

The rows in some movie theaters are so

Why Its Important

What Youll Learn

The slope of the floor in the theater

at the right is .

or 7. Therefore, the slope of this line is .

Determine the slope of each line.

284 Chapter 7 Linear Equations

Page 285 mac54 mac54: js_116:

In Example 1, suppose 2 6 had been used as the change in y and

0 7 had been used as the change in x. Since is also equal to , it

In many real-world applications, the slope is the rate of change.

The graph at the right shows the

The graph represents Helenas income and Steves income. The

Look at the pattern in the graph at

Page 286 mac54 mac54: js_116:

A line contains the points whose

The slope of the line containing these points is .

The examples above suggest the following.

The slope m of a line containing any two points with

Determine the slope of each line.

the line through

the line through

The slope is .

286 Chapter 7 Linear Equations

f. the line through

Page 287 mac54 mac54: js_116:

The slopes of lines can be summarized as follows.

Check for Understanding

1. Sketch the graph of a line having each slope.

2. Choose the line whose slope is .

Naomi says that only the

Simplify each expression.

Determine the slope of each line. (Examples 13)

Page 288 mac76 mac76:385_reb:

9. Determine the slope of the

Determine the slope of each line. (Examples 56)

11. the line through

12. Entertainment The Cyclone

Cyclone, Coney Island, N.Y.

Determine the slope of each line.

See page 705.

288 Chapter 7 Linear Equations

Page 289 mac76 mac76:385_reb: