PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATION RESULTS

6.1 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY OF LOAD SHARING

In this dissertation work utility-connected microgrid system is taken.Here microgrid sub-system is
consist of two DGs.Load sharing between microgrid& utility and between both the DGs is
calculated.Sharing between DGs is inversely proportional to their droop coefficients. Four
different cases are considered and in each case load shared by DGs and utility is calculated. Some
assumptions are also taken for calculation simplification.
1. All the connecting lines are loss less i.e. resistance of lines are ignored.
2. Voltage and angle at pccVp=1(pu)); p=0 rad
(pcc is point of common coupling between microgrid& utility)
3.In normal condition half of the total load is shared by each side.
4. Base voltage=11KV and base MVA=1MVA are defined.
5.From utility side PTmax=1(pu),QTmax=1(pu)
Where PT and QT are active and reactive power supplied from utility side respectively.
Initially from given value active and reactive load demand PL and QL is calculated respectively.
Case-1:In this case 50% load is supplied by each side.load sharing is achieved in normal
condition.Hence system operate in mode-1.
From utility side
As half of the load is supplied by utility side we can find out T and VT by using equtions given
belowrespectively.

= 1 ( (

2 + )

VT=

(Vp2 +QTref XG )
(VP cos(T P ))

) +

(6.1)

(6.2)

From microgrid side

Rated powers and currents are assumed in the inverse ratio of given value of droop
coefficients.Values of rated powers are so chosen that sum of rated power of the two DGs is
approaching to total active power demand by load but somewhat lesser than total load demand.
Correspondingly rated reactive powers are calculated for both DGs.NowVrated and ratedfor both
DGs are calculated by using equations given below
= 1 ( (

2 + )

) +

(2 + )

(6.3)

(6.4)

( ( ))

These value leads to finding value of droop coefficient as

=

(6.5)

Here represent calculated new value of m other than given droop coefficient.
Now powers shared by both DGs are calculated by using these eqns. i.e.
1 =

.5

( 1 )+1

(6.6a)

2 =

.5
2
( )+1
1

(6.6b)

By using equation given below voltage magnitude and angle can be find out
= ( )

( sin( ))

(6.7)

(6.8)

Reactive powers can be calculated by equations. Given below

=

( 2 cos( ))

(6.9)

And loss in reactive power can be calculated by

= + 2 +

(6.10)

As resistances of lines are neglected (i.e. lines are assumed lossless) ,hence there will not be losses
in active power. By this method calculated load sharing by utility & DGs, load demand and reactive
losses under case-1 are tabulated under result section.

case-2
In this case both DGs supply their rated load and rest of load demand is supplied by
utility(PT).Hence in this case (from DGs side)
=rated,and voltage magnitude(V=Vrated) can be find out using equation
=

sin( )

(6.11)

And reactive power can be calculated as

=

( 2 cos( ))

(6.12)

Now from utility sideVTmax and Tmax can be calculated by using equqtion
= 1 ( (

2 + )

) +

(2 + )

cos( )

(6.13)
(6.14)

From values of PTmax,QTmax,Tmax&VTmax, angle and voltage droop coefficient mTand nT can be
find out respectively by using

(6.15)

(6.16)

using eqn. given below angle can be find out

= ( )

(6.17)

known value of angle make possible to calculate QT,

tan( ) = (

( )

2 + )

(6.18)

now voltage magnitude can be determined using eqn.

= ( )

(6.19)

By this method calculated load sharing by utility &DGs ,load demand and reactive losses under
case-2 are tabulated under result section.

Case-3:

In this case DG-2 is cut off then power supplied by only DG-1,the rated power of DG-1 is less
than half of the load demand which have to be supplied by microgrid side. Hence mode-2 is
invoked. Now utility side have to supply rest of load demand which is more than half of the total
load demand.
From DG side all the value , V, P, Q would be rated as DG-1 is supplying its rated power.
From utility side rest of load demand would be supplied (more than half or specified load
demand)Corresponding values ofT,QT and VTcan be calculated using eqns.(6.17),(6.18) & (6.19)
respectively.

By this method calculated load sharing by utility & DGs,load demand and reactive losses under
case-3 are tabulated under result section.

Case-4:
In this case DG-1 is cut off then power supplied by only DG-2,the rated power of DG-2 is
more than half of the load demand which have to be supplied by microgrid side. Hence in this case
system would operate in mode-1.
From utility side half of the total power would be supplied as in normal condition.Hence calculated
values are same as in case-1.
DG-2 have to supply half of the load demand and values of can be calculated using eqns.
= ( .5 )

(6.20)

and voltage magnitude can be find using eqn.

=

(.5 )
sin( )

(6.21)

And reactive power and losses can be findout using eqn (6.9) & (6.10) respectively.
By this method calculated load sharing by utility & DGs,load demand and reactive losses under
case-4 are tabulated under result section.

6.2 CASE STYDY AND RESULTS

Parameters, calculations and results:

Both DGs are considerd as inertia-less dc source and resistances of lines is neglected(i.e.
lossless).Some parameters are taken for reference:
Load impedance RL=100 & LL=300 mH;
Transformer reactance=2.5%of rating
Base voltage=11 KV, base power=1MVA
Active and reactive power demand by connected load
Total active load(PL)=3(11/31000)/100
=1.21 MW
= 1.21pu
Total reactive load(QL) =3(11/3)/2503000-)
=1.2838mvar
=1.2838 pu
A. Case-1
Half of the load is supplied by microgrid and rest half by utility.
i.e.50% of load being supplied by eachside,this is the normal operating condition.Both side supply
whatever specified i.e. power requirement to load from both side is fulfilled in given criterion
.Hence system operate in mode-1.
In mode-1,specied amount of real andreactive power are shared between the utility and the
microgrid and it provide s a safe contractual agreement with the utility
Hence utility supplies

active power(PTref)= 2 =0.605pu

reactive power(QTref)= 2 =0.6419pu

Now using eqns.(6.1) & (6.2) we can find Tand VT
Since p=0
T =tan1 (0.0432)
T =0.0432 rad.
And
VT=1.0491.05
From microgrid side
From eqn.(5.17)

P1 m2 P1rated

=0.24/0.3=0.8
P2 m1 P2 rated
Now we assume rated power in the inverse ratio of droop coefficient (which is 0.8),
P1rated=0.5MW=0.5Pu
P2rated=0.625MW=0.625Pu
Values 0.5 and 0.625 are so chosen that sum of rated power (0.5+0.625)=1.125 pu is little lesser
than load demand 1.21pu.
Power shared may be calculated for both DGs using eqns.(6.6a) and (6.6b) respectively.
P1=0.2688pu
P2=0.3361pu
Now since there is step up transformer at both DG-1 and DG-2 of 2.5% reactance of transformer
rating (0.5MVA),
Hence
2.51111

Transformer reactance =100.5121=0.05Pu

And reactance of DG-1 & DG-2
XL1=0.0521Pu
XL2=0.0415Pu
hence
total Xline1=X transformer+ XL1=0.1021pu
Xline2=X transformer+ XL2=0.0915Pu
Now we assume rated current in the inverse ratio of droop coefficient
Rated current for DG-1=40 A
Rated current for DG-2=50 A
For DG-1,we calculate rated reactive power using relation
Prated2+Qrated2=(3 VI*)2
Then (0.05)+Q1rated=(0.7621)

Q1rated=(0.7621) -(0.5)
Q1rated=0.57Pu
Similarly for DG-2
Q2rated=0.7190pu
Now Suppose DG-1 supplies full rated active and reactive power then from eqns.(6.3) & (6.4)
0.1021

1 = 1 (0.5 (1+0.57510.1021)) +
1 = 0.0482rad
and
V1rated=1.05991.06pu
From eqation (6.5)droop coefficient m1cal of DG-1 can be determined
1rated=0.0482rad
P1rated=0.5pu
Hence m1=1rated/P1rated=0.0482/0.5= 0.0964
In the similar way for DG-2
If DG-2 supplies rated full load active & reactive power. Thenfrom eqns.(6.3) &(6.4)
2rated= 0.053rad
and
V2=1.067pu
Hence
2 rated=0.053rad
P2 rated=0.625pu
m2cal=0.053/0.625=.0848
now
m2cal/m1cal=0.8790.88 Hence P1/P2
Hence from eqns.(6.7) & (6.8)

 1 = 0.0482-0.0964(0.5-0.2688)

=0.02590.026rad
2= 0.053-0.0848(0.625-0.3361)=0.0285 rad
and
V1=(0.26880.1021)/sin(0.026)
=1.055Pu
V2=(0.33610.0915)/sin(0.0285)
=1.08Pu
Now reactive power flow through DGs using eqns.(6.9)
Q1=(1.055)-1.055cos(0.026)/0.1021
=0.571
Q2=(1.08) -1.08cos(0.0285)/0.0915
=0.9490
Loesses in reactive power can be find out using eqns.(6.10)
Qloss= Q1+Q2-QL+QT
=0.571+0.9490-1.2838+0.6419
=0.8781 (Reactive losses)
B. Case 2
In this case there is deficit in power supply from utility side is considerd while DGs supplies their
maximum available power.As contractual agreement is
From microgrid side
Here since DG-1 & DG-2 are supplying there full power,hence
P1=P1rated=0.5 pu
P2=P1rated=0.625 pu
1= 1rated=0.0482

2= 2rated=0.053
now using (6.8) & (6.9) we can find voltage and reactive power respectively.putting values we
find
V1=(0.50.1021)/sin(0.0482)=1.059=1.06Pu
V2=(0.6250.0915)/sin(0.053)=1.08 Pu
And
Q1=(1.06)-1.06cos(0.0482)/0.1021=0.635
Q2=(1.08)-1.08cos(0.053)/0.0915=0.960
From utility side
As both DGs are supplying
P1+P2=1.125
Now utility have to supply
PT= PL-(P1+P2)=0.085 pu
Let maximum available supply from utility side
PTmax=1 Pu
QTmax=1 Pu
Now from eqns.(6.13) & (6.14)
Tmax-p=tan1(0.075/(1+0.075))
Tmax =0.0696
and
VTmax=1.078
Now from (6.15) & (6.16) angle and voltage droop coefficient can be find out
Hence

angledroop coefficientmT= tmax/Pt max=0.0696/1=0.0696

voltage droop coefficientnT=Vtmax/Qt max=1.078, here PT=0.085 pu

fromeqn (6.17),(6.18)&(6.19) we can find angle,reactive power and voltage magnitude

respectively.Hence
T=0.0696-0.0696(1-0.085)=0.006 rad, now
tan(0.006=0.0850.0750/(1+QT0.0750)
QT=0.833
VT=1.072-1.072(1-0.833)=0.898

C. Case 3
Now we consider fault on DG-2 side hence it cant supply power i.e.it is cut off,
DG-1should supply half of the load hence it supplies its maximum power . But it is0.5 puwhich
is less than .605 pu for running in mode-1.Hence now mode-2 will operate.

From microgrid side

As DG1 is supplying its rated power hence all the parameter will be of rated value which we have
find earlier in case-1in calculation process.Hence
P1=0.5Pu
V1=1.06Pu
1=0.0482 rad
Q1=0.635Pu

From utility side

utility will now supply rest of the power
PT=1.21-0.5=0.71pu
fromeqn (6.17), (6.18) & (6.19) we can find angle,reactive power and voltage magnitude
respectively.Hence
T =0.0696-0.0696(1-0.71)=0.05 rad
tan(0.5)=0.710.0750/(1+Qt0.0750)

Hence QT=0.854pu
Hence VT=1.078-1.078(1-0.854)=0.920 pu

D. Case 4
Now we consider fault on DG-1 side hence it cant supply power i.e.it is cut off,
DG-2 should supply half of the load hence it supplies its maximum power . Ratingof DG-2 is
0.625 puand it have to supply half of the load i.e 0.605. Since 0.605<0.625 hence it will run in
mode-1.
From utility side
Since DG-2 is supplying half of the load so utility would supply rest half i.e.
0.60pu active power as in case-1.Hence parameters would be same as in case-1.
Hence
PT=0.605pu
VT=1.05pu
QT=0.6419pu
T=0.0432 rad

From microgrid side

now power supplied by DG-2
P2=1.21-0.605=0.605
We can find angle,voltage and reactive power using eqns.(6.20),(6.21) & (6.9) respectively.Hence
2=0.053-0.0848(0.625-0.605)=0.051
V2=(0.6050.0915)/sin(0.051)
V2=1.085
Q2=1.02Pu

Application Results:
The proposed methodology is applied to given system and application results are as follows in
considered cases:

Case 1: 50% load is shared by each side (mode-I)

TABLE I
LOAD DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER UNDER CASE 1
Load Flow Utility
Parameter
0.0432

DG-1

DG-2

Load

Losses

0.026

0.0285

1.05

1.055

1.08

0.605

0.2688

0.3361

1.21

NO

0.6419

0.571

0.9490

1.2838

0.8781

Case 2: Microgrid supply its maximum available power and rest is supplied by utility (mode-II)
TABLE II
LOAD DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER UNDER CASE 2
Load Flow
Parameter

Utility

DG-1

DG-2

Load

Losses

0.006

0.0482

0.053

0.898

1.06

1.08

0.085

0.5

0.625

1.21

NO

0.833

0.635

0.960

1.2838

1.144

Case 3 : DG-2 is out of system and load is supplied by DG-1 and utility (mode-II)

TABLE III
LOAD DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER UNDER CASE 3
Load Flow Utility
Parameter
0.05

DG-1

DG-2

Load

Losses

0.0482

0.915

1.06

0.71

0.5

1.21

NO

0.854

0.635

1.2838

0.2052

Case 4: DG-1 is out of system and load is supplied by DG-2 and utility (mode-I)
TABLE IV
LOAD DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER UNDER CASE 4
Load Flow Utility
Parameter
0.0432

DG-1

DG-2

Load

Losses

0.051

1.05

1.085

0.605

0.605

1.21

NO

0.6419

1.02

1.2838

0.3781

Graphical representation :

1.4
1.2
1 Power
Real
(p.u.)

Case 1

0.8

Case 2
0.6

Case 3

0.4

Case 4

0.2
0
1

Bus Number 3

Fig. 6.1 Real power at four buses in considered cases

Grid-connected microgrid is represented by 4-bus system.Where utility is connected to pcc

(point of common coupling)by bus-1,DG-1 is connected to pcc by bus-2,DG-2 is connected
to pcc by bus-3 andload is connected to pcc by bus-4 . The graph represents real power flow
in p.u.

1.2
1
0.8
voltage
p.u.

Case1

0.6

Case2
Case3

0.4

Case 4

0.2
0
1

2 Bus Number

Fig. 6.2 Voltage profile at four buses in considered cases

This graph reveals voltage profile in different cases considerd at utility,DG-1,DG-2 and load.