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Organic(chemistry(
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10.1(Introduction(to(organic(chemistry(
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Homologous( series:! Compounds! of! carbon! that! have! common! characteristics! and! follow! the! same! general! formula.! As! the! number! of!
carbon(increases!in!these!molecules!the!series!progresses.!

Functional(group:!Chemical!group!in!a!carbon!chain!that!determines!how!the!organic!molecules!are!classified!and!gives!them!their!chemical(
properties.!

Side(chains:!Are!the!carbon!chains!attached!to!the!main!carbon!chain!(See!IUPAC)!

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Trends(in(homologous(series(
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As! the! homologous! series! goes! on! the! number! of! carbons! in! the! main! carbon! chain! also! increases.! This! is! why,! as! carbons! are! added! the!
members!of!homologous!series!have!an!increased!boiling!point.!This!is!because!the!Van!der!Waals!forces!between!the!molecules!increase!as!
the!size!of!the!molecules!becomes!bigger.!

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Empirical,(molecular(and(structural(formulas(
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The!molecular!formula!of!a!compound!shows!the!type!of!atoms!it!contains!and!the!exact!quantity!of!each,!giving!no!information!about!the!
shape!and!arrangement!of!the!molecule.!
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The!empirical!formula!is!the!simplest!whole!number!ratio!of!the!atoms!in!a!molecule.!
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The!structural!formula!is!the!drawn!formula!that!shows!the!bonds!between!each!atom!in!the!molecule!to!help!visualize!its!structure.!
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Structural(isomers(
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Isomers!are!the!possible!arrangements!of!atoms!within!a!molecule.!Therefore,!there!can!be!more!than!one!molecule!of!each!type.!Any!
molecule!with!the!same!molecular!formula!but!different!structural!formula!is!a!structural!isomer.!

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They!have!the!same!atoms,!but!they!are!arranged!differently,!so!that!their!chemical!and!physical!properties!are!different.!
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IUPAC&nomenclature&system&
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The!larger!molecules!become!the!more!isomers!they!can!form.!Because!of!this!they!must!be!named!differently.!Molecules!are!named!
according!to!their!functional!groups!and!general!structure,!following!the!steps:!
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1.!

Identify!the!longest!carbon!chain!
a)! Number!the!carbons!in!the!chain!
b)! These!must!be!numbered!in!the!way!that!the!side!chain!is!on!the!carbon!with!the!smallest!number!as!possible!
c)! Depending!on!the!number!of!chains!di,!tri,!etc...!Should!be!used!
d)! Name!the!main!chain:!

Number!of!carbons!

Sufix!

1!
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MethD!
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2!
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EthD!
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3!
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PropD!
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4!
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ButD!
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5!
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PentD!
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6!
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2.! Identify!side!branches:!

HexD!
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a)#Side#branches#are#named#following#the#same#system,#for#example,#a#CH3#chain#would#be#methyl#(according#to#its#functional#
group#and#number#of#carbons)#

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b)! Some#common#side#branches#are#methyl,#ethyl,#propyl,#butyl,#pentyl#and#hexyl#

c)! Benzene#rings#are#characterized#as#Phenyls#

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3.! Identify#the#functional#group:#
a)! There#are#specific#IUPAC#rules#for#each#functional#group#(later#seen#specifically)#

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Functional#group#

Characteristics#

Aldehydes(

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General#formula#

Prefix#

CnH2nO#

Lal#

##Has#a#carbonyl#group,#CO#

##CO#group#is#connected#to#H#atoms#or#to#1#H#atom#

and#a#carbon#of#the#main#chain#

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Alkanes(

#
#

##Hydrocarbons#with#only#single#bonds#

CnH2n+2#

##Also#cycloalkanes,#which#are#rings#of#hydrocarbons.#

CnH2n#

2#fewer#hydrogens#than#the#alkane.#

Example#
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##Called#saturated#

Lane#

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Alkenes(

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Alkynes(

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Alcohols(

carbons#

#
carbons#

can#react#
##Highly#soluble#and#can#make#hydrogen#bonds#

more# #

CnH2nL2#

Lyne#

#
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Amines(

Lene#

##Have#a#hydroxide#group#at#the#end#of#the#chain,#so#it#

CnH2n#

Alkane##with##triple##bond##between##one##or#

more# #

Alkane#with#double#bond#between#one#or#

##Contain#NHn#groups,#and#there#are#several#types.#

CnH2n+1OH#

Lol#

Several,##primary#
are#RNH3#

Lamine#

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Carboxylic(acids(

##Alkanes#with#a#LCOOH#group#at#the#end#of#the#chain,#

which#gives#the#acidic#properties.#

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Ethers(

##An#oxygen#atom#connected#to#two#other#alkanes#

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Esters(

COOH#group#is#replaced#by#a#hydrocarbon#chain#

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Ketones(

##Same#as#aldehydes,#have#a#CO#group,#but#this#is#

attached#to#two#carbons#in#the#main#chain.#

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Halides(

##A#general#carbohydrogen#chain#witha#halogen#as#a#

#
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side#chain#

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Another#representation#of#the#functional#groups:#

RCOOH(

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##Derived#from#carboxylic#acids,#where#the#H#in#the#

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Loic#acid#

ROR#
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Lether#

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RCO2R#
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Lnone#

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CnH2nO#

Lone#

Lnone#

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4.! When#the#functional#group#has#been#identified#and#the#side#chains#(note#that#there#can#be#more#than#one#functional#group)#all#these#
are# written# according# to# the# carbon# at# which# each# element# is,# and# they# are# written# in# alphabetical# order# before# the# main# functional#
group#and#the#main#carbon#chain#are#written.#
5.! The#ways#to#name#the#different#organic#molecules#are#different,#and#specific#rules#apply#to#each.!