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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1 Normal Structure and Function.
Unit 2 Vocabulary and Renal Failure..
Unit 3 - Circulatory Disturbances.
Unit 3 Glomerular Disease.
Unit 3 Tubular Diseases..
Unit 4 Bladder........
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Cattlehavekidneysthatarecomposedofmultiple
lobes.
Horsekidneyshavemucusglandsinthepelvis,andso
thereisoftenalotofmucusinthisarea.
The urine collected in the pelvis moves on down the ureter and into the bladder, where it remains
until there is a conscious decision to relax the sphincter and urinate.
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The cortex is where all the action happens - this is the focus of all the filtering and absorptive
functions.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of renal corpuscle (glomerulus and
associated blood vessels), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubules, and
collecting ducts.
Blood comes into the kidney and arterioles branch and go directly to the glomerulus where they
are intertwined with the glomerular apparatus. The blood and the glomerular cells are very
closely attached, and the blood filtrate gets pushed through the membrane into the urinary space.
Only water and the smallest molecules can make it through unless there is something wrong with
the glomerulus, in which case much bigger molecules go through.
From the urinary space of the glomerulus, the filtrate goes on into the proximal tubule and loop
of Henle. The lining cells here are very active, and have a brush border that greatly increases the
surface area. The proximal tubular cells and loop of Henle cells are active in re-absorbing all the
good ions back into the body, including Na+, K+, and Cl- as well as water. The amount of each
of these that is reabsorbed is regulated by antidiuretic hormone and keeps the general osmolarity
of the body in balance.
From here the filtrate moves on into the distal tubules and collecting ducts, which serve to
further concentrate the filtrate, and it becomes urine.
3
Azotemia is defined as the presence of excessive urea or creatinine in the blood without
clinical manifestation of renal disease. Azotemia may be due to several causes:
Uremia is the presence of urinary constituents in the blood AND the toxic condition
produced by those constituents. Thus uremic animals would be azotemic AND have
clinical signs or systemic lesions caused by the retained waste products. Nausea and
depression are common.
RED URINE
Urine may be red due to: hemoglobin, myoglobin, or red blood cells. In addition, certain foods
(e.g. beets), drugs and even chronic lead or mercury poisoning may result in red urine.
The second circulatory problem that happens in the kidney is that it is very susceptible to
hypoxia! So anytime there is very severe anemia or hypovolemic shock, the kidneys might just
shut down entirely. The proximal tubule cells will die if not constantly exposed to enough
oxygen, and they never recover. Necrosis of proximal tubules is called NEPHROSIS and will be
covered more later.
Normalglomerulus
Glomerulusfilledwithamyloidnofiltration!
Acute infectious inflammation due to bacteria, usually part of a bacterial septicemia, can settle
in the glomerulus.
Unfortunately, there are not really any gross lesions with glomerular
changes, so we cant do a gross morphologic diagnosis.
PROTEINURIA is the hallmark of glomerular disease. When the glomerulus is messed up, there
is no filtering, and protein goes directly through the open door of the glomerulus and into the
urine.
As a result there is often hypoproteinemia and edema in many parts of the body.
THROMBOSIS
Thrombosis is a common sequela of severe glomerular amyloidosis and proteinuria in dogs.
This is attributed to the loss of proteins that inhibit coagulation (i.e., anti-thrombin III) in the
urine. Since they are depleted, inhibition of coagulation is less, and thrombosis may result.
PYELONEPHRITIS
Pyelonephritis happens when bacteria come up
from the bladder. There is always cystitis
(bladder inflammation) associated with
pyelonephritis. The organisms have such a
good time in the bladder that they decide to go
on a little trip up the ureter, and the pelvis of
the kidney and the collecting ducts there
become inflamed.
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Unit 6 Bladder
UROLITHIASIS
Urinary calculi (uroliths) may be found in the renal pelvis (nephroliths), ureter (ureterolith), urinary
bladder (urocystolith), or urethra (urethrolith). They are most commonly found in the bladder so they
are covered this chapter.
The
blockage is due to small stones, almost like sand.
Inflammation of the bladder is called CYSTITIS. It is most commonly caused by bacteria that are
present around the anus, specifically coliforms. If these bacteria get the chance to move into the
environment of the urethra and the bladder, they do that.
Some predisposing factors for cystitis include:
Being a female females have a shorter urethra so the bacteria dont have to travel as far!
Urine stagnation animal is not urinating voluntarily and so urine builds up in the bladder.
There is not the flushing action that cleans the urethra regularly.
Mucosa trauma usually due to catheterization
Glucose in the urine this occurs in diabetes, the bacteria do very well with extra glucose!
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