Mailam Engineering College

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai & Accredited by
National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi)

Mailam (Po), Villupuram (Dt). Pin: 604 304

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
UnitIV [2 & 16 Marks]

Subject Name: Computer Graphics

Subject Code : MC9234
Year

: 2012 2013

Semester: III
Prepared By: Mrs. V.Rekha, MCA, M.Phil, (Ph.D)

Subject Incharge

HOD

Principal

Mailam Engineering College

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai & Accredited by
National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi)

Mailam (Po), Villupuram (Dt). Pin: 604 304

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Computer Graphics MC9234
UNIT V

INTERACTIVE 3D ILLUSTRATED WITH IMAGES AND TEXT

Generating Illustrated Documents Consistency of Rendered Images and their

Textual Labels Architecture Zoom Techniques for Illustration Purpose Interactive
handling of Images and Text Figure Captions for Anatomical Illustrations.
PART-A(2 marks)
1. Define User interface.
It is the interactive input and output of a computer as it is perceived and operated on
by users.
2. What do you mean by Multimedia user interfaces?
They are the computer interfaces that communicate with users using multiple media,
sometimes using multiple modes such as written text together with spoken language.
3. List out the design issues
i)
to determine the appropriate information content to be communicated
ii)
to represent the essential characteristics of the information
iii)
to represent the communicative intent
iv)
to choose the proper media for information presentation
v)
to coordinate different media and assembling techniques within a presentation
vi)
to provide interactive exploration of the information presented
4. Give a description about effective presentation design process
It should not only involve sequential flow of actions but also parallel and interactive
actions.
5. List out the information characteristics for presentation.
i) Types ii) Relational structures iii) Multi-domain Relations iv) Large data sets
6. What do you mean by Presentation function?
It is a program which displays an object
7. What are the two approaches to view the presentation function?
i)
It views as a set of information-seeking goals
ii)
Another approach considers it as a hierarchical representation of media
independent presentation goals derive dx from a plan-based theory of
communication.
8. What are the issues to be considered while designing a presentation?
Content selection, media and presentation technique selection and presentation
coordination must be considered.

9. Define content selection

It is the key to convey the information to the user
10.What is media selection?
Media selection determines partly the information characteristics. Media must be
chosen to be adequate.
11.What are the mechanisms needed for coordination?
i)
encoding techniques
ii)
presentation objects that represent facts
iii)
multiple displays
12.What are the main issues the user interface designer should keep in mind?
i)
context
ii)
linkage to the world beyond the presentation display
iii)
evaluation of the interface with respect to other human-computer interfaces
iv)
interactive capabilities
v)
separability of the user interface from the application
13.What do you mean by Relational characteristics?
It refers to the way in which a relation maps among its domain sets.
14.Give examples of relational structure.
An example of a relational structure which expresses functional dependency is
a bar chart.
An example of a relational structure which expresses non-functional
dependency is a student entry in a relational database.
15.List out Multi-domain relations
i)
multiple attributes of a single object set
ii)
multiple object sets iii) multiple displays
16.Mention some applications of Fisheye views.

UQ (May/ June 2012)

Circular fisheye, Full-frame fisheye, Focal length, Fisheye lenses for 35 mm cameras,
Circular fisheye, Full-frame fisheye, Zoom fisheye, Miniature fisheye lenses
17.What are the problems we have with graphical user interfaces?
i)
computer interaction which is still neither natural nor effective
ii)
specification of object movement
18.What is the goal to provide interactive devices?
Data gloves and body suites for input and holography, head-mounted displays and
three dimensional sound device for output. These devices help to move objects in a 3D
space.
19.What are the graphical commands hidden to the users through the use of a
Window system?
Presentation Manager, GEM, News, MS-Windows or the X Window System.
24. What are large data sets?
Large data sets refer to numerous attributes of collections of heterogeneous objects.
25. What are the two types of ordered data?
a. coordinates versus amount ii) intervals versus ratio

PART B
1. Explain the architecture of an integrated image text illustration system with
neat diagram
(16)
Scene description
Scene Description refers to the process of building an object-based representation of large
multi-modal scenes suitable for transmission. Since transmission flow-rates depend on
factors such as bandwidth and time, scenes have to be structured to allow progressive
transmission and retrieval. First, scenes have to be segmented into background and objects.
The transmission strategy is resolution-driven, so that the lower resolutions are to be sent
first. This filling process is necessary to be able to retrieve the scene regardless of the
quality of the transmission. This scenario requires research in the fields of:
Scene Segmentation
Multi-Resolution Data Analysis
Data Reduction
Data Enhancement
Object Modeling
An object-based scene-graph description of a scene facilitates data transmission because
each object is represented by a cartoon-type model with multi-resolution capabilities. For
instance, despite data transmission under strong limitations due to limited emitter and
receiver performance, a model can be retrieved at any stage of the transmission.

Textual description
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing. Identification; identifying the
phenomenon to be described.Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities,
or/and characteristics. The Language Feature of Descriptive Text Using attributive and
identifying
process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.Using simple present tense.
Structure description
Descriptive writing uses sensory detail to describe a person, a place, a thing, or an
animal. Sensory detail is detail about what something or someone looks, smells, sounds,
tastes, or feels like. These details give the reader a clear picture of the thing or person you
are describing. To learn more about and practice using sensory detail. But the way you
choose to organize your description will depend on your topic and what is most important to
you about it. You may need to try different ways of organizing the information before you
find one that works best for your essay. To learn about different ways to organize a
description.
In a biology class, you may be required to give a detailed description of a plant or animal. In

a sociology class, you might need to describe a typical middle-class person. You may want
to describe the new city you are living in to your parents in a letter or e-mail message.
Visibility descriptionLayout synthesis
An image recording apparatus for recording images sensed by at least two
cameras attached to a vehicle, has a first camera which is arranged to have an
image sensing direction agreeing with a first direction of a vehicle, a second
camera which is arranged at a position separated a known distance r from the
first camera to have an image sensing direction agreeing with a second direction
about 180 different from the first direction, and a unit for, when the vehicle
travels in the first direction, recording first image data sensed by the first camera
and second image data sensed by the second camera a time duration later
corresponding to the known distance, in association with each other.
Annotation
An annotation is a note that is made while reading any form of text. This may be as simple
as underlining or highlighting passages. Annotated bibliographies give people a source that
is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. Creating these comments,
usually a few sentences long, establishes a summary for and expresses the relevance of
each source prior to writing. The term also has a special meaning in a number of other
fields.
2.i) Write down the zoom techniques used for the following illustration
purposes
a. Navigation in Textual Information
(4)
b. Exploration of a 3D mode
(4)
INTRODUCTION
Interactive illustrations should support learning goals directly
derived from a graphical model such as :
Recognizing relationships between several objects
Recognizing the positions of objects in the model
Inspecting the shapes of objects in the model
Zoom illustrator
ADAPTIVE GRAPHICAL ZOOM
ENHANCING NAVIGATION IN TEXTUAL INFORMATION
One important question when applying zoom techniques
concerns hiding nodes automatically.
This raises 2 questions.
1.
How to prevent nodes from being closed?
2.
How to get nodes back which have been closed?
Prevent nodes being closed
Selection of hidden nodes
Several approaches are possible:
Selection of a label via picking the related graphical object
Selection of a label from a container which holds all labels
available
Rondell
It is a 3D wigget with an implicit fisheye
Disadvantages of Rondell
1.
A rondell is less familiar than conventional menus
2.
A3D text requires considerable computing resources to render,
which either slows down the system or requires a reduction in
the quality of the text presentation.

Continuous Zooming Discrete Representations

ii) How the hidden nods are selected?
(8)
Selection of hidden nodes
Several approaches are possible:
Selection of a label via picking the related graphical object
Selection of a label from a container which holds all labels
available
Rondell
It is a 3D wigget with an implicit fisheye
Disadvantages of Rondell
1.
A rondell is less familiar than conventional menus
2.
A 3D text requires considerable computing resources to
render, which either slows down the system or requires a
reduction in the quality of the text presentation.
3. What are the important parameters of Visualizations and describe each of it
1. Task analysis
2. Analysis of the Visualization Algorithms
3. Event analysis
4. Content selection
5. Linguistic realization
5a. Text structure analysis
5b. Sentence structure analysis
5c. Lexical Realization of Template variables
4. Explain how to manage consistency when geometric transformations occur
and discuss about the implementation issues
(16)
Fig 13.11
Bones of the foot after rotation with the trackball. Due to the rotation very long
reference lines from the labels on the right side to reference object in the left part
of the image arise.
Fig 13.12
Problems with annotations after rotation
(a) The labels are near the reference points in the left image, but very long lines
braise after rotation by 180 degrees
(b) Reference lines which were well-aligned?(left) cross each other after a rotation
by 180 degrees
Fig 13.13
(c) Two instances of a geometric model can be operated independently of each
other with labels in the middle which refer to objects visible in both instances.
IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
Quality is important when the illustration is static, when no zoom operation or
geometric transformation is carried out.
Several rendering parameters are worth considering :
Antialiasing
Rendering transparent objects
Resolution of implicitly defined objects

5. i) Explain Fisheye techniques to explore 3D models and related text

(4)
Integrated image-text illustration systems must deal with orientation and
navigation in large information spaces.
Fisheye views with their ability to integrate detail and conext are well suited for
this purpose.
FURNAS pioneered the idea of fisheye views
The placement of information is guided by a degree of interest (DOI) derived
from user interaction.
From a cognitive point of view, it is desirable that changes between successive
views are animated smoothly.
This is accomplished with the continuously variable zoom introduced by DILL.
If more detail is requested for one piece of information , called a node, the
corresponding rectangle is enlarged at the expense of others, the sizes of which
are reduced accordingly.
ii) Give the Interactive Anatomical Illustrations
(4)
Technical domains developed by IBIS and WIP
Example developed by VOXEL MAN
Intelligent voxels
Summary
To convey information with pictures more than mere geometry is
necessary
Symbolic information like labels and textual description is required
Interactive facilities should support both pictorial and related symbolic
information
6. i)Discuss about the zooming techniques for the exploration of a 3D model (4)
There are many objects of very different sizes , leading to type problem of
how many small objectscan be illustrated clearly.
Interactive illustrations should support learning goals directly derived from a
graphical model such as
Recognizing relationships between several objects
Recognizing the positions of objects in the model
Inspecting the shapes of (occluded) objects in the model
ii) Explain briefly about Adaptive graphical zoom
(4)
3D zoom is invoked by the system in a restricted way
This feature is for the ZOOM ILLUSTRATOR even more important than for the
ZOOMSTRUCTOR because its users are not supposed to know the model very
well
Fig 13.7
The fig. gives an example of an illustration with a muscle enlarged to support
its verbal explanation.
Users can reset the 3D zoom so that all changes as to relative sizes are
undone.
The 3D zoom enables us to emphasize graphical objects which are textually
explained according to Rule 2.

Explain the basic tools that are required for the multimedia software.
Individuals, businesses and organizations make extensive use of multimedia tools today to
market their services and products. Multimedia tools facilitate message-sharing in a way
that allows readers and viewers to internalize content more fully and that also encourages
action. Multimedia tools include websites, software programs, social networks and social
media. Users can integrate these tools into their presentations and promotional materials.

1.
Videos
o Create videos and film clips to draw viewers into the message of your
website, newsletter or presentation. Videos allow viewers to experience a
message in a personal and meaningful manner. If you want to embed an
existing video clip into your website, forum or newsletter, you can use a link
from a video website, such as Videos, Google Videos or YouTube. You can also
upload a video into a website, listserve or social network site directly from
your video camera. The interactive nature of the video clip, which encourages
the viewer to click on the video in order to have it play, increases the
effectiveness of the video as a multimedia tool. As EKey Technologies notes,
"Interactive multimedia is the future of advertising." You can edit a video that
you shoot for free with iMovie or JayCut editing software.
Photos
o

Include photos in a website or social network forum that speak to viewers,

playing on their imagination and emotions in a way that text cannot. Social
media newsletters, listserves and forums, as well as websites and social
networking sites, include pictures as a way of drawing viewer into a narrative.
A successful photo needs only a few words of explanation, if any, to
accomplish its mission of illustrating, in a meaningful way, a group or
individual's message. The Splashup software allows you to edit your photos
for free.

o
Presentation
o

Create a multimedia presentation that illustrates your ideas and their

significance. Presentations offer the options of a variety of backgrounds,
photos, text options and sound effects. You can edit the presentation by
changing the timing of the slide presentations and including animations,
charts, tables and diagrams. You can add narration and loop a presentation so
it plays continuously. Google Presentation and Open Source Presentation offer
free presentation software options.

Explain the presentation.

Presentation is the practice of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an
audience or learner. Presentations come in nearly as many forms as there are life situations.
In the business world, there are sales presentations, informational and motivational

presentations, first encounters, interviews, briefings, status reports, image-building, and

training sessions.
A presentation program, such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Apple Keynote, OpenOffice.org
Impress Prezi, is often used to generate the presentation content. Modern internet based
presentation software, such as the presentation application in Google Docs and SlideRocket
also allow presentations to be developed collaboratively by geographically disparate
collaborators.

Presentations can also be categorized as vocational and avocational. In addition, they are
expository or persuasive. And they can be impromptu, extemporaneous, written, or
memorized. When looking at presentations in the broadest terms, it's more important to
focus on their purpose. There are three basic purposes for giving oral presentations:
1. To inform
2. To persuade
3. To build good will
Make text and important visuals big enough to be read even from the back of the
room.
This includes graphics on slides, videos, posters, and other non-electronic material.
Use an easy-to-read font face.
Simple fonts with consistent thickness are often easier to read from a distance (as opposed
to fonts where parts of the letters are thin, like Times New Roman). Avoid fancy fonts that
are difficult to read.
Use sufficient color contrast.
Color contrast guidelines and evaluation tools for web pages might be helpful to determine
sufficient contrast Use appropriate background and text colors. Some suggest when
presenting in a light room to display dark text on a light background. When presenting in a
darkened room to display light text on a dark background, and ensure that the weight of
text is sufficient (for example, bold).
Make provided material accessible.
If you are giving participants material, make it accessible. See provide accessible material
above. An example of presentation material provided in both presentation format and web
format (HTML and CSS) is linked from the top of the page after "The Benefits of WCAG 2
presentation is available in 2 formats.
Write a short note on effective human computer interaction.
Humancomputer Interaction involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction
between people and computers. It is often regarded as the intersection of computer science,
behavioral sciences, design and several other fields of study. The term was coined by Card,
Moran, and Newell in their seminal book, "The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction".
The term connotes that, unlike other tools with only limited uses (such as a hammer, useful

for driving nails, but not much else), a computer has many affordances for use and this
takes place in an open-ended dialog between the user and the computer.
Interaction between users and computers occurs at the user interface (or simply interface),
which includes both software and hardware; for example, characters or objects displayed by
software on a personal computer's monitor, input received from users via hardware
peripherals such as keyboards and mouses, and other user interactions with large-scale
computerized systems such as aircraft and power plants. The Association for Computing
Machinery defines human-computer interaction as "a discipline concerned with the design,
evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with
the study of major phenomena surrounding them. An often-sought facet of HCI is the
securing of user satisfaction, although user satisfaction is not the same thing as user
performance by most meaningful metrics.
Because humancomputer interaction studies a human and a machine in conjunction, it
draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the
machine side, techniques in computer graphics, operating systems, programming
languages, and development environments are relevant. On the human side, communication
theory, graphic and industrial design disciplines, linguistics, social sciences, cognitive
psychology, and human factors such as computer user satisfaction are relevant. Engineering
and design methods are also relevant. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of HCI, people
with different backgrounds contribute to its success. HCI is also sometimes referred to as
manmachine interaction (MMI) or computerhuman interaction (CHI).
Attention to human-machine interaction is important, because poorly designed humanmachine interfaces can lead to many unexpected problems. A classic example of this is the
Three Mile Island accident where investigations concluded that the design of the human
machine interface was at least partially responsible for the disaster. Similarly, accidents in
aviation have resulted from manufacturers' decisions to use non-standard flight instrument
and/or throttle quadrant layouts: even though the new designs were proposed to be
superior in regards to basic humanmachine interaction, pilots had already ingrained the
"standard" layout and thus the conceptually good idea actually had undesirable results.
Goals of HCI
A basic goal of HCI is to improve the interactions between users and computers by making
computers more usable and receptive to the user's needs. Specifically, HCI is concerned
with:

methodologies and processes for designing interfaces (i.e., given a task and a class
of users, design the best possible interface within given constraints, optimizing for a
desired property such as learnability or efficiency of use)
methods for implementing interfaces (e.g. software toolkits and libraries; efficient
techniques for evaluating and comparing interfaces
developing new interfaces and interaction techniques
developing descriptive and predictive models and theories of interaction

A long term goal of HCI is to design systems that minimize the barrier between the human's
cognitive model of what they want to accomplish and the computer's understanding of the
user's task.

Professional practitioners in HCI are usually designers concerned with the practical
application of design methodologies to real-world problems. Their work often revolves
around designing graphical user interfaces and web interfaces.
Researchers in HCI are interested in developing new design methodologies, experimenting
with new hardware devices, prototyping new software systems, exploring new paradigms for
interaction, and developing models and theories of interaction.