2015 Fall Semester Test

Biology Study Guide

Name
Date

Hr

FromUnit 1 (Answer on your own paper)

You need to know the following terms and be able to identify them in a given problem statement
or research scenario.
Problem Statement
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Controlled variable
Hypothesis
In the space below, fill in the metric stair step. Be sure to include the name, the abbreviation,
and the number value for each of the steps. On the top of each square, write the phrase we use
to remember the metric stair step.

Base Units

Write the base unit used to measure each of the following in the metric system:
Length
Volume
Mass
10.

1000 cl = _______ L

11

120 mm = _______ cm

12

1200 cl = _______ L

13

2 cm = _______ mm

14

11000 L = _______ kl

15

10 cl = _______ ml

16

12000 m = _______ km

17

8 g = _______ cg

18

80 ml = _______ cl

A box contains 4 bags of sugar. The total mass of all 4 bags is 6 kg. What is the mass of each bag
in grams?
John rode 2 kilometers on his bike. His sister Sally rode 3000 meters on her bike. Who rode the
farthest and how much farther did they ride (answer in km)?
Walt grew 10 centimeters in 1 year. He is now 1.6 m tall. How tall was he last year?

2015 Fall Semester Test

Biology Study Guide
Label all 5 parts of the graph below.

FromUnit 2: Characteristics & Chemistry of Life(Answer on your own paper)

What you need to know:
Be able to list and describe the 8 characteristics of all living things
All living things: (1) are made of cells, (2) reproduce (3) are based on a universal genetic
code (DNA), (4) grow and develop (5) obtain & use materials & energy, (6)respond to their
environment (7) maintain a stable internal environment (8) as a group, change over time
Tell what differentiation and what effect it has on the cells of multicellular organisms.
Differentiation is the process by which stem cells develop into the different types of cells that
are necessary to carry out all life functions of an organism
Name the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
CELLS
Describe and give examples of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process by which organisms
maintain a stable internal environment (e.g. sweating, feeling hunger or thirst, evacuating
your bladder after drinking a Big Gulp, shivering etc)
Describe metabolism.the combination of all the chemical reactions through which an
organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
Define and explain the significance of stem cells Stem cells are the first cells that multiply
after an egg cell is fertilized. They are able to develop into any type of body tissue cells.
Name each of the 3 particles that make up atoms and describe their: a) location and b) charge
Protons in the nucleus; positively charged
Neutrons in the nucleus; no charge
Electrons orbiting the nucleus; negatively charged
List the names and chemical symbols of the atoms that are important for making large
molecules in living things Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S),
Phosphorus (P)
List the names, symbols and charges of the ions that are important to living things
Sodium Na+; chloride Cl-, potassium K+, Calcium Ca++, Hydrogen H+
Which of those ions are used to determine the acidity of a solution? Hydrogen H+
What information does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule? A chemical formula
tells you what kind and how many atoms are in a molecule.
What does it mean for a molecule to be polar? Molecules with an uneven pattern of electric
charge are polar molecules
Give an example of a polar molecule that is important to all living things. Water
What is the force of attraction between hydrogen atoms in nearby molecules? Hydrogen bond
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2015 Fall Semester Test

Biology Study Guide

What is the most important atom (element) found in living things, and what makes this atom
the most important? Carbon it can bond with four different atoms at the same time,
forming rings or chains that can make lots of different molecules.
What is the difference between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic molecule? Hydrophilic
molecules are polar and try to be near and touch water or other polar molecules.
Hydrophobic molecules are non-polar and try to be away from polar molecules
Give examples of each type. HYDROPHOBIC OIL BASED PAINTS, GREASE;
HYDROPHILIC - WATER
What does a chemical equation tell you about a chemical reaction? A chemical equation tells
what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact.
Describe the difference between cohesion and adhesion. COHESION attraction between
substances of the same kind (surface tension, like the drops of water on the penny);
ADHESION attraction between different substances (like the curve at the surface of water
when you put it in a graduated cylinder.
List 4 reasons that water is important to living things. (1) it is polar, so it can dissolve lots of
things (2) it can absorb lots of heat without changing temperature much (3) hydrogen bonds
form between water molecules so they stick together (4) water is an important
reactant/product in many chemical reactions.
Name and identify in a sketch the subunits that make up nucleic acids. Nucleic acids
contain C, H, O, P, and N, and are built from nucleotide
subunits

Name and identify in a sketch the subunits that make up proteins. Proteins
contain C, H, O, and N, and are built from AMINO ACID subunits:

Tell the difference between monosaccharaides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides : 1 simple sugar; Disaccharides: 2 simple sugars; Polysaccharides: many
simple sugars
Name the molecule animals use to store glucose. Animals store glucose as glycogen
Name the molecule plants use to store glucose. Plants store glucose as starch
Name the molecule made from glucose that plants use for rigidity. cellulose
Describe the function of enzymes in living things Enzymes help chemical reactions happen
faster by reducing the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
What is activation energy, and how is it related to enzymes in living things? Activation
energy is the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to start. Enzymes act as
catalysts by reducing the amount of energy that is needed to start a reaction.

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2015 Fall Semester Test

Biology Study Guide
FromUnit 2: Characteristics & Chemistry of Life(Answer on your own paper)

Name the 3 parts of the cell theory (1) all living things are made of cells; (2) cells are the
basic unit of structure & function in an organism (3) New cells are produced from existing
cells
Tell the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

BACTERIA

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Nuclear membrane

Nuclear membrane

NO nuclear membrane

NO cell wall

Cell wall made of

CELLULOSE

Cell wall made of

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

Has ribosomes

Has ribosomes

Has ribosomes

DNA in multiple
chromosomes

DNA in multiple
chromosomes

DNA is a single
circular ring

CYTOSKELETON

CYTOSKELETON

CYTOSKELETON

Small vacuoles

Really big vacuole

NO vacuoles

Has lysosomes

Has lysosomes

NO lysosomes

Has centrioles

NO centrioles

NO centrioles

NO chloroplasts

Chloroplasts

NO chloroplasts

SMALLER

SMALL

SMALLEST

Tell the difference between chromatin and chromosomes. Chromatin is DNA that is
stretched out in non-dividing cells; Chromosomes is DNA that is scrunched up in dividing
cells

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2015 Fall Semester Test

Biology Study Guide

Be able to name, identify in a picture, and give a function of the following cell parts:
cell (plasma) membrand
nucleus
centriole
rough endoplasmic
smooth endoplasmic
Golgi (body) apparatus
reticulum
reticulum
ribosomes
chloroplast
cell wall
vacuole
cytoplasm
lysosome
cytoskeleton
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus

Ribosome (free)

Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

Centrioles
Golgi apparatus

Describe and give two examples of passive transport. What is the difference between
diffusion and facilitated diffusion? Diffusion simply moves molecules down the
concentration gradient, while facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to move
molecules across the membrane
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2015 Fall Semester Test

Biology Study Guide

What is the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.

Hypotonic solutions have high concentration of solute INSIDE the cell
Isotonic solutions have equal concentration inside and outside the cell
Hypertonic have greater concentration of solute OUTSIDE the cell
o What happens to cells in each type of solution?
Cells in hypotonic solutions shrink; animal cells crenate (wrinkle)
There is no change in cells in an isotonic solution
Cells in a hypertonic solution will swell; animal cells may burst because they lack the
rigidity of a cell wall
What is osmosis? The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Describe and give 2 examples of active transport. movement of molecules across a
membrane that uses energy: Endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis,
Describe and give 2 examples of passive transport. Passive transport is the movement of
molecules across a semipermeable membrane, DOWN the concentration gradient. Diffusion,
and osmosis
What are endocytosis and exocytosis? Endocytosis is the process of the cell membrane
folding in around molecules, forming a vesicle to transport molecules into the cell;
Exocytosis is the process of vesicles move out of the cell by merging with the cell
membrane, which then opens to the outside of the cell.

FromUnit 3: Cell Division (Answer on your own paper)

Identify the parts of cell division:

interphase,
G1, S, G2;
mitosis:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
cytokinesis
Describe binary fission
Cells grow in size, copy cell materials, then divide into 2 identical cells
Describe the major differences between mitosis and meiosis.

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2015 Fall Semester Test

Biology Study Guide

In which phase is DNA replicated? S-phase

What are homologous chromosomes? Chromosomes of the same size and shape that code
for the same traits (one from each parent)
What is a centromere? Constricted area on a chromosome that holds sister chromatids
together
What are centrioles? organelle that forms the spindle fibers that guide homologous
chromosome pairs apart during meiosis I and sister chromatids apart during mitosis and
meiosis II
What are cyclins, and what makes them important to the cell cycle? family of proteins that
regulate the cell cycle
What is cancer? a disease in which the cell cycle becomes unregulated; cells divide
uncontrollably
What is independent assortment and in which phase does it occur? the random
arrangement of homologous pairs of chromosomes when they line up at the middle of the cell
during metaphase I in meiosis
What is crossing over and in which phase does it occur? process where sections of
homologous chromosomes switch places on the chromatids during metaphase I in meiosis
What is a tetrad? the pair of homologous chromosomes when they are aligned in metaphase
I of meiosis
What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? haploid cells have half of the total
number of chromosomes for the organism. They are gametes (sex cells), and they are
represented by the symbol 1n. Diploid cells have the total number of chromosomes for the
organism. They are somatic (body) cells, and they are represented by the symbol 2n.

FromUnit 4: Genetics(Answer on your own paper)

What is the difference between inheritance of sex-linked vs other kinds of traits? Sex-linked
traits are traits whose genes are located on the sex chromosomes. In the case of X
chromosomes, females get two copies of the allele (one from mom and one from dad), while
males only get 1 copy of the allele (from mom because dad gives them their Y chromosome).
In the case of Y chromosomes, only males get the allele because females have the sex
chromosome genotype XX.
Who is Gregor Mendel, and why is he important? Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk
who studied the passing of traits in pea plants. He is important because he isolated traits to
study, and founded the study of modern genetics.

Vocabulary These should be in your quizlet app

homozygous
heterozygous
phenotype
allele
genetics
dominant allele
Punnett Square
Meiosis

genotype
heredity
recessive allele

Use the blank punnett squares below to complete the crosses and answer the questions.

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2015 Fall Semester Test

Biology Study Guide
Long hair is dominant over short hair. Cross a homozygous dominant with a homozygous
recessive:
1. List all the possible genotypes & phenotypes for the
offspring.

2. What percentage of the offspring will have short hair?

_______________________________
Red flower color is dominant over pink flowers. What are the parents genotypes if 25% of
the offspring are pink?

Parent 1 Genotype ___________________

Parent 2 Genotype __________________

In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur is dominant over the allele for white fur. In a cross
between a heterozygous black guinea pig and a homozygous white guinea pig, what is the
probability that an offspring will have white fur? Use the punnett square to help answer
the question.
Probability of white fur

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