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Chapter III

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS


Present topic deals with the instruments used for study, details about sample,
selection of site and data collected for the experimental study. The data collected is
represented and interpreted graphically also. The statistical method used for analysis of
data is also discussed in the topic.

Instruments used for measurement of health parametersFollowing instruments are used for experiments.
1. ECG machine -BPL Cardiart 108T-DIGI with four limb electrode (Clip on
Electrodes), chest electrode and jelly (Cardio jelly- recommended for ECG)
2. Caddo 19B Multipara Monitor with silver/ silver chloride ECG disposable
electrodes (single use) and ECG paper rolls
3. Fat Monitor Model HBF 306
4. BP machine OMRAN SEM-1
5. Diamond Sphygmomanometer (deluxe)
The details of these instruments are described below.

3.1. Cardiart 108 T DIGI


Cardiart 108 T DIGI is single channel ECG recorder manufactured by BPL
Company (Fig 3.1). It is light and portable machine used in laboratory and hospitals. It
operates at 10-40 oC temperature and gives better performance at room temperature. It
operates at voltages 230 10 V with 50 Hz frequency of AC. It has built in rechargeable
battery NiMH, 9.6 V which works for more than 100 recordings. There is battery voltage
indicator indicating low or high voltage supply. Recharging time is approximately 14
hours and has provision of auto shut down also.

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The machine is provided with patients/ subject cable on which five electrodes can
be fixed. Four clip-on electrode (limb electrodes) as shown in Fig 3.2 and one chest
electrode with rubber bulb as shown in Fig 3.3 can be attached to it. The electrodes are
placed on the position as per standards in medical practice. Clip on electrodes are
rectangular or circular surface electrode.
Generally, clip on electrodes are made of German silver, an alloy of Zinc, Copper
and Nickel. They are reusable and last several years when properly cleaned after use.
Typical value of contact impedance of the electrodes of normal size is nearly 2 to 5 K
when measured

at 10 Hz. The electrodes are held in position by elastic straps. They are

also called as limb electrodes as they are most suitable for application on the four limbs
of the body. The size of the limb electrode is usually 3 - 5 cm structure of these
electrodes are shown in Fig. 3.2
Chest electrode with rubber ball (is also known as suction cup electrode) is kept
on for short term ECG recording. For longer term recording or monitoring or for
continuous monitoring for a hospitalized patient in a coronary or intensive care unit, the
disc shaped paste less electrodes are used. Before applying electrodes, jelly is applied at
the positions of electrodes for proper contact of signal receiving point and skin. The jelly
as shown in Fig. 3.4 provides conducting path between skin and electrodes. The jelly is
high conducting, nontoxic and easily removable. It is non-irritant and suits for both long
and short term monitoring.
There are six switches of ECG machine for various operations. These are:
1. Gain key which selects the gain of ECG amplifier circuit form one the 5, 10 or 20
options.
2. Recording lead key switch select lead from six leads.
3. There is provision of filter for avoiding noise in the signal recorded.
4. Speed key is for selection of paper speed. There is knob to start and stop the
recording.
5. On/Off knob is for making the supply on or off coming from main supply to
machine via power supply cable.
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Fig 3.1(a): ECG machine BPL Cardiart 108 T- DIGI (Source: BPL users manual)

Fig 3.1(b): Clipon (limb) electrodes

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Fig 3.2: Structure of clipon (limb ) electrode

Fig 3.3: Chest electrode

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Fig 3.4: ECG Jelly

Fig 3.5: Recording on ECG paper

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There is motor inside which makes the paper move with speed 25 mm per sec or
50 mm per sec. Thermal paper roll having width 50 mm and length 20 m is used for
recording as shown in Fig 3.5 Recording system consist of thermal printer of 8 dots/mm.
It has one print channel of width 40 mm. Cardiart 108 DIGI was used in studying effect
of various mobile modes on heart rate variability.

3.2 Multipara Monitor


Multipara monitor (Model-Scientech Caddo 19B) as shown in Fig. 3.6 is
employed for the medical observations in the hospital. Additionally, the customer has an
option to choose any parameter as per need of the subject from the different parameters
arrangement according to necessities. The display monitor can be joined to the central
monitoring arrangement in intensive care unit via network system.
Multipara monitor machine is light weight, compact and easily portable. Using
the machine one can view important signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG), respiratory
rate, percentage of saturated oxygen (Sp02), blood pressure, and CO2. These parameters
can be easily displayed on monitor. The power switch is on the front side of panel. The
charge marker and the power switches are illuminated when the machine is powered on.
The alarm display is on the front panel. The alarm indicator shows lights when alarm
takes place. The sensors have sockets at the left side and the recorder socket is at the
right. Other sockets and power connectors are on the rear panel. The monitor is easy tool
to use with functions carried out by a small number of buttons and a rotating switch on
the front panel.
The multipara monitor has a printer with network arrangement and provision to
display patient's very important health parameters on screen. Generally such device is
used in intensive care unit for monitoring patients health condition. The data so obtained
is used for measurement of various parameters and keeping medical record for diagnosis
and treatment. This data can be stored, printed and transferred. There are four sensors
used in multipara which are capable of giving information of electrocardiogram and
health parameters.

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Fig 3.6: Multipara Caddo 19B

Fig. 3.7: Multipara electrodes


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Multi-Para monitoring has following features:


1.

It has higher resolution with 31cm colour display.

2. It is movable machine as it is light weight and compact.


3. It records electrocardiogram, percentage of saturated oxygen, respiration,
temperature, pulse rate simultaneously.
4.

It has thermal printer and network connectivity.

5. Optional parameters like intensive blood pressure (IBP) can be recorded.


6. The required power is provided by built in rechargeable lithium battery.
7. Electrocardiogram of 7-leads can be displayed on the same screen.
8. It provides 3 days graphic and tabular tendencies of all factors to be recorded.
9. It provides 72 alarm events of all parameters recall.
10. Nearly 400 non invasive blood measured readings can be stored and recalled.

Monitoring the EGG


It creates uninterrupted wave patterns of the subjects cardiac action in form of
signals to facilitate a correct evaluation of present health condition. Correct connection of
ECG cable measures the accurate value of the parameters. The subject cable has two
parts; the cable connecting display unit and set of switches with electrodes as sensors
attached to the subject. With a set of five leads, the EGG can be obtained in two wave
patterns from two dissimilar leads. The monitor indicates ECG wave form, SpO2 wave
form, various parameters and abnormality in cardiovascular parameter which can be used
as alarm parameters. While using Multipara following procedure adopted for hospital
purpose has been used.

Preparation
For recording various parameters it is necessary to determine exact sites of placing the
electrodes. For using multipara unit following care should be taken for accurate
measurements.

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1.

Clean the subjects outer skin prior to placements of the electrodes. Disc type
electrodes are used as shown in Fig. 3.7.

2. Following precautions are taken while placing electrodes.


a) Prepare patient's skin to assist good contact between electrodes and skin.
b) Remove the hair on skin by razor for positioning electrode position if needed.
c) Clean the sites systematically with liquid soap
d) Rub the skin slowly to remove oily part on it.

Attach the electrodes on the selected portion on skin.

4 Use conducting electrode jelly for establishing good contacts if the electrodes are
not adhesive.
5 Join the electrode lead to the patient's/respondents wire and check whether the
monitor is set with electrical power on or off.

Method of placing the electrodes for ECG Monitoring


Electrode placement of various electrodes labeled as right arm (RA), left arm (LA), right
leg (RL), left leg (LL) and chest (C) is as discussed below. The electrodes have various
colours for convenience.
1. Red colored electrode (RA) is positioned close to the right shoulder, directly
below the collar bone.
2. Yellow colored electrode (LA) is positioned close to the left shoulder, directly
below the clavicle.
3. Black colored electrode (RL) is located on the right hypogastrium position.
4. Green colored electrode (LL) is located on the left hypogastrium position.
5. White colored electrode (C) is sited on the left side of chest.

All these positions are as illustrated in the Figure 3.8. If ECG waveforms are not as
per wave pattern shown in Fig.3.5, electrodes may be firmly positioned, and then the
lead are removed and positioned again by checking their site till normal ECG pattern is
seen on the screen. The heart rate is directly displayed on the screen. For normal and
healthy person the heart rate is 72-80 beats per minutes.
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Fig. 3.8: Electrode placement for 5-Lead set

(Source- http://en.wikipedia.org)

Measurement of respiration
Inhaling and exhaling process is related with movement of lung. Due thoracic
activity impedance between electrodes can be altered. Multipara unit can be used to
measures rate of respiration from the quantity of thoracic impedance among two ECG
electrodes. The variations of impedance among the two electrodes are mainly due to the
thoracic activity. It creates a typical respiratory waveform on the monitor screen. The rate
of respiration is directly displayed on the monitor. The position RA and LL gives

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respiration rate as shown in Fig 3.8. For normal and healthy person the respiration rate is
16-20 per minutes. The variation rate can be varied due to stress.

SpO2 Monitoring
Inhaled air contains various gases. Oxygen is one of the vital gases and gets
mixed in the blood. It is attached in the hemoglobin making it oxyhemoglobin molecule
resulting purification the blood. If there is 97% hemoglobin molecules in the red blood
cells of blood mixed with oxygen, then oxygen saturation of blood (SpO2) is 97%. The
Sp02 wave pattern, plethysmogram will be displayed on screen and 97% will be shown
on screen.
The Sp02 value indicates the % of hemoglobin molecules which have united with
oxygen. The graph called Sp02 Plethysmogram. It is employed to determine the oxygen
saturation of hemoglobin in the arterial blood. The Sp02/ pleth parameter is able to give a
pulse rate signal and a plethysmogram wave. For normal and healthy person % SpO2 lies
in between 92% - 99%. More percent of % SpO2 means more purified blood.
Oxygen saturation in arterial blood is measured by a technique called pulse
oximetry. It is a nonstop, non-invasive procedure of measurement. The basis of the
method is the dissimilar absorption spectra of oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin. It
is a sensor comprising light emitting source and detector. Red light is produced by light
emitting diode is sent from one side of the sensor. The wavelengths of emitted light are
nominally 660 nm for the red light and 940 nm for infrared produced by light emitting
diode (LED). Light is transmitted through patient finger tissues. Finally, the light is
received by receiver or detector.
The extent of light transmitted through the tissue depends on the blood flowing
through the arteries. As blood is pulsating, the light absorbed changes with time. The
light falling on receiver is detected. It produces the absorption spectra during a pulsation.
It is possible to derive the oxygen saturation from light absorbed. Detection of the blood
pulsation gives a pleth waveform and pulse rate which can be shown on monitor screen.
Multipara monitor was used for measurement of variations in heart rate, Systolic and
diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, body temperature and percentage of
sutured oxygen.
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3.3 Fat Monitor Model HBF 306


The percentage of fat weight in relation to body weight is called as body fat
percentage. A fat free body mass is a weight without fat. The human body contains large
amount of water and fat being the subsequently biggest proportion. The rest of the body
comprises proteins and carbohydrates in the form of muscles and minerals stockpile in
the skeleton. These contents are shown in Fig. 3.9

Fig 3.9: Ratio of body constituents


Measurements of fat percentage in body
Measures of body fat percentage, basal metabolic Rate (BMR), assessment of fat
percentage in body and body mass index (BMI) is done with Body Fat Monitor HBF 306
(Figure 3.10) with graphics interpretation. It is able to find out the percentage of fat in
body. The measurement is based on the personal information of person such as height,
weight, age, sex and resistance. The quantities measured are directly associated with the
under-water weighing method, a standard process for measuring fat percentage contained
in the body.

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The weight of body fat monitor HBF 306 model is 230 gram excluding the
batteries. It has dimensions of 19.7 cm x 12.8 cm x 4.9 cm. The results are shown on
digital display. The amount of fat percentage and BMI are displayed at the same time on
the screen (fig.3.10). Working of body fat monitor HBF 306, designed by Omron
Company is based on the principle of bioelectrical impedance analysis.

In the

technique, little safe electrical current passes through one hand and travels downward to
the waist area. Then current reverses up in the body and finally, passes through the other
hand to another electrode completing current pathway. Meanwhile current travels very
gradually throughout fat than muscle, giving amount of how much fat is in the body
compared to the muscle. The amount of current is converted in to digital signal which can
be displayed on the screen.

Fig. 3.10: Body Fat Monitor HBF 306

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The personal information (i.e. age, height, weight, gender) is set in the beginning.
The grip electrodes are held in hand and the start button is pushed. Subject/volunteer is
asked to enfold middle fingers around the handle groove. The palm of subjects hand is
placed on the top and the bottom electrodes. Thumbs are resting on top of the instrument.
Subject was informed not to move during the measurement. The measured quantities are
displayed after seven seconds. Parameters can be displayed on screen and body type is
shown graphically.

BMI is the international indicator of whether or not one is within a healthy weight
range. It is ratio of weight in kg to square of height in square meter. BMI measurement is
useful in deciding level of obesity of person. BMI can be assessed as indicated in the
Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: BMI assessment
BMI value

Interpretation

Lower than 18.5

low

Greater than 18.5 and lower than 25 Normal


Greater than 25 and lower than 30

Level 1 obese

Greater than 30

Level 2 obese
(Source- Omron-Instruction Manual)

Body fat examination gives a proper representation of fitness and health. Using
body fat monitor BMI, body fat and BMR can be calculated and displayed on the screen.
BMR (basal metabolic rate) is indicated on display unit. Data of maximum nine people
can be stored in memory of the device. People having weight up to 199 kg and age group
10 years to 80 years can utilize this light weight body fat monitor device to measure fat in
the body.

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Measurement of body fat percentage


To calculate the body fat percentage (fat information of whole body) from the
electric conductivity between both hands, the following five items:
(1) electric resistance, (2) height, (3) weight, (4) age, and (5) gender
This formula is formulated by Omron Company using the basic data on human body,
obtained from several hundred people. By referring to the accumulated basic data, the
body fat percentage is estimated from the conditions specific to users.
Table 3.2 shows fats percentage assessment for male and female.

Table 3.2: Body Fat Percentage assessments

Gender

Body Fat in percentage


< 10%

Male

10% or more

20% or more

and < 20%

> 20% and

25% or more

< 25%
Female

Interpretation

< 20%

Low

20% or more

30% or more

and < 30%

and < 35%

Normal

Slightly high

35% or more

High

(Source- Omron-Instruction Manual)


BMR of an individual is the total amount of calories that are burns individually
while at relax above a 24-hours time, the total daily energy expenditure value takes into
account their BMR value plus all of their physical activities as well.
Body fat monitor was used to find out correlation in body mass index, basal
metabolic rate and fat of the volunteers selected in the study reported in this thesis. It
helped to find out the normal and healthy volunteers.

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3.4. Measurement of Blood Pressure


Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure that the blood applies on walls of the vessels
through which blood flows. The arterial BP is applied to force the blood through the
arteries and then into the tissues. The process of providing blood to a particular region is
referred as perfusion. Blood pressure is desired to permit blood for tissue perfusion. The
heart works as pump for blood flow. The ventricles contract and relax continuously.
During contraction of ventricles, the blood is expelled from heart causing blood pressure
and is at its maximum in the arterial system. This is called the systolic blood pressure
(SBP) during the period when the heart is contracting.
During relaxation of heart, the ventricles are refilling. The blood coming from the
various bodies enters in the heart; hence the pressure in the arteries is very low. This
minimum value is called the diastolic blood pressure (DBP). It is essential for a healthy
individual to have well maintained BP in the range 80/120 mm of Hg (means 80 mm of
Hg as DBP and 120 mm of Hg as SBP). When the heart contracts, the blood enter in to
the arteries and the pressure exerted broaden the blood vessels or arteries. The arteries are
elastic in nature. When heart gets relaxed, the arteries shrink back and the pressure goes
down sustaining the DBP.
Blood pressure is recorded from the right arm, with the subject in sitting or
comfortable posture. Some times it is also measured in sleeping position in hospital.
Standard mercury sphygmomanometer (Diamond Deluxe BP Apparatus) with adult size
cuff is used. The variation of blood pressure with respect to time is shown in Figure 3.11.
The wave form consists of pattern of crest and trough. The sound heard by keeping
stethoscope at the point of arteries at which cuff is wounded, is known as Korotkoff
sounds. The first appearance of Korotkoff sounds (phase 1 in fig.3.11) is used to identify
systolic blood pressure (SBP). The disappearance of sound (phase 5 in figure) is used to
identify diastolic blood pressure (DBP).

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Fig. 3.11: Phases of blood pressure

Two observations are noted two minutes apart and mean of the two observations
is taken as the observed blood pressure. A person is regarded to be a hypertensive if he
/she are having SBP 140 mm of Hg and/or DBP 90 mm of Hg [120].

3.4.1. Diamond Sphygmomanometer


A sphygmomanometer has an inflatable cuff, a gauging unit called as mercury
manometer and a system for inflation which may be hand operated bulb and control valve
as shown in Figure 3.12. The general unit of blood pressure is millimeters of mercury
(mm of Hg). It can be measured directly by noting mercury level in manometer of a
manual Diamond Sphygmomanometer. During the measurement, a cuff is enfolded
around a subjects arm with an inflatable rubber bag inside. The cuff is centered over the
brachial artery at roughly the same vertical height as the heart. The subject is asked to sit
with the arm supported. The cuff is joined by tubing to a mercury manometer.
Manometer indicates the magnitude of pressure on the artery.

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Fig 3.12: Diamond Sphygmomanometer (deluxe)

Adequate air is pushed into the cuff to lock the artery. Air is then set free slowly
by opening the thumb valve. When the pressure in the cuff is same as that of on the
artery, it opens. The blood starts coming back to the branch of the artery that has been
blocked. As the blood comes back to the artery, pulse sound starts (Korotkoff sound).
These sounds can be heard through a stethoscope when positioned over the brachial pulse
position. The pressure in the manometer at which this sound begins is recorded as the
systolic blood pressure (SBP). The sound persists for a time while the cuff is deflated
gradually, finally becoming too weak to perceive. The last sound heard is the diastolic
blood pressure (DBP).

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3.4.2

Automatic blood pressure monitor

Digital blood pressure monitor makes use of the oscillometric method of blood
pressure measurement. The monitor notices subjects blood movement through brachial
artery. The tool converts the movements of blood into a digital form. An oscillometric
method does not require a stethoscope. So it is easy to use. The model SEM-1 of
automatic blood pressure monitor is invented mainly for domestic and regular monitoring
of BP by Omron Company (Fig 3.13).

Fig 3.13: Omron B .P. Monitor

The Omron B .P monitor unit is made of two parts:


a) Main unit consist of display, memory button, start/stop button, battery
compartment, A.C. adapter jack and air jack.
b) Air cuff unit consists of air plug, air tube with cuff.

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The arm cuff is usable for period of 18 months, when utilized four times a day.
For assuring correct measurement, one should alter to a new arm cuff after this period. It
is also replaced if air begins to escape from the arm cuff. An air plug is not incorporated
with the replacement of arm cuff. It is suggested not to dispose present air plug when
buying a new arm cuff.
Omron BP monitor is as shown in Fig. 3.13. It has LCD digital display LCD
digital display. The power needed is supplied by 4 AA batteries or AC adapter. It is light
weight and portable. Main unit weight is approximately 340 g. Its dimensions are 121
mm (width) x 86 mm (height) x 141 mm (length). Cuff size is approximately 146 mm in
width and 446 mm in length with cuff tube of 600 mm long. Memory unit stores previous
readings up to 60 sets.
It has ability to assess pressure from 0 to 299 mm of Hg and pulse from 40 -180
beats per minute. Table 3.3 shows the classification of blood pressure adopted by the
American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older [120].
Table 3.3: Classification of blood pressure (for adult)

Category

Diastolic mm Hg

Systolic mm of Hg

< 60

< 90

Desired

6079

90119

Pre hypertension

8089

120139

9099

140159

100109

160179

110

180

Hypotension

First Stage
hypertension
Second Stage
hypertension
Hypertensive
emergency

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Guidelines for measurement


Following procedure is adapted for blood pressure measurement.
1. The subject is asked to sit down and relax for minimum three minutes. Precaution
should be taken that his/her legs are not crossed.
2. As caffeine and tea increases blood pressure, so readings of BP should be taken
after 20 min. of drinking tea of coffee.
3. Smoking also changes BP. Avoid to take cigar before 30 min of recording.
4. Remove coat if using to expose undressed upper arm. The device also detects BP
and pulse rate through thin cloths. It is not essential to remove the shirt or blouse.
5. Rolling the shirt or sleeves on the hand should be avoided it can cause a
restriction to the arm.
6. It is necessary to keep the cuff roughly 2.5 cm above the elbow. The air tube
should be towards the hand and the blue tag or green band (depending on cuff
used) in the centre of the inner arm. Normally blood pressure is taken on right
arm.
7. Ensure the cuff is made of Velcro and fastened comfortably without being too
tight or too loose.
8. Put in the air tube into the opening on left side of instrument.
9.

Press the ON / OFF (O/I) button on the front of the monitor, a heart symbol and
zero will appear on the screen to indicate that it is ready to measure.

10. Try to remain immobile throughout the measurement and dont gossip. You are
now ready to push start button.
11. The cuff begins to inflate and deflate gradually, taking time approximately 30 sec.
in total.
12. Wait for a minimum of 3 minutes and take the measurement again. The average
of three readings will give correct value of BP.
13. If two readings are different, check supply or rubber tube joined to cuff. Replace
if possible.

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3.5. Selection of sites and data collection

In this study, different sites were selected for various studies included in the thesis. These
sites are selected for following purposes.
a. To make a survey of ill effects due to mobile tower radiation.
b. To study the effects of radiation emitted by mobile phone on various cardiac
parameters like heart rate, blood pressure and waves of electrocardiogram (ECG).
c. To study the effects of electric high voltage powerline on various cardiac
parameters.
d. To study of geopathic stress on heart rate variability.

In these studies 365 volunteers of both the gender participated. Table 3.4 shows number
of volunteers/subjects participated for the study.
Table 3.4: Number of volunteers involved in the study
Sr.

Mode of study

Male

Female

Total

Survey of tower radiation/mobile phone radiation

100

100

200

Consequence of mobile phone radiation on

i) Age group wise study

20

20

40

ii) Study on Young volunteers

20

20

40

Effect of mobile phone radiation on health 10

15

25

10

20

00

40

165

365

No.

cardiovascular parameters in various ring tone

parameters while using phone continuously


4

Effect of electric powerline voltage on health 10


parameters while sitting continuously below
electric tower

Effect of geopathic stress on health parameters 40


while staying in geopathic zone continuously
Total 200
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Analysis of the data collected from these subjects/volunteers is discussed in the following
sections.

3.5.1 Survey of mobile tower radiation/mobile phone radiation

The study was conducted by volunteers among people residing in various locations where
mobile phone tower is erected.

Methodology:
The method employed for the survey is discussed under four major heads namely:
a) Sample selection
b) Study plan
c) Procedure used for collection of data and
d) Detailed evaluation of the study.
A). Sample selection
Criteria for selection of volunteers
In this study 200 students including males and females within age in between of
18-23 years were selected from urban backgrounds. These volunteers were using cell
phones and enrolled in the Arts, Science and Commerce Colleges of Pune city. Five
nearby colleges were included in the study. These colleges were located near to one
another and within 20 km circumference. Any individual, employees, guest, servants
were excluded the study. Similarly, student volunteers of less than 18 years and of age
above 23 years were not included in the study [121].
Though every college has more than one thousand students, only a random
sample from each college was included in the present study. An effort was made to
include a good number of students from different five colleges of similar faculty so that
the final assessment would be more precise and unbiased. College students selected were
using cell phone from more than 3 years. They were given survey form or questionnaire
containing various facets associated with undesirable mental and physical health
indications due to use of mobile phone. The respondents were first explained about the
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methodology and how to respond. The purpose of study was clarified to all volunteers
and their consents were obtained.
B). Study plan
Survey of health problems residing in cell tower area was conducted using
questionnaire as shown in Appendix I. The questioner was framed on basis of adverse
effect discussed in literature survey. The details regarding calls, usage period and SIM
cards were also included in the questioner. Privacy of details was guaranteed. Primary
data from these questions was collected. The study was aimed to find out the effects of
radiation emitted due to cell phone practice on the people who took part in the survey
conducted [122]. Accordingly, a retrospective study was carried out. The relevant safety
measures suggested with possible preventive measures by the respondents were also
noted and analyzed.

C). Procedure used for collection of data


A fixed date was selected for the study in consultation with teachers in the
respective colleges. On survey day, all students who were available in a particular class
were requested to answer the questionnaire. The regular students in the class were
informed about the study and how to answer the question in the survey form. Twenty
minutes of break or free time was preferred for survey work. Survey was conducted
during recess so that teaching session would not be disturbed. Necessary guidelines were
given concerning the rationale of the investigation. Data achieved was assembled and
reviewed for additional analysis. The data was obtained in August 2013.

D). Detailed evaluation of the study


The total numbers of respondents were 200 (100 Males and100 Females). Out of
them 46 (23%) students were using phone with two SIM cards simultaneously. 102
(51%) were getting more than five calls per day and 91 (45.5%) students were calling
others by dialing more than 5 call every day. Almost 51% (102) of the students reported
about headache due to continued use of mobile devices. Out of these 180 (90%) felt that
base tower stations affect health.

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About 167 (83.5%) felt that there is possibility of induction of cancer due to these
radiation. One hundred and forty one (70.5%) students reported that due to radiation
emitted by mobile base stations, people were becoming hypersensitive to radiofrequency.
One hundred and eighty six (93%) students knew that younger kids are more vulnerable
for cell phone radiation. Again, 101 subjects (50.5%) confessed that they were
aggravated or aggravated over issues informed them on mobile phone.
Sixty four (32%) students reacted absolutely at time of query on being short of
attention. Further they admitted that they were more or less upset and disturbed by
repeated calls/messages from callers. It was because callers did not allow them to
continue with their scholastic activities. About 159 students (79.5%) answered and
agreed about some disturbances in sleep. They criticized for getting sleep much after they
gave up work for the night, in spite of a exhausted day and / or anxious sleep in which
they woke up numerous times in-between.
Lack of educational progress was accredited to enrichment in cell phone practice,
by 64 (32%), whereas the others did not believe that was the only real reason. Everyday
disturbances during calling or receiving calls from friends or parents may affect attention
and link in studies up to some extend only. Fifty two (26%) respondent confessed that
continuous use of mobile phone, they have psychological problems. Forty six (23%) said
that they were further absentminded than they were earlier. They had common memory
lapses due to dependence on cell phones which has ability to stores the information
regarding mobile number, day to day work, calendar, events, and various days. They had
feeing that that by using cell phone there is no need to learn by heart.
In addition, one hundred and sixty six (83%) respondents told that excess use of
mobile affect study. Youngsters are addicted and dependable on mobile phones. They
have shortage of adequate knowledge about the detrimental effects due to cell phones.
These could be the important causes that have added to the augmented occurrence of
several health symptoms among the teenager. It is believed that the side-effects due to
cell phone use particularly those that have an effect on the health of a person can be
reduced or abolished by spreading alertness in regarding hazards of EMR due to cell

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

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phone use. It can be achieved by limited use of cell phone and not getting addicted to
smart communication devices.
The results of the survey are represented in table 3.5.
Table 3.5: Adverse health problems
Sr. No

Health problem

Nos. (%) (n=200)

Fatigue( Feeling tired)

30

(15%)

Loss of mental attention

64

(32 %)

Headache

102

(51%)

Constipation irregularity

13

(6.5%)

Disturbances in sleep

159

(79.5%)

Dizziness

25

(12.5%)

Memory loss

46

(23%)

Irritability

101

(51.5%)

Mental retardation

52

(26%)

10

Heart disturbance

58

(29%)

More surveys are needed to be conducted amongst various groups of the people,
in city as well as rural area, among young people as well as elder age groups and also
among the literate and not educated. The effects of cell phone usage need constant
surveillance and monitoring. An efficient detailing with reporting arrangement in should
go a long way in helping authorities to formulate strategies that will ensure the hazardous
effects due to cell phone radiation.

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3.5.2 Study of effects of mobile in various tones on cardiovascular system


An electrocardiography (ECG) is a measure of electrical activity of heart. It has
high diagnostic value and commonly used in the medical environment. It is useful to
identify irregularities during the functioning of the heart. Pictorial representation in form
of a single wave is called electrocardiogram or ECG. Recording of ECG from healthy
people gives a typical wave form as shown in Fig.3.5. Any abnormality in the heart
rhythm due to damage caused to cardiovascular muscle can alter the electrical activity of
heart. Due to this, the waveform of the ECG gets altered. ECG report is generally
recommended for patients who have heart disease, during angioplasty and students
working in the area of cardiovascular disease [123].
It is one of the non-invasive tools used in medicine. There is no need of any
medications such as anesthetics in the procedure. It also doesnt need recovery time after
ECG is taken. For recording ECG in resting state, the subject has lie down on bed. Body
movement can cause artifact and hence any movement is not permissible during
recording as electrical signals produced by other muscles / organs may intervene with
ECG.
Before taking ECG electrodes are positioned on arms, legs and chest as per
standard medical practice or guidelines given in the users manual provided by supplier
of machine. Recording of ECG generally takes five to ten minutes for a single patient.
After recording ECG, the electrodes positioned to body are removed from their locations.
An ECG recording is absolutely trouble-free. In the procedure skin is not penetrated at
all. The experts or cardiologists are able to read understand the ECG.
The understanding and interpretation of ECG is based on medical history,
symptoms and clinical tests of subject. From ECG, it is easier to determine heart rate,
period and amplitude of various waves. Any variation in pattern from standard wave
form, changes in magnitude of amplitude or period directly indicate variation in the heart
rate. This is useful to identify the heart abnormality in earlier stages. Now days heart
attacks are becoming more common. ECG reporting and interpretation is primary test
during such situation.
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Material and methodThe study was conducted on college volunteers of Arts, Commerce and Science
faculty in Pune city of Maharashtra state (India). The nature of the test to be conducted in
the study was explained to them. As majority of cell phone uses are from younger
generations, the studies groups framed are below 30 years old. The study reported in the
thesis is divided into two categories:
1. A study for age group 20-30 and 30-40 years old.
2. A study on young volunteers (age 22.1 2.12 year).
The inclusion, exclusion criterion and method used for the study are described in the
following sections.
Inclusion criteria
Total 40 healthy volunteers (20 males and 20 females) were included in the each
study (n = 40). These volunteers were using mobile phones regularly. All volunteers
included in the study were using cell phones for more than 3 years prior to the study.
Their previous medical history like age, BMI and any cardiac problem was noted.
Participants were requested not to have any cold or hot drinks before the recording of
ECG. They were informed not eat even chocolate and not to accept calls or use a cellular
or wireless phone for a long time communication.
Elimination criteria
A person with abnormal electrocardiogram in pretest, using medicine for cardiac
problems and having cardiovascular disease such as hypertension, congenital heart
disease and heart operation background, metabolic and neurologic disturbances were not
included in the study. Subjects suffering from any major illness like, any serious chest
disease, asthma and respiratory problems that could affect heart rate were not included in
the present study. Cigar smokers, students above the age group, guest or foreign students
are excluded from study.

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Method
Mobile phone of specification Nokia 5030 having SAR value 1.06 averaged over
10 grams of tissue was used as transmitter. Nokia 1200 having 1.07 SAR value approved
for use on the EGSM 900 and 1800 MHz was used as receiver for experiments. Receiver
mobile phone was kept at the position of front left pocket of shirt. Electrocardiogram
machine BPL- Cardiart 108T-DIGI model with five electrodes, one chest electrode and
four limb electrodes were used to record the electrocardiogram (ECG) as per standard
practice used in hospitals and as per guiding principle supplied by BPL Company with
the instrument.
The locations on the subjects body to be used for placement of electrodes were
cleaned using diluted dettol. The hairs on the site were removed or shaved if required.
Electrodes to be used were cleaned by antiseptic liquid or any cleaning liquid/ material
before use.
Chest electrode having rubber valve is kept on left side of chest position.
Conducting electrode jelly used for making good contact in between skin and electrodes.
These electrodes had capability to sense the signals generated due to cardiac activity.
They transmit these signals to electrical circuitry through cable of ECG machine. These
signals are supplied to recording system of machine and finally waveforms can be seen
on strip of paper coming out from pen recorder. ECG paper traces the signal on the basis
of thermal recording.
Electrocardiograms were almost consistently recorded on graph paper with
horizontal and vertical lines at 2 mm intervals with a thicker line at 10 mm intervals. For
routine work, the paper recording speed was 25 mm/sec. Amplitude measurements was
made vertically in mV. The sensitivity selected was typically set at 10 mm/mV. Four
electrodes, two limb electrodes on legs (LL, RL), two limb electrodes on arm (LA, RA)
were placed. One suction cup electrode (chest electrode) was positioned near the SA node
of heart as per standard procedure used in hospitals by cardiologist with suitable
application of jelly.

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Normal ECG at reesting position (preferably sleeping position) is recorded in silent


and airy room in labora
ratory at 24C temperature. Prior to the record
ording observations,
volunteers were asked to ttake rest in a room in a sleeping position for 10 minutes.
mi
Recording
was carried out in betweeen 09 am and 10 am in similar circumstances at the same position
and same posture for 10 minutes in a silent room. The distance betwee
een R-R peaks as

shown in Fig 3.5 is notedd. Heart rate is calculated by formula:

By keeping mobiile phone in chest position (SA node), ECGs were


w
recorded for
different modes of mobille phone for exposure of 30 second for every mode
mo as shown in
Fig. 3.14. The mode usedd includes silent mode, vibrating mode, ring tone
to and combined
mode of vibration and riing tone one by one at sleeping position. Heart
rt rate in beats per
minute (BPM) was calculat
ulated using above formula. Same proceduree was repeated for
other volunteers also.
The electrocardioograms obtained were compared with normaal ECG of every
subject which was taken prior to experiments. These are treated as cont
ontrol observations.
Statistical parameters like
ke mean value and standard deviation (SD), stand
dard error (SE) in
the heart rate of every volun
olunteer were calculated for comparative study.. The variation in
the amplitude of ECG w
waves was also noted. ECG at different modes of mobile
mob was
recorded separately and hheart rate was calculated for each case.
Table 3.6 shows heart rate at resting position, normal (C), silent mode (S),
vibrating mode (V), ringiing tone and vibrating with ringing tone (V+R) for 20 volunteers
in age group 20-30 years old. Table 3.7 shows heart rate in various modees of mobile for a
group other 20 volunteerss in age group 30-40 years old. These tables also
lso contain mean,
standard deviation, standaard error also. The significance of the study is also
a tested at level
of p<=0.05.

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Table 3.6: HR in various modes of mobile for a group of 20-30 years old
Subject

Gen

Age

Heart rates in beats per minute in when mobile phone

No

der

years

exposure was given to subject in various mode

V+R

22

72

79

85

61

99

28

73

72

77

72

67

20

90

84

86

88

83

20

84

67

67

66

67

21

92

104

103

99

105

22

60

61

66

60

60

20

80

76

77

80

76

25

72

73

60

73

70

27

69

86

87

76

84

10

28

75

78

74

76

77

11

29

81

87

82

84

85

12

28

78

83

88

89

85

13

29

77

79

82

81

79

14

22

77

74

67

75

73

15

23

72

83

70

86

84

16

21

75

81

80

69

77

17

20

71

73

74

68

72

18

22

80

81

77

83

82

19

24

70

90

94

72

83

20

25

70

71

79

78

74

Mean

23.8

75.9

79.1

78.75

76.8

79.1

S.D.

3.3

7.40

9.21

10.28

9.80

10.50

S.E

0.738

1.65

2.06

230

2.19

2.35

0.233

0.321

0.744

0.272

p value

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page 130

Table 3.7: HR of in various modes of mobile for a group of 30-40 years old
Subject

Gender

Age
years

38

85

88

85

77

78

36

63

69

68

66

67

34

75

85

89

85

85

35

80

75

74

73

69

33

67

63

64

64

64

34

84

81

84

88

77

31

78

77

80

77

76

33

70

71

68

73

70

34

70

96

66

75

96

10

36

68

86

74

76

86

11

38

93

94

97

98

93

12

33

76

75

74

76

74

13

36

77

83

75

77

76

14

34

91

84

84

85

86

15

37

73

85

90

90

88

16

35

93

86

99

84

88

17

38

85

88

79

85

86

18

36

88

84

86

84

77

19

32

96

78

92

90

78

20

38

74

84

76

81

83

No

Heart rates in beats per minute in when mobile


phone exposure was given to subject in various
mode
C
S
R
V
V+R

Mean

35.05

79.3

81.1

80.2

80.2

79.85

S.D.

2.11

9.67

8.15

10.15

8.36

8.69

S.E

0.472

2.16

1.82

2.27

1.87

1.94

0.421

0.776

0.755

0.851

p value

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page 131

Analysis method:
The recorded data obtained from above study was transferred to the computer in order to
compare the results obtained before mobile phone (control observations) and results
obtained when the mobile phone was used in various tones. For analysis purpose online
statistical t test for paired group was performed for significance.
Students t test
It is a tool of examining hypothesis involving an average of a short data sample
drawn from usually dispersed population when the S.D. (standard deviation) is not
known. The test is employed for two similar situations equal number of parameters, in
pair, sample number of less than 30 and the variance is unknown. It has remarkable
contribution in testing hypothesis of sampling appropriate in case of small samples
[124].
It is customary to plan a null hypothesis in the beginning. Null hypothesis states
that there is no effectual disparity between the mean of experimental sample and mean of
hypothesized sample. It means that any observed dissimilarity is due only to chance.
Commonly a t-test can be two-sided (also named as two-tailed), affirming that the means
are different, or one-sided, indicating experimental mean may be larger or smaller than
the hypothetical mean.
A statistical p value is the probability of finding the experimental effect. It can
be established under a null hypothesis which tells that either a hypothesis of no effect
of the interference or no dissimilarities during the effect of interference among studies.
Therefore, very small p value shows that the observed experiential effect is most unlikely
to appear only by chance. Therefore, it gives proof against the null hypothesis. It is
regular exercise to understand p value by finding whether it is lesser than particular
threshold value. For most of the cases, p values less than 0.05 are frequently interpreted
as statistically significant and recognized as being small enough to validate refusal of the
null hypothesis.

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The interpretation of (p) values ranged from zero to one as follows:


1. Values with p = 0.050, the threshold of statistical significance.
2. Values with 0.000 p 0.050, strong significance.
3. Values with 0.050 p 1.000, no significance

The data shown in the previous tables are interpreted in considering above points.
Analysis of the data and significant value for male and female separately for 30-40 years
old age group are shown in Table 3.8. Similarly, vvariation in the heart rate and p value
of 20-30 years old age group study is shown in Table 3.9.

Table 3.8: Variation in the HR and p value of 30-40 years old age group study

Gender Parameter

Male

Heart rate in BPM HR in various modes


N

R+V

Mean

74

79.1

75.2

75.4

76.8

S.D.

7.54

9.99

8.84

7.35

9.94

S.E.

2.39

3.16

2.80

2.32

3.14

0.214

0.748

0.697

0.487

P value
Female

Mean

84.6

84.4

85.2

85

82.9

S.D.

8.83

5.12

9.15

6.52

6.32

S.E.

2.79

1.63

2.89

2.06

1.997

0.879

0.883

0.910

0.6273

p value

N- Normal mode, S- Silent mode,


R- Ring tone mode, V- Vibrating mode
V+R simultaneous Vibrating and ring tone

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Table 3.9: Variation in the HR and p value of 20-30 years old age group
study

Gender Parameters

Male

Heart rate in BPM HR in various modes


N

R+V

Mean

76.7

78

78.2

75.1

78.8

S.D.

9.85

11.79

12.59

11.96

4.37

S.E.

3.12

3.73

3.98

3.78

4.55

0.792

0.770

0.748

0.708

P value
Female

Mean

75.1

80.2

79.3

78.5

79.4

S.D.

4.12

6.11

8.01

7.29

5.10

S.E.

1.30

1.93

2.53

2.31

1.61

0.0420

0.158

0.216

0.052

P value

The data obtained is significant for female volunteers of age group 20-30 years
old for silent mode and simultaneous ring tone and vibration tone. For male volunteers of
the same age group and both gender of 30-40 years group, the data collected is not
statistically significant. This may be due to heterogeneity of the groups due to variation in
the age. But the maximum variation in heart rate on average basis is 6.67%. At individual
level these variation ranges from 1.4 % to 37.14 %. The changes are due to anatomy of
heart and electrical activity generated by heart muscle.
Considering the results obtained in the above table, it was decided to concentrate
the study on the youngsters group of minimum standard deviation in the age. A group of
40 young volunteers (subjects) of age 22.12.12 year was selected for the purpose. The
data was obtained (as in the previous method) is shown in the Table 3.10.

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134134

Table 3.10: HR of young volunteers in various tones of mobile phone


Subject

Gender

No

Heart rates in beats per minute when mobile phone


exposure was given to subject in various mode
C

V+R

78

78

85

61

98

72

70

75

72

65

78

66

77

76

80

70

54

72

70

68

70

61

75

96

66

59

59

62

60

58

79

75

80

79

76

72

82

77

83

70

79

92

78

80

71

10

63

69

69

64

67

11

63

69

69

66

67

12

80

74

74

74

68

13

66

63

67

65

64

14

68

86

74

75

84

15

70

79

69

71

72

16

73

79

78

72

81

17

74

76

75

78

89

18

78

81

80

79

79

19

71

78

75

79

73

20

70

78

75

79

74

21

77

74

67

75

72

22

72

84

71

87

83

23

70

74

78

71

79

24

76

75

75

76

73

25

78

83

75

77

75

26

79

84

76

78

76

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page 135

27

73

86

90

87

86

28

74

88

89

88

87

29

75

78

74

76

79

30

68

86

74

75

84

31

76

81

80

69

76

32

80

81

78

83

81

33

80

83

84

86

81

34

78

85

89

82

88

35

77

68

81

79

82

36

85

86

85

88

79

37

88

77

84

84

86

38

85

74

81

81

83

39

74

83

81

84

75

40

70

83

72

90

94

Mean

74.2

77.05

76.25

77.38

77.23

SD

6.09

8.46

6.26

8.05

8.57

SE

0.96

1.34

0.99

1.27

1.36

0.8778

0 .0687

0.05023

0.0728

Table 3.10 indicates that p value is approaching toward significant level when cell
phone is used in ring tone. However, the data is on the threshold of significance when
mobile phone is in the vibrating mode. Thus, when mobile phone is in vibrating mode
and mobile phone is placed neat chest, even an exposure of 30 second can affect heart
rate of healthy volunteer.
The ECG recording machine (Cardiart 108 DIGI) used in the experiments can
records only ECG waveforms which are helpful in calculating heart rate. To understand
the total effect, it is essential to records other parameters like respiration rate, pulse rate,
BP, SpO2 along with heart rate also. In the next experiments ECG machine is replaced by
another machine named as multi parameter Caddo 19 B.

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Fig. 3.14: Photograph of study of mobile tones on cardiovascular system

3.15: Photograph of study of mobile phone communication for 20 min.


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3.5.3

Study of an influence of the continuous communication using cell phone on


the heart rate
In addition to ring tone study described in earlier section, experiments were

carried out to observe the effect of continuous communication using mobile phone on
cardiovascular system of young and healthy volunteers. Participants selected (n=25) were
physically fit of age 21.8 years ( 2.04). The criteria used for exclusion of students were:
1. Volunteers on medical treatment.
2. Occurrence of any rigorous cardiovascular syndrome together with arterial
hypertension in the volunteers.
3. Volunteers having any pains of neurological system and metabolism of body that
could affect heart rate and serious arrhythmias.
4. Volunteers addicted for smoking and habited for alcoholism
Systolic and diastolic BP was noted for all selected volunteers using Diamond
Sphygmomanometer deluxe model as shown in Fig.3.12. The physical parameters like
BMI, BMR, fats were recorded using body fat monitor (Model HBF 306). These
parameters are useful to assess healthiness of volunteers. From these parameters,
volunteers with normal health were included in the study. It is ensured that volunteers
included in study were using cellular phone for more than 3 years earlier to the study.
They were receiving 150 calls per month on an average.
After informal discussion with volunteers included in the study, it has been
observed that they were using the cellular phones for about 9- 10 hours per month. It has
been also noticed that average time of each mobile phone call was 3 minutes for each
call. The have averagely dialed 5 calls per day and maximum 150 calls per month.
Mobiles phones were also used by them for sending SMS, using features like whats up,
face book, camera and video facility for taking pictures, storing them and entertainments
like hearing music. Necessary consents for the study were obtained from all students
included in the study.
All subjects were informed to avoid drinks like caffeinated drinks. They are also
asked not to have unnecessary activities together with physical exercises and aerobatics
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within 12 hours prior the collecting data. They were also informed not to have food or tea
prior to experiments. Volunteers were given information regarding the equipments being
used for examining the health parameters, procedure of study and experimentation. The
study was completed in a silent, airy and spacious room in seating position as shown in
Figure 3.15.
The recording of respiratory rate (RR) & SpO2 along with SBP, DBP, HR, and
pulse rate (PR) of a volunteer under observation was completed with the help of simple
six channel multipara monitor of Scientech Company of Model Caddo 19B. The machine
was capable recording and displaying very important signals like ECG wave form, heart
rate, respiratory rate, SpO2 and pulse oximetry pattern , NIBP, dual-temp, NIBP and
CO2. It showed all these parameters on the screen simultaneously. Four sensors
combined in a cable were employed for measurement make the unit competent of
keeping of physical parameters. For measurement of BP, cuff was used as in previous
measurement using sphygmomanometer.
Recordings of health parameters were carried out for about 20 minute during 10
am 11 am every day under same circumstances, at the same position of the study and in
sitting situation. Pilot study was carried out for continuous one hour communication. The
time of maximum exposure was determined by observing effect of one hour of exposure.
Readings were taken prior to the mobile call (control), after 10 minutes with a cellular
phone used continuously (exposure for 10 min) and 20 min after continuous talk on
mobile (exposure of 20 min). During the experimentation, each volunteer was receiving
exposure of radiation released by 1,800 MHz frequency band cell phone detained in the
right hand as shown in Fig.3.15.
The mobile hand set used for the experiment was GSM Karbonn A1+ model,
easily available in market. The SAR value for model Karbonn A1+ phone experienced by
the ear is 0.633 W/kg was obtained from battery inside the mobile set. The mobile phone
was kept in on position during period of conducting experiments so that the
consequence of logging into the mobile networking at the maximal release of radiation
could be evaded.

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General, non debatable, non-exciting or non-irritating and unbiased issues were


discussed during the cell phone communication to reduce the stress linked with talking
and successive excess activity of autonomic nervous system. The volunteers were in
trouble-free sitting position. They were not allowed to make any bodily movement.
Various parameters were recorded for an hour when volunteer was continuously
communicating with other person on normal issues. Typical variations in recorded
parameters of a volunteer for one hour communication are shown in the Table 3.11.
Table 3.11: Variation in health parameters for one hour continuous talking on
Mobile phone
Time
(minutes)

SBP

DBP

RR

HR

SpO2

Pulse
rate

Temp
oC

101

71

19

81

89

75

33.2

102

67

26

68

99

78

33.1

10

96

64

14

67

85

78

32.9

15

96

69

17

70

90

77

32.4

20

94

68

24

68

99

74

32.2

25

94

71

71

96

75

32.3

30

95

64

21

71

84

75

32.2

35

98

66

25

70

88

76

32.1

40

98

69

16

71

91

75

32

45

99

75

10

67

97

82

32.1

50

96

69

16

71

97

78

32.1

55

97

68

12

63

98

80

32

60

97

72

16

79

97

79

32

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page
140140

Table 3.12 represents data for a female volunteer. It indicated that BP decreased
for 20 minutes and showed steady trend after 20 minutes. In case of heart rate, pulse rate
and SpO2 trend was oscillating. The change after 20 minutes was 7.0 % in SBP, 4.2% in
DBP, 26% in RR, 16% in HR and 11.2% in SpO2.
All the parameter showed consistent trend for 20 minutes. Hence mobile exposure
of 20 min was given to other volunteers included in the study. Both receiver and caller
were discussing on normal issues. Caller was in another nearby laboratory and he was
informed about the study. Most of the callers were from the study group of the
experiment. Table 3.12 shows percentage change in various parameters after 20 min, 40
min and 60 min.
Table 3.12: Percentage variation in health parameters for one hour exposure of
mobile phone during talking
Parameter

Percent variation in the parameter for exposure of


of time
20 minutes

40 minutes

60 minutes

Systolic blood pressure

6.93

2.97

3.96

Diastolic blood

4.23

2.80

1.39

Respiration rate

26.32

15.79

15.79

Heart rate

16.04

12.24

2.45

SpO2

11.24

2.2

8.99

Pulse rate

1.3

5.33

Temperature

3.01

3.61

3.61

pressure

The entire parameters show decreasing trend except SpO2. The variation after 20
exposure minute is more evident at individual level. Change in various parameters for 25
volunteers after exposure of mobile phone communication for 20 minute are shown in
various tables i.e. variation in blood pressures is shown in Table 3.13, respiration rate,
heart rate in Table 3.14 and pulse rate and SpO2 in Table 3.15 respectively..

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page
141141

Table 3.13: BP after exposure of mobile phone for 20 min.


Sr.
No.

Gen
der

Age

BMI

BMR

FATs

SBP in mm of Hg

DBP in mm of Hg

year

kg/m2

kcal

0
min

10
min

20
min

0
min

10
min

20
min

22

24.2

1679

27.3

151

164

151

95

121

108

21

18.1

1307

11.9

112

124

135

73

71

68

24

17.9

1124

17

103

113

113

64

77

62

22

16.9

1333

14.9

142

149

139

83

82

89

22

24.8

1928

24.5

134

134

141

82

85

102

20

26.1

1301

39.5

95

109

105

63

68

67

22

17.4

1296

12.9

109

111

109

70

72

74

22

21.9

1537

19.3

119

135

127

86

75

75

22

20.1

1456

14.8

122

110

122

65

68

63

10

23

23.5

1612

28.6

125

138

132

82

85

82

11

28

25.7

1390

31.2

98

112

111

61

68

70

12

24

18.5

1040

22.8

96

94

101

68

63

65

13

18

19.2

1080

23.7

110

107

116

72

82

72

14

18

19.6

1132

25.6

117

132

110

78

86

81

15

22

22.1

1333

27.4

105

109

110

62

74

71

16

21

33.2

1828

43.6

110

104

108

73

70

73

17

20

19.7

1150

29.3

100

108

119

56

65

76

18

22

17.3

1023

20.2

94

94

96

70

69

71

19

20

16

986

16.4

101

96

94

71

64

68

20

22

16.1

953

16.6

99

99

114

59

65

78

21

21

20.3

1260

29.6

111

114

120

72

81

80

22

22

15.5

964

17.5

96

89

91

63

64

71

23

24

18.1

1077

22.6

109

102

104

74

72

69

24

23

18.3

1150

24.5

109

104

105

72

72

73

25

20

19.6

1202

24.7

108

105

108

66

63

71

21.8

20.4

1285

23.46

111

114.2

115.24

71.2

74.48

2.04

4.05

265

7.79

Mean

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

75.22

Page 142

Table 3.14: RR and HR for exposure of mobile phone for 20 min.


Sr.
No.

Age
year

Gen
der

RR per minute

HR beats per minute

0 min

10 min

20 min

0 min

10 min

20 min

22

19

26

34

106

120

123

21

12

12

91

93

127

24

19

21

15

79

99

116

22

12

17

12

68

103

88

22

21

12

18

87

92

98

30

25

12

69

77

78

22

18

16

12

68

78

90

22

17

18

15

78

89

103

22

12

18

19

72

83

88

10

23

19

22

22

72

91

90

11

28

20

16

18

83

88

94

12

24

15

16

20

73

77

88

13

18

14

21

13

96

79

81

14

18

27

21

18

104

113

98

15

22

16

13

12

91

106

103

16

21

18

12

12

87

95

85

17

20

16

15

10

88

84

97

18

22

19

16

16

92

101

101

19

20

19

14

24

81

67

68

20

22

10

14

23

92

88

88

21

21

24

11

14

99

92

93

22

22

15

20

17

93

86

96

23

24

18

13

22

88

103

112

24

23

19

16

15

92

103

104

25

20

13

13

10

78

83

92

17.48

16.08

16.48

85.08

91.6

96.04

Mean

21.8
2.04

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page 143

Table 3.15: PR and SpO2 after exposure of mobile phone

Sr.
No.

Gender

Age
year

PR

per minute

SpO2

0 min

10 min

20 min

0 min

10 min

20 min

22

138

129

124

99

99

99

21

91

87

72

99

99

99

24

73

86

68

97

97

98

22

100

99

105

97

99

99

22

99

97

120

99

99

99

30

72

80

76

99

97

98

22

79

78

84

98

98

98

22

95

86

98

99

99

99

22

81

82

75

97

98

99

10

23

92

98

92

97

97

97

11

28

72

73

76

97

99

99

12

24

78

74

79

97

99

98

13

18

85

88

86

98

98

98

14

18

94

98

92

98

97

97

15

22

77

84

77

99

98

98

16

21

81

83

80

98

98

99

17

20

73

78

96

99

98

98

18

22

73

81

80

94

91

91

19

20

75

78

74

89

85

99

20

22

66

70

88

86

84

95

21

21

79

97

89

94

95

94

22

22

70

72

81

98

98

98

23

24

94

82

76

99

99

99

24

23

83

89

90

99

99

99

25

20

80

73

82

98

98

98

Mean

21.8

84

85.68

86.4

96.96

96.72

97.8

2.04

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page 144

Analysis: Analysis of data was done using online software students t test. The
comparison of various health parameters is as shown in Table 3.16.
Table 3.16: Comparison of p value after exposure of mobile phone
Health
parameter

Exposure
Time

Mean

S.D.

S.E

SBP

0 min(N)

111

14.66

2.93

mm of Hg

10 min

114.2

18.40

3.68

0.49

20 min

115.24

15.23

3.047

0.32

DBP

0 min(N)

71.2

9.25

1.85

mm of Hg

10 min

74.48

12.16

2.43

0.2885

20 min

75.216

10.89

2.17

0.1724

RR

0 min(N)

17.48

4.13

16.48

per minute

10 min

16.08

4.05

5.62

0.2347

20 min

16.48

5.12

1.12

0.4786

HR

0 min(N)

85.08

10.98

2.19

beats per
minutes

10 min

91.6

12.35

2.47

0.0544

20 min

96.04

13.46

2.69

0.0027

PR

0 min(N)

84

14.78

2.95

per minute

10 min

85.68

12.56

2.51

0.667

20 min

86.4

13.89

2.77

0.5572

0 min(N)

96.96

3.19

0.63

10 min

96.72

4.057

0.81

0.8172

20 min

97.8

1.89

0.378

0.2636

SpO2 in %

p value

Variation in heart rate is on the threshold of significant and after 10 minutes, it is


more significant for exposure of mobile phone communication for 20 min. It can be
concluded that continuous mobile communication for 20 min affect heart rate.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page
145145

Analysis of Age, BMI, BMR and Fats


The Pearson correlation coefficient (R) discloses linear association between two
variables under investigation. Its value varies in between -1 to +1. The value +1 indicates
that there is an ideal positive linear correlation. The value -1 is a perfect negative
(decreasing linear relationship). If R is zero then there is no correlation between variables
under investigation. The strength of the correlation is determined by the absolute value of
R. The meaning of R value is as follows:
1. If R lies in between 0 0.19, the correlation between two variables is very weak.
2. If R is in between 0.20 0.39, the correlation between two variables is weak.
3. If R is in between 0.40 0.59, the correlation between two variables is moderate.
4. If R is in between 0.60 0.79, the correlation between two variables is strong.
5. If R is in between 0.80 1.0, the correlation between two variables is very strong.
Using online Pearson correlation coefficient software, correlation coefficient was
found in between age, BMI, BMR and fats for 25 young volunteers including 10 male
and 15 female. These parameters are also important health parameters and play role in the
variation in the blood pressure. Table 3.17 represents correlation calculated for above
group of volunteers between these parameters.

Table 3.17: Coefficient of Correlation between health parameters

Parameters

Coefficient of

Interpretation

correlation
Age and BMI

0.0878

Very weak positive correlation

Age and BMR

0.1147

Very weak positive correlation

Age and Fats

-0.0517

Very weak negative correlation

BMI and BMR

0.7902

Strong positive correlation

BMI and Fats

0.8266

Very strong positive correlation

BMR and fats

0.3976

Moderate positive correlation

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page
146146

There is strong positive correlation between BMI - BMR and very strong correlation
between BMI-fats. For other parameters the relation is weak. These correlations are
represented by Fig. 3.16.

Coefficient of correlation

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
Age - Fats

Age - BMI

Age - BMR

BMR - fats

BMI - BMR

BMI - Fats

Parameters

Fig 3.16: Coefficient of correlation between health parameters


The group under study was youngster of average age 21.8 2.04 years old. Hence,
observed the correlation between age - fats, age - BMI and age - BMR was very weak.
Similarly, the correlation between BMR fats was moderate. These parameters directly
do not change with mobile phone call, but the dependence of blood pressure on these
parameters can not be excluded. These parameters helped to determine the wellbeing of
participants involved in the study.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page
147147

3.5.4

Study of influence of the high tension electric powerline on HRV Parameters


The study includes selection of site, method used for observations and statistical
tool employed for analysis of the observation noted under powerline.

Selection of Site
The radiation emitted due to high voltage powerline (HVPL) may be hazardous
to human being. Electromagnetic field produced by HVPL produced in a house depends
on the particular arrangement of powerline and tower near house, its distance from house,
wiring configuration of the wires inside the house and the current flowing through these
wires [111]. Present study was conducted in Pune city. A Transmission powerline of
voltage 132 kV (Fig.3.17) near Sangvi of Pune city (M.S.) was selected for the study.

Method
The experiments described in this work were carried in December 2013. A group
of 20 young volunteers (10 males and 10 females) was selected for study of effect of high
voltage powerline on health parameters. Students with heart disease, showing abnormal
electrocardiogram and having disease such as hypertension neurologic problems were not
included in the study. Instructions were given to candidate about pre experimental care as
discussed in the previous experiments. Participants were asked not to take any hot or
cold drinks prior to experiments. They are also informed not to eat chocolate and not to
accept any mobile call during experiments to avoid any disturbance which can affect the
blood pressure, heart rate any cardiovascular parameters.
Controlled observations were carried in temperature-controlled silent laboratory at
room temperature (23C) in morning at 8.30 am -9.00 am in sitting position on wooden
chair. The parameters under study were noted using Caddo 19B multipara monitor. The
volunteer is asked to sit below tower line in the college campus on a wooden chair. The
health parameters were recorded after every five minutes for 30 minutes. The
experimental arrangement was as shown in Figure 3.18.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page
148148

Fig 3.17: Photograph of High voltage powerline used in


study

Fig. 3.18: Photograph of study of electric powerline on health parameter


Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page
149149

The tested parameters include:


a- Heart rate
b- Respiration rate
c- Blood oxygen saturation (SpO2)
d- Pulse rate;
e- Arterial blood pressure (systolic and diastolic)

For Statistical analysis purpose, the collected data were entered to computer.

Using

online t test calculator and Pearson correlation coefficient the measurements were
analyzed statistically as the following
Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and the Probability (p) were used to measure
the strength correlation between the EMR pollution and the dependant variables, before
and after exposure to EMR.
Table 3.19 represents variation in BP with time when volunteer sits under
powerline. Table 3.20 represents variation in RR and HR with time and Table 3.21
represent variation in PR and SpO2 with time. These observations were noted for 20

volunteers.
Mean value of the parameters, standard deviation (S.D.) and standard error (S.E.)
were calculated. Statistical p value was also calculated and shown in the Table 3.18 for
10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes exposure of electromagnetic field respectively.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page
150150

Table 3.18: Variation in BP with time when volunteers sit under HVPL
N
o

Gend
er

Age
Yea
r

Time

SBP

DBP

0 min

After

After

After

After

After

After

Control

10 min

20 min

30 min

min

10 min

20 min

30min

20

110

114

119

118

63

67

67

69

21

110

96

96

98

91

65

67

63

21

116

115

116

116

84

77

81

77

21

100

107

102

101

65

69

62

63

20

95

103

110

108

66

74

74

67

18

100

105

105

108

60

60

60

59

18

117

104

100

101

72

58

59

62

21

113

109

110

104

71

74

77

76

23

98

99

93

101

72

66

68

67

10

22

106

112

109

128

67

70

82

86

11

19

105

108

102

101

61

58

65

65

12

21

118

113

116

115

81

71

82

72

13

21

128

114

116

110

86

80

77

80

14

21

138

110

127

127

89

96

79

80

15

26

144

121

127

130

86

88

79

87

16

19

120

124

120

122

67

65

76

63

17

21

119

112

123

110

82

73

70

72

18

20

110

109

112

107

50

68

66

68

19

22

114

114

108

100

66

75

73

72

20

18

111

115

113

118

62

74

74

74

Mean

20.65

113.6

110.2

111.2

111.15

72.05

71.4

71.9

71.1

S.D.

1.87

12.504

6.779

9.633

10.106

11.399

9.35

7.333

7.993

S. E.

0.418

2.796

1.5159

2.154

2.26

2.5489

2.09

1.64

1.787

0.2918

0.5006

0.4997

0.8447

0.9607

0.7619

p value

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page 151

Table 3.19: Variation in RR and HR with time when volunteers sit under HVPL
Sr.
No

Gen
der

Age

Respiration Rate (RR)


per min

Year

Time

0
min

10
min

20
min

30
min

HR
Beats per minute
0
min

10
min

20
min

30
min

20

16

10

17

19

96

81

74

74

21

17

18

10

11

70

75

73

73

21

18

16

15

16

90

85

85

85

21

21

21

14

21

93

93

91

93

20

18

16

18

13

87

98

90

85

18

18

19

16

17

84

93

84

82

18

18

15

18

18

86

67

75

79

21

14

18

21

18

93

81

83

81

23

20

18

13

14

84

87

92

89

10

22

18

17

16

18

78

82

95

94

11

19

20

19

20

20

65

67

69

73

12

21

16

18

14

13

75

78

72

78

13

21

19

19

19

19

79

82

82

77

14

21

13

19

13

16

78

83

68

68

15

26

20

18

19

18

73

74

70

76

16

19

15

18

20

18

70

71

74

72

17

21

20

18

17

19

88

81

86

72

18

20

21

19

12

19

94

97

92

96

19

22

20

14

15

19

103

89

94

97

20

18

14

15

16

18

92

95

93

95

Mean

20.65

17.8

17.25

16.15

17.2

83.9

82.95

82.1

81.95

S.D.

1.87

2.441

2.403

2.943

2.608

10.125

9.3498

9.39

9.265

S. E.

0.418

0.546

0.537

0.658

0.583

2.264

2.091

2.1

2.072

0.477

0.061

0.457

0.7596

0.776

0.529

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page 152

Table 3.20: Variation in PR and SpO2 with time when volunteers sit under HVPL
Sr.
No

Gen
der

Age
Year

Exposure Time

Pulse Rate(PR)
per min

SpO2
( % saturated oxygen)

0
min

10
min

20
min

30
min

0
min

10
min

20
min

30
min

20

76

80

83

80

96

97

99

99

21

94

73

73

72

98

98

97

98

21

92

84

89

85

98

98

97

98

21

73

78

74

73

97

95

97

96

20

77

79

80

78

94

99

98

98

18

67

79

71

77

97

74

98

98

18

84

67

76

76

73

79

83

95

21

82

84

83

82

98

98

98

98

23

81

72

76

80

81

98

97

99

10

22

80

79

91

93

96

99

99

98

11

19

76

72

73

74

98

94

98

98

12

21

96

85

89

81

95

96

98

98

13

21

100

85

89

87

98

99

99

99

14

21

104

99

90

89

84

90

85

90

15

26

101

94

97

95

96

97

97

97

16

19

73

81

87

83

97

97

98

98

17

21

87

84

74

80

98

99

98

98

18

20

76

78

77

77

98

97

86

98

19

22

102

84

82

90

98

94

78

98

20

18

87

87

99

88

99

98

98

99

Mean

20.65

85.4

81.2

82.65

82

94.45

94.8

94.9

97.5

S.D.

1.87

11.14

7.431

8.387

6.625

6.878

6.685

6.299

2.013

S. E.

0.418

2.49

1.661

1.875

1.481

1.538

1.495

1.408

0.45

0.169

0.383

0.248

0.871

0.830

0.065

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

Page 153

By sitting 30 minutes under powerline it had observed that the changes in health
parameters is not significant at p < 0.05 level.

3.5.5. Study of Geopathic Stress on health parameters


The study of geopathic stress includes selection of site and subjects (volunteers) and
method of recording observation
A). Selection of site
Dowsing is one of the commonly employed methods for finding underground
water, minerals in form of deposits and oil deposits. It is also called as divining. In the
past the method was used to find location of water wells, gems stones and even missing
person also. In the method, detection of the ground deposits can be done with simple pair
of rods made of material like copper, brass or steel. These pair of rods is bent into in L
shape. One end of rod is held in the hand and other is kept just forward. The length of rod
in the hand is 20 cm. It is bent at right angle and the length of bent part is 30 cm. Rods
are held in each hand slightly away from the body in a parallel position. They are hold
such that the short arm of the L shape rod held upright and the long arm is directed
straightforward.
The L shaped rods will become more reactive if one holds them horizontally in
which they give better response in this position. Dower walks slowly step by step over
the locations where he suspects the target (for example, minerals or water). The dowsing
rod dips, inclines when a target is located. When water or mineral is found, the rods get
crossed over one another making an X as indicated in Fig.3.19. If the object is lengthy
and straight, such as a water pipe, the rods may point in reverse directions.
In this experiment L shaped rods made of copper were used. Selection of site for
geopathic stress study was done by dowsing using copper L shaped rod. Using this
technique we have selected four sites of geopathic zones in Pune. One such site is shown
in Fig. 3.20. These geopathic sites are away from each other by distance of 15 km on an
average.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

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Fig 3.19: Dowsing method for selection of geopathic stress

Fig 3.20: Photograph of geopathic stress site.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

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b). Subjects
Forty healthy male volunteers of age group 18 to 23 years were selected for the
study as per availability in the respective site and method of recording observations
experimentation. By measuring their physical condition and health parameters like
temperature and BP, normal cases were selected for further experiments. The detailed
information about nature, purpose of the experiments and methodology was informed to
the volunteers included in the study. Their approval for the participation in the
experiment was taken.
Inclusion criteria for selection of volunteers for geopathic stress study
In this study 40 male within the age group of 18-23 years from semi urban
backgrounds, enrolled in the Arts Science and Commerce College were included. The
colleges included in the study were situated near to one another. Selected volunteers were
are healthy and not suffering from any major illness. These volunteers were residing near
to the site selected for study. From selected volunteers, four groups are formed for
observations at four sites.
Exclusion criteria:
Elimination criterion adopted for selection of volunteers is described below.
Volunteers having abnormal electrocardiogram or using heart medicine, having
disease such as hypertension, congenital heart disease, heart operation background,
pacemaker user were not included in the study. Subjects suffering from any major illness
like, any serious chest disease, asthma, respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease that
could influence heart rate variability were excluded from the study. Any person, staff,
visitor, worker, etc. not studying in the above mentioned colleges were not included in
the study for sake of convenience. Similarly any student having an age lower than 18
years and above 23 years was excluded as major studies reported in the thesis are on
young volunteers. Female volunteers are not included in the study because of their refusal
to lie down on the site of geopathic stress study and inconvenience in the positioning
electrodes on body.

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c). Method:
The recording of RR & SpO2 along with SBP, DBP, HR and temperature of a
volunteer under observation was conducted with the help of simple 6 channel multipara
monitor-Model Caddo 19B. It has five electrodes or sensor attached to machine with
cable for recording the parameters. The instrument records heart rate, respiration rate,
temperature, SpO2, pulse rate, blood pressure parameters at the same time. Heart rate
variability was calculated by observing ECG pattern, pulse rate and heart rate [125].
The volunteer was asked to lie down in relax position in non geopathic stressed
(NGS) zone for 20 minutes in a silent room as shown in Fig.3.21. The recording for all
health parameter were completed for every five min for each volunteer. Recording of
health parameters under study was recorded for 20 minutes continuously. Then volunteer
was asked to sleep in geopathic zone (GS), a site selected by dowsing method for 20
minutes. By positioning the electrodes at the position used in controlled observations, all
above parameters were noted after every five minute.
The same procedure was repeated on four sites selected in Pune city of
Maharashtra state as shown in Fig.3.22 for another groups of volunteers from respective
areas. The data obtained from each site and each volunteer was entered in to computer
and analyzed by online t test software for students as used in earlier study reported in the
thesis. The considerable effect was tested at level p < 0.05. Following tables shows
measurement in tabulated form.
All the measurements of parameters SBP, DBP, RR, HR and SpO2 and body
temperature in the geopathic zone from site I near Sangvi area of Pune are shown in
Table 3.21. Similarly, Table 3.22 shows measurements of above parameters in the
geopathic zone from site II near Kondhawa in Pune city. Table 3.23 shows measurements
of above parameters in the geopathic zone from site III near Pimpri in Pimpri Chinchwad
corporation area. The table 3.23 indicates changes in SBP, DBP, RR, HR and SpO2 and
body temperature at from site IV Akurdi site in Pimpri Chinchwad area.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

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Fig. 3.21: Photograph of controlled measurements in geopathic stress study

Fig 3.22: Photograph of measurements in geopathic stress study

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

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Table 3.21: Measurements of parameters in the GS zone from site I


Site I: Place Sangvi, Pune
Subj.

SBP

DBP

HR

RR

Temp

SpO2

No

NG
S

GS

NG
S

GS

NG
S

GS

NG
S

GS

NG
S

109

105

73

83

57

44

14

13

35.4

34

98

98

117

100

64

70

80

66

26

22

34.7

32.9

97

96

114

97

64

52

90

73

14

16

35

32.9

96

96

109

87

73

67

61

48

20

18

34.9

34.5

97

96

144

103

73

62

90

72

13

10

34.4

33.8

99

96

124

116

62

56

99

72

28

21

35.8

35.2

97

96

111

101

69

55

68

60

19

11

35.3

34.6

96

95

123

104

70

67

67

54

17

19

35.1

34.6

99

97

113

97

62

58

93

74

25

20

35.3

34.6

98

96

10

140

116

66

65

85

63

25

13

35.4

34.2

99

97

Mean

120

102.6

67.6

63.2

79

62.2

20.1

16.3

35.1

34.13

97.6

96.3

S.D.

12.55

8.71

4.55

9.08

14.71

10.89

5.59

4.32

0.40

0.752

1.17

0.82

S.E.

3.97

2.75

1.44

2.87

4.65

3.44

1.77

1.37

0.13

0.238

0.37

0.26

GS

NG
S

GS

P
value

0.0017

0.218

0.011

0.106

0.0016

0.010

At site I, all measured parameters showed decreasing trend when subject stays in
geopathic zone for 20 minutes. Following changes have been noticed
1. Decrease in SBP by 8.55% and DBP by 6.5%
2. Decrease in heart rate by 21.26%
3. Decrease in respiration rate by 18.9%
4. Decrease in body temperature 2.76%
5. Decrease in SpO2 by 1.33%
6. The variation in SBP, heart rate, temperature and SpO2 are statistically significant
while variations in DBP and RR are insignificant at p <0.05 level.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

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Table 3.22: Measurements of parameters in the GS zone from site II


Site II: Kondhawa, Pune
Subje
ct No

SBP
NG

DBP
GS

NG

HR

GS

RR

NG

GS

NG

Temp
GS

NG

SpO2

GS

NG

GS

11

112

115

66

55

65

59

14

10

35.9

33

96

95

12

129

120

74

62

70

61

26

21

34.8

34.2

99

97

13

146

130

69

55

84

77

14

13

34.7

33.6

98

95

14

127

119

67

54

69

76

20

15

34.9

32.8

99

97

15

133

116

82

59

75

68

13

10

35

33.5

95

92

16

125

110

72

65

68

59

28

16

34.2

33.5

98

97

17

113

102

65

56

89

93

19

12

35.8

32.9

99

97

18

111

105

62

55

66

71

17

20

34.9

33.5

98

95

19

145

131

75

65

72

65

25

20

34.3

33.1

97

96

20

120

113

69

55

71

68

25

10

34.5

33.2

98

96

Mean

126.1

116.1

70.1

58.1

72.9

69.7

20.1

14.7

34.9

33.33

97.7

95.7

S.D.

12.68

9.48

5.82

4.36

7.80

10.38

5.59

4.40

0.57

0.42

1.34

1.57

S.E.

4.01

2.99

1.84

1.38

2.47

3.28

1.76

1.39

0.18

0.13

0.42

0.50

5.79
p

0.061

E-5

0.446

0.027

1.36

0.006

E-6

At another site in 20 km away from first site showed following changes in


geopathic stress zone.
1. Decrease in SBP by 7.93% and DBP by 17.14%
2. Decrease in heart rate by 7.13%
3. Decrease in respiration rate by 26.87%
4. Decrease in body temperature 4.50%
5. Decrease in SpO2 by 2.05%
6. All changes except heart rate are significant at level of p <0.05.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

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Table 3.23: Measurements of parameters in the GS zone from site III


Site III: Pimpri
Subj.

SBP

No

NG

21

DBP
GS

NG

105

98

22

138

23

153

24

HR
GS

NG

59

55

126

64

144

97

127

116

25

121

26

RR
GS

NG

76

79

57

66

89

82

67

64

113

67

122

112

27

120

28

Temp

SpO2

GS

NG

23

19

34.3

33.5

98

98

58

33

13

34.8

33.9

97

96

72

34

15

34.5

34

95

96

76

70

14

11

33.9

35

97

96

66

81

75

33

20

33.9

33.1

99

96

68

63

81

69

19

14

33.9

33.4

97

96

114

75

72

72

67

16

28

34.9

32.9

94

93

126

117

65

62

70

62

15

17

34.1

35.4

99

97

29

119

112

63

54

60

55

25

22

34

33.5

98

96

30

119

110

64

52

78

70

15

12

34.9

33.5

98

97

Mean

125

116.2

68.9

63.4

74.2

67.7

22.7

17.1

34.3

33.8

97.2

96.1

12.82

11.97

10.70

10.90

7.19

7.45

8.15

5.26

0.42

0.80

1.62

1.29

4.06

3.79

3.84

3.45

2.27

2.36

2.58

0.134

0.25

0.51

0.41

S.D.

S.E.
p

0.13

0.270

0.063

GS

1.66
0.0846

NG

GS

0.098

0.011

Third site is 20 km away from second and 12 km away from first site. Following changes
were observed.
1. Decrease in SBP by 7.04% and DBP by 7.98%
2. Decrease in heart rate by 8.76%
3. Decrease in respiration rate by 24.67%
4. Decrease in body temperature 1.46%
5. Decrease in SpO2 by 1.13%
6. All changes are statistically insignificant except %SpO2.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

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Table 3.24: Measurements of parameters in the GS zone from site IV


Site IV: Akurdi
Subj.
No

SBP
NG

DBP
GS

NG

HR
GS

NG

RR
GS

NG

Temp
GS

NG

SpO2

GS

NG

GS

31

116

103

49

55

71

64

29

34

34.5

34

98

98

32

109

103

64

52

89

80

24

39

34.4

34.2

99

97

33

121

110

73

61

78

65

24

14

34.6

34.4

99

96

34

113

103

55

60

77

73

19

14

34.8

34.4

98

97

35

105

100

59

50

69

76

33

35

34.3

34.4

99

99

36

123

113

67

67

71

62

34

35

34.8

33.4

100

97

37

126

124

86

74

80

75

19

18

33.1

34.4

97

96

38

128

113

64

68

78

70

27

17

33.6

34.8

99

98

39

110

102

58

64

73

64

20

17

33.5

33

99

98

40

104

95

62

59

76

70

18

13

35

33.3

98

97

Mean

115.5

106.6

63.7

61

76.2

69.9

24.7

23.6

34.26

34.03

98.6

97.3

S.D.

8.66

8.40

10.24

7.50

5.79

6.06

5.89

10.65

0.64

0.59

0.84

0.95

S.E.

2.74

2.65

3.24

2.37

1.83

1.92

1.86

3.37

0.20

0.19

0.027

0.3

0.0314

0.510

0.029

0.778

0.415

0.005

Fourth site is 25 km away from second and 10 km away from third site. Following
changes were observed.
1. Decrease in SBP by 7.70% and DBP by 4.2%
2. Decrease in heart rate by 8.27%
3. Decrease in respiration rate by 4.45%
4. Decrease in body temperature 1.46%
5. Decrease in SpO2 by 0.67%
6. Changes in the systolic blood pressure, heart rate and saturated oxygen
(SpO2) statistically insignificant while changes in SBP, HR, SPO2 are
statistically insignificant at p <0.05 level.

Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan

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For observing the combined effect of all the health parameters measured from the four
sites a comparison for the significance of study at p < 0.05 for all four sites is indicated in
Table 3.25.

Table 3.25: Statistical Interpretation of geopathic sites


Site

SBP

DBP

HR

RR

Temp

SpO2

Site I

NS

Site II

TS

NS

Site III

NS

NS

TS

NS

NS

Site IV

NS

NS

NS

S: Significant

NS: Not significant

TS: Threshold of significance

Comparative study indicates that geopathic site II at Kondhawa in Pune city


showed considerable effect on health parameter studied and more geopathic stressed as
compared with site I at Sangvi. All the parameters except heart rate shows significant
changes at p < 0.05 level. This is the reason why the site II showed significant changes in
health parameters except heart rate. Similar statistical significant effects at p<0.05 were
observed at site I at Sangvi except changes in DBP and RR.
Site III, at place Pimpri in Pimpri Chinchwad Corporation is comparatively
having low effect of geopathic stress. At this site only SpO2 changed significantly and
other parameter did not showed significant changes at level p < 0.05. The site IV, at
Akurdi, in Pimpri Chinchwad corporation significant changes was observed at SBP,
Heart rate and SpO2 as indicated in Table 3.25. But at these locations DBP, RR and
body temperature did not indicated significant changes for the level of p < 0.05 of the
probability value.

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The significance of the study leads to the conclusion stress due to geopathic zone
affects the regular functioning of the human body showing variation in BP and HR and
SpO2. Though GS doesnt cause any serious illness, it may affect defense mechanism of
body. It may lower the capability of white blood cell to fight against bacteria and viruses
if entered in the body.
In this investigation, the volunteers stayed in GS zone for 20 minutes only.
However, it is believed that for additional study they might be exposed for a longer time
to the GS zone say 6-8 hours (especially during sleeping period).

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