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Instruments used for measurement of health parametersFollowing instruments are used for experiments.
1. ECG machine -BPL Cardiart 108T-DIGI with four limb electrode (Clip on
Electrodes), chest electrode and jelly (Cardio jelly- recommended for ECG)
2. Caddo 19B Multipara Monitor with silver/ silver chloride ECG disposable
electrodes (single use) and ECG paper rolls
3. Fat Monitor Model HBF 306
4. BP machine OMRAN SEM-1
5. Diamond Sphygmomanometer (deluxe)
The details of these instruments are described below.
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The machine is provided with patients/ subject cable on which five electrodes can
be fixed. Four clip-on electrode (limb electrodes) as shown in Fig 3.2 and one chest
electrode with rubber bulb as shown in Fig 3.3 can be attached to it. The electrodes are
placed on the position as per standards in medical practice. Clip on electrodes are
rectangular or circular surface electrode.
Generally, clip on electrodes are made of German silver, an alloy of Zinc, Copper
and Nickel. They are reusable and last several years when properly cleaned after use.
Typical value of contact impedance of the electrodes of normal size is nearly 2 to 5 K
when measured
at 10 Hz. The electrodes are held in position by elastic straps. They are
also called as limb electrodes as they are most suitable for application on the four limbs
of the body. The size of the limb electrode is usually 3 - 5 cm structure of these
electrodes are shown in Fig. 3.2
Chest electrode with rubber ball (is also known as suction cup electrode) is kept
on for short term ECG recording. For longer term recording or monitoring or for
continuous monitoring for a hospitalized patient in a coronary or intensive care unit, the
disc shaped paste less electrodes are used. Before applying electrodes, jelly is applied at
the positions of electrodes for proper contact of signal receiving point and skin. The jelly
as shown in Fig. 3.4 provides conducting path between skin and electrodes. The jelly is
high conducting, nontoxic and easily removable. It is non-irritant and suits for both long
and short term monitoring.
There are six switches of ECG machine for various operations. These are:
1. Gain key which selects the gain of ECG amplifier circuit form one the 5, 10 or 20
options.
2. Recording lead key switch select lead from six leads.
3. There is provision of filter for avoiding noise in the signal recorded.
4. Speed key is for selection of paper speed. There is knob to start and stop the
recording.
5. On/Off knob is for making the supply on or off coming from main supply to
machine via power supply cable.
Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan
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Fig 3.1(a): ECG machine BPL Cardiart 108 T- DIGI (Source: BPL users manual)
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There is motor inside which makes the paper move with speed 25 mm per sec or
50 mm per sec. Thermal paper roll having width 50 mm and length 20 m is used for
recording as shown in Fig 3.5 Recording system consist of thermal printer of 8 dots/mm.
It has one print channel of width 40 mm. Cardiart 108 DIGI was used in studying effect
of various mobile modes on heart rate variability.
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Preparation
For recording various parameters it is necessary to determine exact sites of placing the
electrodes. For using multipara unit following care should be taken for accurate
measurements.
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1.
Clean the subjects outer skin prior to placements of the electrodes. Disc type
electrodes are used as shown in Fig. 3.7.
4 Use conducting electrode jelly for establishing good contacts if the electrodes are
not adhesive.
5 Join the electrode lead to the patient's/respondents wire and check whether the
monitor is set with electrical power on or off.
All these positions are as illustrated in the Figure 3.8. If ECG waveforms are not as
per wave pattern shown in Fig.3.5, electrodes may be firmly positioned, and then the
lead are removed and positioned again by checking their site till normal ECG pattern is
seen on the screen. The heart rate is directly displayed on the screen. For normal and
healthy person the heart rate is 72-80 beats per minutes.
Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan
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(Source- http://en.wikipedia.org)
Measurement of respiration
Inhaling and exhaling process is related with movement of lung. Due thoracic
activity impedance between electrodes can be altered. Multipara unit can be used to
measures rate of respiration from the quantity of thoracic impedance among two ECG
electrodes. The variations of impedance among the two electrodes are mainly due to the
thoracic activity. It creates a typical respiratory waveform on the monitor screen. The rate
of respiration is directly displayed on the monitor. The position RA and LL gives
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respiration rate as shown in Fig 3.8. For normal and healthy person the respiration rate is
16-20 per minutes. The variation rate can be varied due to stress.
SpO2 Monitoring
Inhaled air contains various gases. Oxygen is one of the vital gases and gets
mixed in the blood. It is attached in the hemoglobin making it oxyhemoglobin molecule
resulting purification the blood. If there is 97% hemoglobin molecules in the red blood
cells of blood mixed with oxygen, then oxygen saturation of blood (SpO2) is 97%. The
Sp02 wave pattern, plethysmogram will be displayed on screen and 97% will be shown
on screen.
The Sp02 value indicates the % of hemoglobin molecules which have united with
oxygen. The graph called Sp02 Plethysmogram. It is employed to determine the oxygen
saturation of hemoglobin in the arterial blood. The Sp02/ pleth parameter is able to give a
pulse rate signal and a plethysmogram wave. For normal and healthy person % SpO2 lies
in between 92% - 99%. More percent of % SpO2 means more purified blood.
Oxygen saturation in arterial blood is measured by a technique called pulse
oximetry. It is a nonstop, non-invasive procedure of measurement. The basis of the
method is the dissimilar absorption spectra of oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin. It
is a sensor comprising light emitting source and detector. Red light is produced by light
emitting diode is sent from one side of the sensor. The wavelengths of emitted light are
nominally 660 nm for the red light and 940 nm for infrared produced by light emitting
diode (LED). Light is transmitted through patient finger tissues. Finally, the light is
received by receiver or detector.
The extent of light transmitted through the tissue depends on the blood flowing
through the arteries. As blood is pulsating, the light absorbed changes with time. The
light falling on receiver is detected. It produces the absorption spectra during a pulsation.
It is possible to derive the oxygen saturation from light absorbed. Detection of the blood
pulsation gives a pleth waveform and pulse rate which can be shown on monitor screen.
Multipara monitor was used for measurement of variations in heart rate, Systolic and
diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, body temperature and percentage of
sutured oxygen.
Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan
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The weight of body fat monitor HBF 306 model is 230 gram excluding the
batteries. It has dimensions of 19.7 cm x 12.8 cm x 4.9 cm. The results are shown on
digital display. The amount of fat percentage and BMI are displayed at the same time on
the screen (fig.3.10). Working of body fat monitor HBF 306, designed by Omron
Company is based on the principle of bioelectrical impedance analysis.
In the
technique, little safe electrical current passes through one hand and travels downward to
the waist area. Then current reverses up in the body and finally, passes through the other
hand to another electrode completing current pathway. Meanwhile current travels very
gradually throughout fat than muscle, giving amount of how much fat is in the body
compared to the muscle. The amount of current is converted in to digital signal which can
be displayed on the screen.
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The personal information (i.e. age, height, weight, gender) is set in the beginning.
The grip electrodes are held in hand and the start button is pushed. Subject/volunteer is
asked to enfold middle fingers around the handle groove. The palm of subjects hand is
placed on the top and the bottom electrodes. Thumbs are resting on top of the instrument.
Subject was informed not to move during the measurement. The measured quantities are
displayed after seven seconds. Parameters can be displayed on screen and body type is
shown graphically.
BMI is the international indicator of whether or not one is within a healthy weight
range. It is ratio of weight in kg to square of height in square meter. BMI measurement is
useful in deciding level of obesity of person. BMI can be assessed as indicated in the
Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: BMI assessment
BMI value
Interpretation
low
Level 1 obese
Greater than 30
Level 2 obese
(Source- Omron-Instruction Manual)
Body fat examination gives a proper representation of fitness and health. Using
body fat monitor BMI, body fat and BMR can be calculated and displayed on the screen.
BMR (basal metabolic rate) is indicated on display unit. Data of maximum nine people
can be stored in memory of the device. People having weight up to 199 kg and age group
10 years to 80 years can utilize this light weight body fat monitor device to measure fat in
the body.
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Gender
Male
10% or more
20% or more
25% or more
< 25%
Female
Interpretation
< 20%
Low
20% or more
30% or more
Normal
Slightly high
35% or more
High
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Two observations are noted two minutes apart and mean of the two observations
is taken as the observed blood pressure. A person is regarded to be a hypertensive if he
/she are having SBP 140 mm of Hg and/or DBP 90 mm of Hg [120].
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Adequate air is pushed into the cuff to lock the artery. Air is then set free slowly
by opening the thumb valve. When the pressure in the cuff is same as that of on the
artery, it opens. The blood starts coming back to the branch of the artery that has been
blocked. As the blood comes back to the artery, pulse sound starts (Korotkoff sound).
These sounds can be heard through a stethoscope when positioned over the brachial pulse
position. The pressure in the manometer at which this sound begins is recorded as the
systolic blood pressure (SBP). The sound persists for a time while the cuff is deflated
gradually, finally becoming too weak to perceive. The last sound heard is the diastolic
blood pressure (DBP).
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3.4.2
Digital blood pressure monitor makes use of the oscillometric method of blood
pressure measurement. The monitor notices subjects blood movement through brachial
artery. The tool converts the movements of blood into a digital form. An oscillometric
method does not require a stethoscope. So it is easy to use. The model SEM-1 of
automatic blood pressure monitor is invented mainly for domestic and regular monitoring
of BP by Omron Company (Fig 3.13).
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The arm cuff is usable for period of 18 months, when utilized four times a day.
For assuring correct measurement, one should alter to a new arm cuff after this period. It
is also replaced if air begins to escape from the arm cuff. An air plug is not incorporated
with the replacement of arm cuff. It is suggested not to dispose present air plug when
buying a new arm cuff.
Omron BP monitor is as shown in Fig. 3.13. It has LCD digital display LCD
digital display. The power needed is supplied by 4 AA batteries or AC adapter. It is light
weight and portable. Main unit weight is approximately 340 g. Its dimensions are 121
mm (width) x 86 mm (height) x 141 mm (length). Cuff size is approximately 146 mm in
width and 446 mm in length with cuff tube of 600 mm long. Memory unit stores previous
readings up to 60 sets.
It has ability to assess pressure from 0 to 299 mm of Hg and pulse from 40 -180
beats per minute. Table 3.3 shows the classification of blood pressure adopted by the
American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older [120].
Table 3.3: Classification of blood pressure (for adult)
Category
Diastolic mm Hg
Systolic mm of Hg
< 60
< 90
Desired
6079
90119
Pre hypertension
8089
120139
9099
140159
100109
160179
110
180
Hypotension
First Stage
hypertension
Second Stage
hypertension
Hypertensive
emergency
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Press the ON / OFF (O/I) button on the front of the monitor, a heart symbol and
zero will appear on the screen to indicate that it is ready to measure.
10. Try to remain immobile throughout the measurement and dont gossip. You are
now ready to push start button.
11. The cuff begins to inflate and deflate gradually, taking time approximately 30 sec.
in total.
12. Wait for a minimum of 3 minutes and take the measurement again. The average
of three readings will give correct value of BP.
13. If two readings are different, check supply or rubber tube joined to cuff. Replace
if possible.
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In this study, different sites were selected for various studies included in the thesis. These
sites are selected for following purposes.
a. To make a survey of ill effects due to mobile tower radiation.
b. To study the effects of radiation emitted by mobile phone on various cardiac
parameters like heart rate, blood pressure and waves of electrocardiogram (ECG).
c. To study the effects of electric high voltage powerline on various cardiac
parameters.
d. To study of geopathic stress on heart rate variability.
In these studies 365 volunteers of both the gender participated. Table 3.4 shows number
of volunteers/subjects participated for the study.
Table 3.4: Number of volunteers involved in the study
Sr.
Mode of study
Male
Female
Total
100
100
200
20
20
40
20
20
40
15
25
10
20
00
40
165
365
No.
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Analysis of the data collected from these subjects/volunteers is discussed in the following
sections.
The study was conducted by volunteers among people residing in various locations where
mobile phone tower is erected.
Methodology:
The method employed for the survey is discussed under four major heads namely:
a) Sample selection
b) Study plan
c) Procedure used for collection of data and
d) Detailed evaluation of the study.
A). Sample selection
Criteria for selection of volunteers
In this study 200 students including males and females within age in between of
18-23 years were selected from urban backgrounds. These volunteers were using cell
phones and enrolled in the Arts, Science and Commerce Colleges of Pune city. Five
nearby colleges were included in the study. These colleges were located near to one
another and within 20 km circumference. Any individual, employees, guest, servants
were excluded the study. Similarly, student volunteers of less than 18 years and of age
above 23 years were not included in the study [121].
Though every college has more than one thousand students, only a random
sample from each college was included in the present study. An effort was made to
include a good number of students from different five colleges of similar faculty so that
the final assessment would be more precise and unbiased. College students selected were
using cell phone from more than 3 years. They were given survey form or questionnaire
containing various facets associated with undesirable mental and physical health
indications due to use of mobile phone. The respondents were first explained about the
Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan
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methodology and how to respond. The purpose of study was clarified to all volunteers
and their consents were obtained.
B). Study plan
Survey of health problems residing in cell tower area was conducted using
questionnaire as shown in Appendix I. The questioner was framed on basis of adverse
effect discussed in literature survey. The details regarding calls, usage period and SIM
cards were also included in the questioner. Privacy of details was guaranteed. Primary
data from these questions was collected. The study was aimed to find out the effects of
radiation emitted due to cell phone practice on the people who took part in the survey
conducted [122]. Accordingly, a retrospective study was carried out. The relevant safety
measures suggested with possible preventive measures by the respondents were also
noted and analyzed.
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About 167 (83.5%) felt that there is possibility of induction of cancer due to these
radiation. One hundred and forty one (70.5%) students reported that due to radiation
emitted by mobile base stations, people were becoming hypersensitive to radiofrequency.
One hundred and eighty six (93%) students knew that younger kids are more vulnerable
for cell phone radiation. Again, 101 subjects (50.5%) confessed that they were
aggravated or aggravated over issues informed them on mobile phone.
Sixty four (32%) students reacted absolutely at time of query on being short of
attention. Further they admitted that they were more or less upset and disturbed by
repeated calls/messages from callers. It was because callers did not allow them to
continue with their scholastic activities. About 159 students (79.5%) answered and
agreed about some disturbances in sleep. They criticized for getting sleep much after they
gave up work for the night, in spite of a exhausted day and / or anxious sleep in which
they woke up numerous times in-between.
Lack of educational progress was accredited to enrichment in cell phone practice,
by 64 (32%), whereas the others did not believe that was the only real reason. Everyday
disturbances during calling or receiving calls from friends or parents may affect attention
and link in studies up to some extend only. Fifty two (26%) respondent confessed that
continuous use of mobile phone, they have psychological problems. Forty six (23%) said
that they were further absentminded than they were earlier. They had common memory
lapses due to dependence on cell phones which has ability to stores the information
regarding mobile number, day to day work, calendar, events, and various days. They had
feeing that that by using cell phone there is no need to learn by heart.
In addition, one hundred and sixty six (83%) respondents told that excess use of
mobile affect study. Youngsters are addicted and dependable on mobile phones. They
have shortage of adequate knowledge about the detrimental effects due to cell phones.
These could be the important causes that have added to the augmented occurrence of
several health symptoms among the teenager. It is believed that the side-effects due to
cell phone use particularly those that have an effect on the health of a person can be
reduced or abolished by spreading alertness in regarding hazards of EMR due to cell
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phone use. It can be achieved by limited use of cell phone and not getting addicted to
smart communication devices.
The results of the survey are represented in table 3.5.
Table 3.5: Adverse health problems
Sr. No
Health problem
30
(15%)
64
(32 %)
Headache
102
(51%)
Constipation irregularity
13
(6.5%)
Disturbances in sleep
159
(79.5%)
Dizziness
25
(12.5%)
Memory loss
46
(23%)
Irritability
101
(51.5%)
Mental retardation
52
(26%)
10
Heart disturbance
58
(29%)
More surveys are needed to be conducted amongst various groups of the people,
in city as well as rural area, among young people as well as elder age groups and also
among the literate and not educated. The effects of cell phone usage need constant
surveillance and monitoring. An efficient detailing with reporting arrangement in should
go a long way in helping authorities to formulate strategies that will ensure the hazardous
effects due to cell phone radiation.
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Material and methodThe study was conducted on college volunteers of Arts, Commerce and Science
faculty in Pune city of Maharashtra state (India). The nature of the test to be conducted in
the study was explained to them. As majority of cell phone uses are from younger
generations, the studies groups framed are below 30 years old. The study reported in the
thesis is divided into two categories:
1. A study for age group 20-30 and 30-40 years old.
2. A study on young volunteers (age 22.1 2.12 year).
The inclusion, exclusion criterion and method used for the study are described in the
following sections.
Inclusion criteria
Total 40 healthy volunteers (20 males and 20 females) were included in the each
study (n = 40). These volunteers were using mobile phones regularly. All volunteers
included in the study were using cell phones for more than 3 years prior to the study.
Their previous medical history like age, BMI and any cardiac problem was noted.
Participants were requested not to have any cold or hot drinks before the recording of
ECG. They were informed not eat even chocolate and not to accept calls or use a cellular
or wireless phone for a long time communication.
Elimination criteria
A person with abnormal electrocardiogram in pretest, using medicine for cardiac
problems and having cardiovascular disease such as hypertension, congenital heart
disease and heart operation background, metabolic and neurologic disturbances were not
included in the study. Subjects suffering from any major illness like, any serious chest
disease, asthma and respiratory problems that could affect heart rate were not included in
the present study. Cigar smokers, students above the age group, guest or foreign students
are excluded from study.
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Method
Mobile phone of specification Nokia 5030 having SAR value 1.06 averaged over
10 grams of tissue was used as transmitter. Nokia 1200 having 1.07 SAR value approved
for use on the EGSM 900 and 1800 MHz was used as receiver for experiments. Receiver
mobile phone was kept at the position of front left pocket of shirt. Electrocardiogram
machine BPL- Cardiart 108T-DIGI model with five electrodes, one chest electrode and
four limb electrodes were used to record the electrocardiogram (ECG) as per standard
practice used in hospitals and as per guiding principle supplied by BPL Company with
the instrument.
The locations on the subjects body to be used for placement of electrodes were
cleaned using diluted dettol. The hairs on the site were removed or shaved if required.
Electrodes to be used were cleaned by antiseptic liquid or any cleaning liquid/ material
before use.
Chest electrode having rubber valve is kept on left side of chest position.
Conducting electrode jelly used for making good contact in between skin and electrodes.
These electrodes had capability to sense the signals generated due to cardiac activity.
They transmit these signals to electrical circuitry through cable of ECG machine. These
signals are supplied to recording system of machine and finally waveforms can be seen
on strip of paper coming out from pen recorder. ECG paper traces the signal on the basis
of thermal recording.
Electrocardiograms were almost consistently recorded on graph paper with
horizontal and vertical lines at 2 mm intervals with a thicker line at 10 mm intervals. For
routine work, the paper recording speed was 25 mm/sec. Amplitude measurements was
made vertically in mV. The sensitivity selected was typically set at 10 mm/mV. Four
electrodes, two limb electrodes on legs (LL, RL), two limb electrodes on arm (LA, RA)
were placed. One suction cup electrode (chest electrode) was positioned near the SA node
of heart as per standard procedure used in hospitals by cardiologist with suitable
application of jelly.
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Table 3.6: HR in various modes of mobile for a group of 20-30 years old
Subject
Gen
Age
No
der
years
V+R
22
72
79
85
61
99
28
73
72
77
72
67
20
90
84
86
88
83
20
84
67
67
66
67
21
92
104
103
99
105
22
60
61
66
60
60
20
80
76
77
80
76
25
72
73
60
73
70
27
69
86
87
76
84
10
28
75
78
74
76
77
11
29
81
87
82
84
85
12
28
78
83
88
89
85
13
29
77
79
82
81
79
14
22
77
74
67
75
73
15
23
72
83
70
86
84
16
21
75
81
80
69
77
17
20
71
73
74
68
72
18
22
80
81
77
83
82
19
24
70
90
94
72
83
20
25
70
71
79
78
74
Mean
23.8
75.9
79.1
78.75
76.8
79.1
S.D.
3.3
7.40
9.21
10.28
9.80
10.50
S.E
0.738
1.65
2.06
230
2.19
2.35
0.233
0.321
0.744
0.272
p value
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Table 3.7: HR of in various modes of mobile for a group of 30-40 years old
Subject
Gender
Age
years
38
85
88
85
77
78
36
63
69
68
66
67
34
75
85
89
85
85
35
80
75
74
73
69
33
67
63
64
64
64
34
84
81
84
88
77
31
78
77
80
77
76
33
70
71
68
73
70
34
70
96
66
75
96
10
36
68
86
74
76
86
11
38
93
94
97
98
93
12
33
76
75
74
76
74
13
36
77
83
75
77
76
14
34
91
84
84
85
86
15
37
73
85
90
90
88
16
35
93
86
99
84
88
17
38
85
88
79
85
86
18
36
88
84
86
84
77
19
32
96
78
92
90
78
20
38
74
84
76
81
83
No
Mean
35.05
79.3
81.1
80.2
80.2
79.85
S.D.
2.11
9.67
8.15
10.15
8.36
8.69
S.E
0.472
2.16
1.82
2.27
1.87
1.94
0.421
0.776
0.755
0.851
p value
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Analysis method:
The recorded data obtained from above study was transferred to the computer in order to
compare the results obtained before mobile phone (control observations) and results
obtained when the mobile phone was used in various tones. For analysis purpose online
statistical t test for paired group was performed for significance.
Students t test
It is a tool of examining hypothesis involving an average of a short data sample
drawn from usually dispersed population when the S.D. (standard deviation) is not
known. The test is employed for two similar situations equal number of parameters, in
pair, sample number of less than 30 and the variance is unknown. It has remarkable
contribution in testing hypothesis of sampling appropriate in case of small samples
[124].
It is customary to plan a null hypothesis in the beginning. Null hypothesis states
that there is no effectual disparity between the mean of experimental sample and mean of
hypothesized sample. It means that any observed dissimilarity is due only to chance.
Commonly a t-test can be two-sided (also named as two-tailed), affirming that the means
are different, or one-sided, indicating experimental mean may be larger or smaller than
the hypothetical mean.
A statistical p value is the probability of finding the experimental effect. It can
be established under a null hypothesis which tells that either a hypothesis of no effect
of the interference or no dissimilarities during the effect of interference among studies.
Therefore, very small p value shows that the observed experiential effect is most unlikely
to appear only by chance. Therefore, it gives proof against the null hypothesis. It is
regular exercise to understand p value by finding whether it is lesser than particular
threshold value. For most of the cases, p values less than 0.05 are frequently interpreted
as statistically significant and recognized as being small enough to validate refusal of the
null hypothesis.
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The data shown in the previous tables are interpreted in considering above points.
Analysis of the data and significant value for male and female separately for 30-40 years
old age group are shown in Table 3.8. Similarly, vvariation in the heart rate and p value
of 20-30 years old age group study is shown in Table 3.9.
Table 3.8: Variation in the HR and p value of 30-40 years old age group study
Gender Parameter
Male
R+V
Mean
74
79.1
75.2
75.4
76.8
S.D.
7.54
9.99
8.84
7.35
9.94
S.E.
2.39
3.16
2.80
2.32
3.14
0.214
0.748
0.697
0.487
P value
Female
Mean
84.6
84.4
85.2
85
82.9
S.D.
8.83
5.12
9.15
6.52
6.32
S.E.
2.79
1.63
2.89
2.06
1.997
0.879
0.883
0.910
0.6273
p value
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Table 3.9: Variation in the HR and p value of 20-30 years old age group
study
Gender Parameters
Male
R+V
Mean
76.7
78
78.2
75.1
78.8
S.D.
9.85
11.79
12.59
11.96
4.37
S.E.
3.12
3.73
3.98
3.78
4.55
0.792
0.770
0.748
0.708
P value
Female
Mean
75.1
80.2
79.3
78.5
79.4
S.D.
4.12
6.11
8.01
7.29
5.10
S.E.
1.30
1.93
2.53
2.31
1.61
0.0420
0.158
0.216
0.052
P value
The data obtained is significant for female volunteers of age group 20-30 years
old for silent mode and simultaneous ring tone and vibration tone. For male volunteers of
the same age group and both gender of 30-40 years group, the data collected is not
statistically significant. This may be due to heterogeneity of the groups due to variation in
the age. But the maximum variation in heart rate on average basis is 6.67%. At individual
level these variation ranges from 1.4 % to 37.14 %. The changes are due to anatomy of
heart and electrical activity generated by heart muscle.
Considering the results obtained in the above table, it was decided to concentrate
the study on the youngsters group of minimum standard deviation in the age. A group of
40 young volunteers (subjects) of age 22.12.12 year was selected for the purpose. The
data was obtained (as in the previous method) is shown in the Table 3.10.
Page
134134
Gender
No
V+R
78
78
85
61
98
72
70
75
72
65
78
66
77
76
80
70
54
72
70
68
70
61
75
96
66
59
59
62
60
58
79
75
80
79
76
72
82
77
83
70
79
92
78
80
71
10
63
69
69
64
67
11
63
69
69
66
67
12
80
74
74
74
68
13
66
63
67
65
64
14
68
86
74
75
84
15
70
79
69
71
72
16
73
79
78
72
81
17
74
76
75
78
89
18
78
81
80
79
79
19
71
78
75
79
73
20
70
78
75
79
74
21
77
74
67
75
72
22
72
84
71
87
83
23
70
74
78
71
79
24
76
75
75
76
73
25
78
83
75
77
75
26
79
84
76
78
76
Page 135
27
73
86
90
87
86
28
74
88
89
88
87
29
75
78
74
76
79
30
68
86
74
75
84
31
76
81
80
69
76
32
80
81
78
83
81
33
80
83
84
86
81
34
78
85
89
82
88
35
77
68
81
79
82
36
85
86
85
88
79
37
88
77
84
84
86
38
85
74
81
81
83
39
74
83
81
84
75
40
70
83
72
90
94
Mean
74.2
77.05
76.25
77.38
77.23
SD
6.09
8.46
6.26
8.05
8.57
SE
0.96
1.34
0.99
1.27
1.36
0.8778
0 .0687
0.05023
0.0728
Table 3.10 indicates that p value is approaching toward significant level when cell
phone is used in ring tone. However, the data is on the threshold of significance when
mobile phone is in the vibrating mode. Thus, when mobile phone is in vibrating mode
and mobile phone is placed neat chest, even an exposure of 30 second can affect heart
rate of healthy volunteer.
The ECG recording machine (Cardiart 108 DIGI) used in the experiments can
records only ECG waveforms which are helpful in calculating heart rate. To understand
the total effect, it is essential to records other parameters like respiration rate, pulse rate,
BP, SpO2 along with heart rate also. In the next experiments ECG machine is replaced by
another machine named as multi parameter Caddo 19 B.
Page
136136
Page
137137
3.5.3
carried out to observe the effect of continuous communication using mobile phone on
cardiovascular system of young and healthy volunteers. Participants selected (n=25) were
physically fit of age 21.8 years ( 2.04). The criteria used for exclusion of students were:
1. Volunteers on medical treatment.
2. Occurrence of any rigorous cardiovascular syndrome together with arterial
hypertension in the volunteers.
3. Volunteers having any pains of neurological system and metabolism of body that
could affect heart rate and serious arrhythmias.
4. Volunteers addicted for smoking and habited for alcoholism
Systolic and diastolic BP was noted for all selected volunteers using Diamond
Sphygmomanometer deluxe model as shown in Fig.3.12. The physical parameters like
BMI, BMR, fats were recorded using body fat monitor (Model HBF 306). These
parameters are useful to assess healthiness of volunteers. From these parameters,
volunteers with normal health were included in the study. It is ensured that volunteers
included in study were using cellular phone for more than 3 years earlier to the study.
They were receiving 150 calls per month on an average.
After informal discussion with volunteers included in the study, it has been
observed that they were using the cellular phones for about 9- 10 hours per month. It has
been also noticed that average time of each mobile phone call was 3 minutes for each
call. The have averagely dialed 5 calls per day and maximum 150 calls per month.
Mobiles phones were also used by them for sending SMS, using features like whats up,
face book, camera and video facility for taking pictures, storing them and entertainments
like hearing music. Necessary consents for the study were obtained from all students
included in the study.
All subjects were informed to avoid drinks like caffeinated drinks. They are also
asked not to have unnecessary activities together with physical exercises and aerobatics
Ph.D. Thesis- Sakharam Damu Aghav, JJT University, Rajasthan
Page
138138
within 12 hours prior the collecting data. They were also informed not to have food or tea
prior to experiments. Volunteers were given information regarding the equipments being
used for examining the health parameters, procedure of study and experimentation. The
study was completed in a silent, airy and spacious room in seating position as shown in
Figure 3.15.
The recording of respiratory rate (RR) & SpO2 along with SBP, DBP, HR, and
pulse rate (PR) of a volunteer under observation was completed with the help of simple
six channel multipara monitor of Scientech Company of Model Caddo 19B. The machine
was capable recording and displaying very important signals like ECG wave form, heart
rate, respiratory rate, SpO2 and pulse oximetry pattern , NIBP, dual-temp, NIBP and
CO2. It showed all these parameters on the screen simultaneously. Four sensors
combined in a cable were employed for measurement make the unit competent of
keeping of physical parameters. For measurement of BP, cuff was used as in previous
measurement using sphygmomanometer.
Recordings of health parameters were carried out for about 20 minute during 10
am 11 am every day under same circumstances, at the same position of the study and in
sitting situation. Pilot study was carried out for continuous one hour communication. The
time of maximum exposure was determined by observing effect of one hour of exposure.
Readings were taken prior to the mobile call (control), after 10 minutes with a cellular
phone used continuously (exposure for 10 min) and 20 min after continuous talk on
mobile (exposure of 20 min). During the experimentation, each volunteer was receiving
exposure of radiation released by 1,800 MHz frequency band cell phone detained in the
right hand as shown in Fig.3.15.
The mobile hand set used for the experiment was GSM Karbonn A1+ model,
easily available in market. The SAR value for model Karbonn A1+ phone experienced by
the ear is 0.633 W/kg was obtained from battery inside the mobile set. The mobile phone
was kept in on position during period of conducting experiments so that the
consequence of logging into the mobile networking at the maximal release of radiation
could be evaded.
Page
139139
SBP
DBP
RR
HR
SpO2
Pulse
rate
Temp
oC
101
71
19
81
89
75
33.2
102
67
26
68
99
78
33.1
10
96
64
14
67
85
78
32.9
15
96
69
17
70
90
77
32.4
20
94
68
24
68
99
74
32.2
25
94
71
71
96
75
32.3
30
95
64
21
71
84
75
32.2
35
98
66
25
70
88
76
32.1
40
98
69
16
71
91
75
32
45
99
75
10
67
97
82
32.1
50
96
69
16
71
97
78
32.1
55
97
68
12
63
98
80
32
60
97
72
16
79
97
79
32
Page
140140
Table 3.12 represents data for a female volunteer. It indicated that BP decreased
for 20 minutes and showed steady trend after 20 minutes. In case of heart rate, pulse rate
and SpO2 trend was oscillating. The change after 20 minutes was 7.0 % in SBP, 4.2% in
DBP, 26% in RR, 16% in HR and 11.2% in SpO2.
All the parameter showed consistent trend for 20 minutes. Hence mobile exposure
of 20 min was given to other volunteers included in the study. Both receiver and caller
were discussing on normal issues. Caller was in another nearby laboratory and he was
informed about the study. Most of the callers were from the study group of the
experiment. Table 3.12 shows percentage change in various parameters after 20 min, 40
min and 60 min.
Table 3.12: Percentage variation in health parameters for one hour exposure of
mobile phone during talking
Parameter
40 minutes
60 minutes
6.93
2.97
3.96
Diastolic blood
4.23
2.80
1.39
Respiration rate
26.32
15.79
15.79
Heart rate
16.04
12.24
2.45
SpO2
11.24
2.2
8.99
Pulse rate
1.3
5.33
Temperature
3.01
3.61
3.61
pressure
The entire parameters show decreasing trend except SpO2. The variation after 20
exposure minute is more evident at individual level. Change in various parameters for 25
volunteers after exposure of mobile phone communication for 20 minute are shown in
various tables i.e. variation in blood pressures is shown in Table 3.13, respiration rate,
heart rate in Table 3.14 and pulse rate and SpO2 in Table 3.15 respectively..
Page
141141
Gen
der
Age
BMI
BMR
FATs
SBP in mm of Hg
DBP in mm of Hg
year
kg/m2
kcal
0
min
10
min
20
min
0
min
10
min
20
min
22
24.2
1679
27.3
151
164
151
95
121
108
21
18.1
1307
11.9
112
124
135
73
71
68
24
17.9
1124
17
103
113
113
64
77
62
22
16.9
1333
14.9
142
149
139
83
82
89
22
24.8
1928
24.5
134
134
141
82
85
102
20
26.1
1301
39.5
95
109
105
63
68
67
22
17.4
1296
12.9
109
111
109
70
72
74
22
21.9
1537
19.3
119
135
127
86
75
75
22
20.1
1456
14.8
122
110
122
65
68
63
10
23
23.5
1612
28.6
125
138
132
82
85
82
11
28
25.7
1390
31.2
98
112
111
61
68
70
12
24
18.5
1040
22.8
96
94
101
68
63
65
13
18
19.2
1080
23.7
110
107
116
72
82
72
14
18
19.6
1132
25.6
117
132
110
78
86
81
15
22
22.1
1333
27.4
105
109
110
62
74
71
16
21
33.2
1828
43.6
110
104
108
73
70
73
17
20
19.7
1150
29.3
100
108
119
56
65
76
18
22
17.3
1023
20.2
94
94
96
70
69
71
19
20
16
986
16.4
101
96
94
71
64
68
20
22
16.1
953
16.6
99
99
114
59
65
78
21
21
20.3
1260
29.6
111
114
120
72
81
80
22
22
15.5
964
17.5
96
89
91
63
64
71
23
24
18.1
1077
22.6
109
102
104
74
72
69
24
23
18.3
1150
24.5
109
104
105
72
72
73
25
20
19.6
1202
24.7
108
105
108
66
63
71
21.8
20.4
1285
23.46
111
114.2
115.24
71.2
74.48
2.04
4.05
265
7.79
Mean
75.22
Page 142
Age
year
Gen
der
RR per minute
0 min
10 min
20 min
0 min
10 min
20 min
22
19
26
34
106
120
123
21
12
12
91
93
127
24
19
21
15
79
99
116
22
12
17
12
68
103
88
22
21
12
18
87
92
98
30
25
12
69
77
78
22
18
16
12
68
78
90
22
17
18
15
78
89
103
22
12
18
19
72
83
88
10
23
19
22
22
72
91
90
11
28
20
16
18
83
88
94
12
24
15
16
20
73
77
88
13
18
14
21
13
96
79
81
14
18
27
21
18
104
113
98
15
22
16
13
12
91
106
103
16
21
18
12
12
87
95
85
17
20
16
15
10
88
84
97
18
22
19
16
16
92
101
101
19
20
19
14
24
81
67
68
20
22
10
14
23
92
88
88
21
21
24
11
14
99
92
93
22
22
15
20
17
93
86
96
23
24
18
13
22
88
103
112
24
23
19
16
15
92
103
104
25
20
13
13
10
78
83
92
17.48
16.08
16.48
85.08
91.6
96.04
Mean
21.8
2.04
Page 143
Sr.
No.
Gender
Age
year
PR
per minute
SpO2
0 min
10 min
20 min
0 min
10 min
20 min
22
138
129
124
99
99
99
21
91
87
72
99
99
99
24
73
86
68
97
97
98
22
100
99
105
97
99
99
22
99
97
120
99
99
99
30
72
80
76
99
97
98
22
79
78
84
98
98
98
22
95
86
98
99
99
99
22
81
82
75
97
98
99
10
23
92
98
92
97
97
97
11
28
72
73
76
97
99
99
12
24
78
74
79
97
99
98
13
18
85
88
86
98
98
98
14
18
94
98
92
98
97
97
15
22
77
84
77
99
98
98
16
21
81
83
80
98
98
99
17
20
73
78
96
99
98
98
18
22
73
81
80
94
91
91
19
20
75
78
74
89
85
99
20
22
66
70
88
86
84
95
21
21
79
97
89
94
95
94
22
22
70
72
81
98
98
98
23
24
94
82
76
99
99
99
24
23
83
89
90
99
99
99
25
20
80
73
82
98
98
98
Mean
21.8
84
85.68
86.4
96.96
96.72
97.8
2.04
Page 144
Analysis: Analysis of data was done using online software students t test. The
comparison of various health parameters is as shown in Table 3.16.
Table 3.16: Comparison of p value after exposure of mobile phone
Health
parameter
Exposure
Time
Mean
S.D.
S.E
SBP
0 min(N)
111
14.66
2.93
mm of Hg
10 min
114.2
18.40
3.68
0.49
20 min
115.24
15.23
3.047
0.32
DBP
0 min(N)
71.2
9.25
1.85
mm of Hg
10 min
74.48
12.16
2.43
0.2885
20 min
75.216
10.89
2.17
0.1724
RR
0 min(N)
17.48
4.13
16.48
per minute
10 min
16.08
4.05
5.62
0.2347
20 min
16.48
5.12
1.12
0.4786
HR
0 min(N)
85.08
10.98
2.19
beats per
minutes
10 min
91.6
12.35
2.47
0.0544
20 min
96.04
13.46
2.69
0.0027
PR
0 min(N)
84
14.78
2.95
per minute
10 min
85.68
12.56
2.51
0.667
20 min
86.4
13.89
2.77
0.5572
0 min(N)
96.96
3.19
0.63
10 min
96.72
4.057
0.81
0.8172
20 min
97.8
1.89
0.378
0.2636
SpO2 in %
p value
Page
145145
Parameters
Coefficient of
Interpretation
correlation
Age and BMI
0.0878
0.1147
-0.0517
0.7902
0.8266
0.3976
Page
146146
There is strong positive correlation between BMI - BMR and very strong correlation
between BMI-fats. For other parameters the relation is weak. These correlations are
represented by Fig. 3.16.
Coefficient of correlation
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Age - Fats
Age - BMI
Age - BMR
BMR - fats
BMI - BMR
BMI - Fats
Parameters
Page
147147
3.5.4
Selection of Site
The radiation emitted due to high voltage powerline (HVPL) may be hazardous
to human being. Electromagnetic field produced by HVPL produced in a house depends
on the particular arrangement of powerline and tower near house, its distance from house,
wiring configuration of the wires inside the house and the current flowing through these
wires [111]. Present study was conducted in Pune city. A Transmission powerline of
voltage 132 kV (Fig.3.17) near Sangvi of Pune city (M.S.) was selected for the study.
Method
The experiments described in this work were carried in December 2013. A group
of 20 young volunteers (10 males and 10 females) was selected for study of effect of high
voltage powerline on health parameters. Students with heart disease, showing abnormal
electrocardiogram and having disease such as hypertension neurologic problems were not
included in the study. Instructions were given to candidate about pre experimental care as
discussed in the previous experiments. Participants were asked not to take any hot or
cold drinks prior to experiments. They are also informed not to eat chocolate and not to
accept any mobile call during experiments to avoid any disturbance which can affect the
blood pressure, heart rate any cardiovascular parameters.
Controlled observations were carried in temperature-controlled silent laboratory at
room temperature (23C) in morning at 8.30 am -9.00 am in sitting position on wooden
chair. The parameters under study were noted using Caddo 19B multipara monitor. The
volunteer is asked to sit below tower line in the college campus on a wooden chair. The
health parameters were recorded after every five minutes for 30 minutes. The
experimental arrangement was as shown in Figure 3.18.
Page
148148
Page
149149
For Statistical analysis purpose, the collected data were entered to computer.
Using
online t test calculator and Pearson correlation coefficient the measurements were
analyzed statistically as the following
Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and the Probability (p) were used to measure
the strength correlation between the EMR pollution and the dependant variables, before
and after exposure to EMR.
Table 3.19 represents variation in BP with time when volunteer sits under
powerline. Table 3.20 represents variation in RR and HR with time and Table 3.21
represent variation in PR and SpO2 with time. These observations were noted for 20
volunteers.
Mean value of the parameters, standard deviation (S.D.) and standard error (S.E.)
were calculated. Statistical p value was also calculated and shown in the Table 3.18 for
10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes exposure of electromagnetic field respectively.
Page
150150
Table 3.18: Variation in BP with time when volunteers sit under HVPL
N
o
Gend
er
Age
Yea
r
Time
SBP
DBP
0 min
After
After
After
After
After
After
Control
10 min
20 min
30 min
min
10 min
20 min
30min
20
110
114
119
118
63
67
67
69
21
110
96
96
98
91
65
67
63
21
116
115
116
116
84
77
81
77
21
100
107
102
101
65
69
62
63
20
95
103
110
108
66
74
74
67
18
100
105
105
108
60
60
60
59
18
117
104
100
101
72
58
59
62
21
113
109
110
104
71
74
77
76
23
98
99
93
101
72
66
68
67
10
22
106
112
109
128
67
70
82
86
11
19
105
108
102
101
61
58
65
65
12
21
118
113
116
115
81
71
82
72
13
21
128
114
116
110
86
80
77
80
14
21
138
110
127
127
89
96
79
80
15
26
144
121
127
130
86
88
79
87
16
19
120
124
120
122
67
65
76
63
17
21
119
112
123
110
82
73
70
72
18
20
110
109
112
107
50
68
66
68
19
22
114
114
108
100
66
75
73
72
20
18
111
115
113
118
62
74
74
74
Mean
20.65
113.6
110.2
111.2
111.15
72.05
71.4
71.9
71.1
S.D.
1.87
12.504
6.779
9.633
10.106
11.399
9.35
7.333
7.993
S. E.
0.418
2.796
1.5159
2.154
2.26
2.5489
2.09
1.64
1.787
0.2918
0.5006
0.4997
0.8447
0.9607
0.7619
p value
Page 151
Table 3.19: Variation in RR and HR with time when volunteers sit under HVPL
Sr.
No
Gen
der
Age
Year
Time
0
min
10
min
20
min
30
min
HR
Beats per minute
0
min
10
min
20
min
30
min
20
16
10
17
19
96
81
74
74
21
17
18
10
11
70
75
73
73
21
18
16
15
16
90
85
85
85
21
21
21
14
21
93
93
91
93
20
18
16
18
13
87
98
90
85
18
18
19
16
17
84
93
84
82
18
18
15
18
18
86
67
75
79
21
14
18
21
18
93
81
83
81
23
20
18
13
14
84
87
92
89
10
22
18
17
16
18
78
82
95
94
11
19
20
19
20
20
65
67
69
73
12
21
16
18
14
13
75
78
72
78
13
21
19
19
19
19
79
82
82
77
14
21
13
19
13
16
78
83
68
68
15
26
20
18
19
18
73
74
70
76
16
19
15
18
20
18
70
71
74
72
17
21
20
18
17
19
88
81
86
72
18
20
21
19
12
19
94
97
92
96
19
22
20
14
15
19
103
89
94
97
20
18
14
15
16
18
92
95
93
95
Mean
20.65
17.8
17.25
16.15
17.2
83.9
82.95
82.1
81.95
S.D.
1.87
2.441
2.403
2.943
2.608
10.125
9.3498
9.39
9.265
S. E.
0.418
0.546
0.537
0.658
0.583
2.264
2.091
2.1
2.072
0.477
0.061
0.457
0.7596
0.776
0.529
Page 152
Table 3.20: Variation in PR and SpO2 with time when volunteers sit under HVPL
Sr.
No
Gen
der
Age
Year
Exposure Time
Pulse Rate(PR)
per min
SpO2
( % saturated oxygen)
0
min
10
min
20
min
30
min
0
min
10
min
20
min
30
min
20
76
80
83
80
96
97
99
99
21
94
73
73
72
98
98
97
98
21
92
84
89
85
98
98
97
98
21
73
78
74
73
97
95
97
96
20
77
79
80
78
94
99
98
98
18
67
79
71
77
97
74
98
98
18
84
67
76
76
73
79
83
95
21
82
84
83
82
98
98
98
98
23
81
72
76
80
81
98
97
99
10
22
80
79
91
93
96
99
99
98
11
19
76
72
73
74
98
94
98
98
12
21
96
85
89
81
95
96
98
98
13
21
100
85
89
87
98
99
99
99
14
21
104
99
90
89
84
90
85
90
15
26
101
94
97
95
96
97
97
97
16
19
73
81
87
83
97
97
98
98
17
21
87
84
74
80
98
99
98
98
18
20
76
78
77
77
98
97
86
98
19
22
102
84
82
90
98
94
78
98
20
18
87
87
99
88
99
98
98
99
Mean
20.65
85.4
81.2
82.65
82
94.45
94.8
94.9
97.5
S.D.
1.87
11.14
7.431
8.387
6.625
6.878
6.685
6.299
2.013
S. E.
0.418
2.49
1.661
1.875
1.481
1.538
1.495
1.408
0.45
0.169
0.383
0.248
0.871
0.830
0.065
Page 153
By sitting 30 minutes under powerline it had observed that the changes in health
parameters is not significant at p < 0.05 level.
Page
154154
Page
155155
b). Subjects
Forty healthy male volunteers of age group 18 to 23 years were selected for the
study as per availability in the respective site and method of recording observations
experimentation. By measuring their physical condition and health parameters like
temperature and BP, normal cases were selected for further experiments. The detailed
information about nature, purpose of the experiments and methodology was informed to
the volunteers included in the study. Their approval for the participation in the
experiment was taken.
Inclusion criteria for selection of volunteers for geopathic stress study
In this study 40 male within the age group of 18-23 years from semi urban
backgrounds, enrolled in the Arts Science and Commerce College were included. The
colleges included in the study were situated near to one another. Selected volunteers were
are healthy and not suffering from any major illness. These volunteers were residing near
to the site selected for study. From selected volunteers, four groups are formed for
observations at four sites.
Exclusion criteria:
Elimination criterion adopted for selection of volunteers is described below.
Volunteers having abnormal electrocardiogram or using heart medicine, having
disease such as hypertension, congenital heart disease, heart operation background,
pacemaker user were not included in the study. Subjects suffering from any major illness
like, any serious chest disease, asthma, respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease that
could influence heart rate variability were excluded from the study. Any person, staff,
visitor, worker, etc. not studying in the above mentioned colleges were not included in
the study for sake of convenience. Similarly any student having an age lower than 18
years and above 23 years was excluded as major studies reported in the thesis are on
young volunteers. Female volunteers are not included in the study because of their refusal
to lie down on the site of geopathic stress study and inconvenience in the positioning
electrodes on body.
Page
156156
c). Method:
The recording of RR & SpO2 along with SBP, DBP, HR and temperature of a
volunteer under observation was conducted with the help of simple 6 channel multipara
monitor-Model Caddo 19B. It has five electrodes or sensor attached to machine with
cable for recording the parameters. The instrument records heart rate, respiration rate,
temperature, SpO2, pulse rate, blood pressure parameters at the same time. Heart rate
variability was calculated by observing ECG pattern, pulse rate and heart rate [125].
The volunteer was asked to lie down in relax position in non geopathic stressed
(NGS) zone for 20 minutes in a silent room as shown in Fig.3.21. The recording for all
health parameter were completed for every five min for each volunteer. Recording of
health parameters under study was recorded for 20 minutes continuously. Then volunteer
was asked to sleep in geopathic zone (GS), a site selected by dowsing method for 20
minutes. By positioning the electrodes at the position used in controlled observations, all
above parameters were noted after every five minute.
The same procedure was repeated on four sites selected in Pune city of
Maharashtra state as shown in Fig.3.22 for another groups of volunteers from respective
areas. The data obtained from each site and each volunteer was entered in to computer
and analyzed by online t test software for students as used in earlier study reported in the
thesis. The considerable effect was tested at level p < 0.05. Following tables shows
measurement in tabulated form.
All the measurements of parameters SBP, DBP, RR, HR and SpO2 and body
temperature in the geopathic zone from site I near Sangvi area of Pune are shown in
Table 3.21. Similarly, Table 3.22 shows measurements of above parameters in the
geopathic zone from site II near Kondhawa in Pune city. Table 3.23 shows measurements
of above parameters in the geopathic zone from site III near Pimpri in Pimpri Chinchwad
corporation area. The table 3.23 indicates changes in SBP, DBP, RR, HR and SpO2 and
body temperature at from site IV Akurdi site in Pimpri Chinchwad area.
Page
157157
Page
158158
SBP
DBP
HR
RR
Temp
SpO2
No
NG
S
GS
NG
S
GS
NG
S
GS
NG
S
GS
NG
S
109
105
73
83
57
44
14
13
35.4
34
98
98
117
100
64
70
80
66
26
22
34.7
32.9
97
96
114
97
64
52
90
73
14
16
35
32.9
96
96
109
87
73
67
61
48
20
18
34.9
34.5
97
96
144
103
73
62
90
72
13
10
34.4
33.8
99
96
124
116
62
56
99
72
28
21
35.8
35.2
97
96
111
101
69
55
68
60
19
11
35.3
34.6
96
95
123
104
70
67
67
54
17
19
35.1
34.6
99
97
113
97
62
58
93
74
25
20
35.3
34.6
98
96
10
140
116
66
65
85
63
25
13
35.4
34.2
99
97
Mean
120
102.6
67.6
63.2
79
62.2
20.1
16.3
35.1
34.13
97.6
96.3
S.D.
12.55
8.71
4.55
9.08
14.71
10.89
5.59
4.32
0.40
0.752
1.17
0.82
S.E.
3.97
2.75
1.44
2.87
4.65
3.44
1.77
1.37
0.13
0.238
0.37
0.26
GS
NG
S
GS
P
value
0.0017
0.218
0.011
0.106
0.0016
0.010
At site I, all measured parameters showed decreasing trend when subject stays in
geopathic zone for 20 minutes. Following changes have been noticed
1. Decrease in SBP by 8.55% and DBP by 6.5%
2. Decrease in heart rate by 21.26%
3. Decrease in respiration rate by 18.9%
4. Decrease in body temperature 2.76%
5. Decrease in SpO2 by 1.33%
6. The variation in SBP, heart rate, temperature and SpO2 are statistically significant
while variations in DBP and RR are insignificant at p <0.05 level.
Page
159159
SBP
NG
DBP
GS
NG
HR
GS
RR
NG
GS
NG
Temp
GS
NG
SpO2
GS
NG
GS
11
112
115
66
55
65
59
14
10
35.9
33
96
95
12
129
120
74
62
70
61
26
21
34.8
34.2
99
97
13
146
130
69
55
84
77
14
13
34.7
33.6
98
95
14
127
119
67
54
69
76
20
15
34.9
32.8
99
97
15
133
116
82
59
75
68
13
10
35
33.5
95
92
16
125
110
72
65
68
59
28
16
34.2
33.5
98
97
17
113
102
65
56
89
93
19
12
35.8
32.9
99
97
18
111
105
62
55
66
71
17
20
34.9
33.5
98
95
19
145
131
75
65
72
65
25
20
34.3
33.1
97
96
20
120
113
69
55
71
68
25
10
34.5
33.2
98
96
Mean
126.1
116.1
70.1
58.1
72.9
69.7
20.1
14.7
34.9
33.33
97.7
95.7
S.D.
12.68
9.48
5.82
4.36
7.80
10.38
5.59
4.40
0.57
0.42
1.34
1.57
S.E.
4.01
2.99
1.84
1.38
2.47
3.28
1.76
1.39
0.18
0.13
0.42
0.50
5.79
p
0.061
E-5
0.446
0.027
1.36
0.006
E-6
Page
160160
SBP
No
NG
21
DBP
GS
NG
105
98
22
138
23
153
24
HR
GS
NG
59
55
126
64
144
97
127
116
25
121
26
RR
GS
NG
76
79
57
66
89
82
67
64
113
67
122
112
27
120
28
Temp
SpO2
GS
NG
23
19
34.3
33.5
98
98
58
33
13
34.8
33.9
97
96
72
34
15
34.5
34
95
96
76
70
14
11
33.9
35
97
96
66
81
75
33
20
33.9
33.1
99
96
68
63
81
69
19
14
33.9
33.4
97
96
114
75
72
72
67
16
28
34.9
32.9
94
93
126
117
65
62
70
62
15
17
34.1
35.4
99
97
29
119
112
63
54
60
55
25
22
34
33.5
98
96
30
119
110
64
52
78
70
15
12
34.9
33.5
98
97
Mean
125
116.2
68.9
63.4
74.2
67.7
22.7
17.1
34.3
33.8
97.2
96.1
12.82
11.97
10.70
10.90
7.19
7.45
8.15
5.26
0.42
0.80
1.62
1.29
4.06
3.79
3.84
3.45
2.27
2.36
2.58
0.134
0.25
0.51
0.41
S.D.
S.E.
p
0.13
0.270
0.063
GS
1.66
0.0846
NG
GS
0.098
0.011
Third site is 20 km away from second and 12 km away from first site. Following changes
were observed.
1. Decrease in SBP by 7.04% and DBP by 7.98%
2. Decrease in heart rate by 8.76%
3. Decrease in respiration rate by 24.67%
4. Decrease in body temperature 1.46%
5. Decrease in SpO2 by 1.13%
6. All changes are statistically insignificant except %SpO2.
Page
161161
SBP
NG
DBP
GS
NG
HR
GS
NG
RR
GS
NG
Temp
GS
NG
SpO2
GS
NG
GS
31
116
103
49
55
71
64
29
34
34.5
34
98
98
32
109
103
64
52
89
80
24
39
34.4
34.2
99
97
33
121
110
73
61
78
65
24
14
34.6
34.4
99
96
34
113
103
55
60
77
73
19
14
34.8
34.4
98
97
35
105
100
59
50
69
76
33
35
34.3
34.4
99
99
36
123
113
67
67
71
62
34
35
34.8
33.4
100
97
37
126
124
86
74
80
75
19
18
33.1
34.4
97
96
38
128
113
64
68
78
70
27
17
33.6
34.8
99
98
39
110
102
58
64
73
64
20
17
33.5
33
99
98
40
104
95
62
59
76
70
18
13
35
33.3
98
97
Mean
115.5
106.6
63.7
61
76.2
69.9
24.7
23.6
34.26
34.03
98.6
97.3
S.D.
8.66
8.40
10.24
7.50
5.79
6.06
5.89
10.65
0.64
0.59
0.84
0.95
S.E.
2.74
2.65
3.24
2.37
1.83
1.92
1.86
3.37
0.20
0.19
0.027
0.3
0.0314
0.510
0.029
0.778
0.415
0.005
Fourth site is 25 km away from second and 10 km away from third site. Following
changes were observed.
1. Decrease in SBP by 7.70% and DBP by 4.2%
2. Decrease in heart rate by 8.27%
3. Decrease in respiration rate by 4.45%
4. Decrease in body temperature 1.46%
5. Decrease in SpO2 by 0.67%
6. Changes in the systolic blood pressure, heart rate and saturated oxygen
(SpO2) statistically insignificant while changes in SBP, HR, SPO2 are
statistically insignificant at p <0.05 level.
Page
162162
For observing the combined effect of all the health parameters measured from the four
sites a comparison for the significance of study at p < 0.05 for all four sites is indicated in
Table 3.25.
SBP
DBP
HR
RR
Temp
SpO2
Site I
NS
Site II
TS
NS
Site III
NS
NS
TS
NS
NS
Site IV
NS
NS
NS
S: Significant
Page
163163
The significance of the study leads to the conclusion stress due to geopathic zone
affects the regular functioning of the human body showing variation in BP and HR and
SpO2. Though GS doesnt cause any serious illness, it may affect defense mechanism of
body. It may lower the capability of white blood cell to fight against bacteria and viruses
if entered in the body.
In this investigation, the volunteers stayed in GS zone for 20 minutes only.
However, it is believed that for additional study they might be exposed for a longer time
to the GS zone say 6-8 hours (especially during sleeping period).
Page
164164