Shopping Mall

Shopping mall
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Interior of the Toronto Eaton Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

A shopping mall, shopping centre, shopping precinct or simply mall is one or more buildings
forming a complex of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways
enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking area a modern, indoor
version of the traditional marketplace.
Modern "car-friendly" strip malls developed from the 1920s, and shopping malls corresponded
with the rise of suburban living in many parts of the Western World, especially the United States,
after World War II. From early on, the design tended to be inward-facing, with malls following
theories of how customers could best be enticed in a controlled environment. Similar, the
concept of a mall having one or more "anchor" or "big box" stores was pioneered early, with
individual stores or smaller-scale chain stores intended to benefit from the shoppers attracted by
the big stores.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Regional differences
2 History
o 2.1 Early examples
o 2.2 Largest examples
3 Classes
o 3.1 Regional
o 3.2 Super regional
o 3.3 Outlet
4 Components
o 4.1 Food court
o 4.2 Department stores
o 4.3 Stand-alone stores
5 Dead malls
6 New trends
o 6.1 Vertical malls
7 Shopping property management firms
8 New towns
9 Legal issues
10 See also
o 10.1 Types of shopping facilities
o 10.2 Planning concepts
o 10.3 Lists of malls
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
[edit] Regional differences

In most of the world the term shopping centre is used, especially in Europe, Australasia and
South America; however shopping mall is also used, predominantly in North America[2] and the
Philippines. Outside of North America, shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In
North America, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is
generally abbreviated to simply mall), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail
complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials and
have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.[2]
Shopping arcade in Tokyo, Japan

Shopping centres in the United Kingdom can be referred to as "shopping centres", "shopping
precincts", or "town centres". The standard British pronunciation of the word "mall" is as in "The
Mall, London" the tree-lined avenue leading to Buckingham Palace, London and also like
"pal" (friend). Mall can refer to either a shopping mall a place where a collection of shops all
adjoin a pedestrian area or an exclusively pedestrianised street that allows shoppers to walk
without interference from vehicle traffic. Mall is generally used in North America to refer to a
large shopping area usually composed of a single building which contains multiple shops,
usually "anchored" by one or more department stores surrounded by a parking lot, while the term
arcade is more often used, especially in Britain, to refer to a narrow pedestrian-only street, often
covered or between closely spaced buildings (see town centre). A larger, often partly covered and
exclusively pedestrian shopping area is in Britain also termed a shopping centre, shopping
precinct, or pedestrian precinct.
The majority of British shopping centres are in town centres, usually inserted into old shopping
districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. A number of large out-of-town
"regional malls" such as Meadowhall, Sheffield and the Trafford Centre, Manchester were built
in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-oftown shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, which consist of groups
of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the
development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. The MetroCentre, in
Gateshead (near Newcastle upon Tyne), is the largest shopping centre in Europe with over 330
shops, 50 restaurants and an 11 screen cinema and Westfield London is the largest inner-city
shopping centre in Europe. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK
welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year.[3]
Cabot Circus in Bristol city centre, England

In Hong Kong, the term "shopping centre" is the most frequently used, and the name of a
shopping centre in Hong Kong usually contains the word "centre" or "plaza".
[edit] History
The first structure resembling what is considered to be a "shopping mall" in the present-day is
located in The City of Damascus, the capital city of Syria. It is called Al-Hamidiyah Souq in old
Damascus and dates back to the seventh century. Isfahan's Grand Bazaar, which is largely
covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10 kilometer long covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar also
has a long history. The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of
the largest covered markets in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops.
Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first
purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering
an area of over 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft).
The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today.
The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island
introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828. This was a forerunner of
today's shopping mall [4] The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy followed in the 1870s
and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and
shopping centres in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Cleveland Arcade,
Dayton Arcade and Moscow's GUM, which opened in 1890. Early shopping centers designed for
the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916) and Country Club Plaza,
Kansas City, Missouri (1924).
An early indoor mall prototype in the United States was the Lake View Store at Morgan Park,
Duluth, Minnesota, which was built in 1915 and held its grand opening on July 20, 1916. The
architect was Dean and Dean from Chicago and the building contractor was George H.
Lounsberry from Duluth. The building is two stories with a full basement, and shops were
originally located on all three levels. All of the stores were located within the interior of the mall;
some shops were accessible from inside and out.
In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a
new style of shopping centre was created away from downtown.[5]
The "Sevens" shopping mall in Dsseldorf, Germany.
[edit] Early examples

The Arcade of Cleveland was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US and an
architectural triumph. When the building opened in 1890, two sides of the arcade had 1,600
panes of glass set in iron framing.
An early shopping center in the United States was Country Club Plaza, which opened in 1924 in
Kansas City, Missouri. Other important shopping centers built in the 1920s and early 1930s are
the Highland Park Village in Dallas, Texas; River Oaks in Houston, Texas; and Park and Shop in
Washington, D.C..
The suburban shopping mall, as Americans -and the world- came to know it, debuted in King
County (Seattle), Washington in April 1950. Originally known as Northgate Center (now as
Northgate Mall), it was an open-air complex of eighty stores and services, anchored by a Seattlebased The Bon Marche. This idea was quickly copied in several American cities, such as with
Lakewood Center (1951), in Lakewood, California, Shoppers' World (1951), In Framingham,
Massachusetts, Stonestown Center (now Stonestown Galleria) (1952) in San Francisco,
California and Northland Center (1954), in Southfield, Michigan. Open-air-type malls were also
built in Canada and Australia. Don Mills Convenience Centre (now Shops at Don Mills) opened
in 1955, in Toronto, Ontario. Top Ryde Drive-In Shopping Centre (now Top Ryde City), started
trading to the public in 1957, in the environs of Sydney, New South Wales.
The fully-enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. The idea of a regionalsized, fully-enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect
and American immigrant Victor Gruen.[6] This new generation of regional-sized shopping centers
began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of
Edina, Minnesota, USA in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular
mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth
century".[1]
The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall," as it were, was Paramus, New Jersey's The
Outlets at Bergen Town Center. The center, which opened with an open-air-format in 1957, was
enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls were
Harundale Mall (1958), in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959), in Mesquite, Texas,
Chris-Town Mall (1961), in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962), in Mount Propect,
Illinois.
The early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely
residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown,
and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen
himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land
wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[1][7]
In the UK, Chrisp Street Market was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the
shop fronts. Developers such as Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept
further, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey, indoor fountains, and two
levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores.[8] Taubman believed carpeting
increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed.[8] Fading daylight through glass
panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the
afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.[9][10]
Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii is currently the largest open-air mall in the world and
was the largest mall in the states when it was built in 1957. It is currently the sixteenth largest in
the country. The Outlets at Bergen Town Center, the oldest enclosed mall in New Jersey, opened
in Paramus on November 14, 1957, with Dave Garroway, host of The Today Show, serving as
master of ceremonies.[11] The mall, located just outside New York City, was planned in 1955 by
Allied Stores to have 100 stores and 8,600 parking spaces in a 1,500,000 sq ft (139,000 m2) mall
that would include a 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) Stern's store and two other 150,000 sq ft
(14,000 m2) department stores as part of the design. Allied's chairman B. Earl Puckett confidently
announced The Outlets at Bergen Town Center as the largest of ten proposed centers, stating that
there were 25 cities that could support such centers and that no more than 50 malls of this type
would ever be built nationwide.[12][13]
Amusement park at the center of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, the largest
shopping mall in the United States
[edit] Largest examples

The largest mall ever is South China Mall in Dongguan, China with gross floor area of 892,000
m2 (9,600,000 sq ft). The world's second-largest shopping mall is the Golden Resources Mall in
Beijing, China with gross floor area of 680,000 m2 (7,300,000 sq ft). The SM City North EDSA
in the Philippines, which opened in November 1985, is the world's third-largest at 460,000 m2
(5,000,000 sq ft) of gross floor area, and SM Mall of Asia in the Philippines, opened in May
2006, is the world's fourth largest at 386,000 m2 (4,150,000 sq ft) of gross floor area.
Previously, the title of the largest enclosed shopping mall was with the West Edmonton Mall in
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada from 19862004. It is now the fifth largest mall.[14] Two of the
largest malls are in China, South China Mall and Jin Yuan. Dubai Mall is the largest mall in
Middle East, currently ranked seventh in the world. The current largest shopping centre in
Europe is the Dolce Vita Tejo in Lisbon, Portugal, while the largest in Australia is Chadstone
Shopping Centre in Melbourne.[15]
One of the world's largest shopping complexes in one location is the two-mall agglomeration of
the Plaza at King of Prussia and the Court at King of Prussia in the Philadelphia suburb of King
of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States. The King of Prussia mall has the most shopping per
square foot in the U.S.
The most visited shopping mall in the world and largest mall in the United States is the Mall of
America, located near the Twin Cities in Bloomington, Minnesota. However, several Asian malls
are advertised as having more visitors, including Mal Taman Anggrek, Kelapa Gading Mall and
Pluit Village, all in Jakarta-Indonesia, Berjaya Times Square in Malaysia and SM Megamall in
the Philippines. The largest mall in South Asia is Mantri Square in Bangalore, India.
[edit] Classes
In many cases, regional and super-regional malls exist as parts of large superstructures which
often also include office space, residential space, amusement parks and so forth. This trend can
be seen in the construction and design of many modern supermalls such as Cevahir Mall in
Turkey. The International Council of Shopping Centers' 1999 definitions[16] were not restricted to
shopping centers in any particular country, but later editions were made specific to the U.S. with
a separate set for Europe.
[edit] Regional
A regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a
shopping mall which is designed to service a larger area (15 miles) than a conventional shopping
mall. As such, it is typically larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2)
gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores[17] and offers a wider selection of stores. Given
their wider service area, these malls tend to have higher-end stores that need a larger area in
order for their services to be profitable but may have discount department stores. Regional malls
are also found as tourist attractions in vacation areas.[17]
[edit] Super regional

A super regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the U.S. a
shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors,
mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the
region (25 miles) in which it is located.[17]
[edit] Outlet
Main article: Outlet mall
An outlet mall (or outlet centre) is a type of shopping mall in which manufacturers sell their
products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet malls are operated
by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices.
Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet mall, Vanity Fair,
located in Reading, PA did not open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened the first enclosed
factory outlet mall in 1979, in Lakeland, TN, a suburb of Memphis.[18]
The layout of a mid-sized shopping center Babilonas in Panevys, Lithuania (with main stores
marked in text). Entertainment zone is in the center surrounded by restaurants, whereas the
anchor stores are in different sides of the center. Cinema is in the floors above. The corridor is
circular and there are no shortcuts (so a customer has to go around the mall to go to a shop on a
different side).
[edit] Components
[edit] Food court
Main article: Food court
A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast
food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.
[edit] Department stores

Main article: Department store
When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger
department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail
traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are
termed anchor store or draw tenant. Anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and
may even receive cash inducements from the mall to remain open. In physical configuration,
anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of
traffic from one anchor to another.
[edit] Stand-alone stores

Frequently, a shopping mall or shopping center will have satellite buildings located either on the
same tract of land or on one abutting it, on which will be located stand-alone stores, which may
or may not be legally connected to the central facility through contract or ownership. These
stores may have their own parking lots, or their lots may interconnect with those of the mall or
center. The existence of the stand-alone store may have been planned by the mall's developer, or
may have come about through opportunistic actions by others, but visually the central facility
the mall or shopping center and the satellite buildings will often be perceived as being a single
"unit", even in circumstances where the outlying buildings are not officially or legally connected
to the mall in any way.
[edit] Dead malls

Main article: Dead mall
Belz Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in Allen, Texas, United States
In the U.S, as more modern facilities are built, many early malls have become abandoned, due to
decreased traffic and tenancy. These "dead malls" have failed to attract new business and often
sit unused for many years until restored or demolished. Interesting examples of architecture and
urban design, these structures often attract people who explore and photograph them. This
phenomenon of dead and dying malls is examined in detail by the website Deadmalls.com,
which hosts many such photographs, as well as historical accounts. Until the mid-1990s, the
trend was to build enclosed malls and to renovate older outdoor malls into enclosed ones. Such
malls had advantages such as temperature control. Since then, the trend has turned and it is once
again fashionable to build open-air malls. According to the International Council of Shopping
Centers, only one new enclosed mall has been built in the United States since 2006.[19]
Some enclosed malls have been opened up, such as the Sherman Oaks Galleria. In addition,
some malls, when replacing an empty anchor location, have replaced the former anchor store
building with the more modern outdoor design, leaving the remainder of the indoor mall intact,
such as the Del Amo Fashion Center in Torrance, California.
[edit] New trends

In parts of Canada, it is now rare for new shopping malls to be built. The Vaughan Mills
Shopping Centre, opened in 2004, and Crossiron Mills, opened in 2009, are the only malls built
in Canada since 1992. Outdoor outlet malls or big box shopping areas known as power centres
are now favored, although the traditional enclosed shopping mall is still in demand by those
seeking weather-protected, all-under-one-roof shopping. In addition the enclosed
interconnections between downtown multi story shopping malls continue to grow in the
Underground city of Montreal (32 kilometres of passageway), the PATH system of Toronto
(27 km (17 mi) of passageway) and the Plus15 system of Calgary (16 km (9.9 mi) of overhead
passageway).
[edit] Vertical malls

High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall," in which space
allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators
linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the
natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and
downwards.[20] The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the
Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The
Water Tower Place skyscraper, Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It
contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base
containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.[citation needed]
Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations such as Hong Kong and Bangkok.
Times Square in Hong Kong is a principal example.[20]
The Fashion Centre at Pentagon City, in Arlington, Virginia, United States

A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are
other restrictions on construction, such as historical buildings or significant archeology. The
Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury, UK, are built on the side of a steep
hill, around the former outer walls of the nearby medieval castle;[21] consequently the shopping
centre is split over seven floors vertically two locations horizontally connected by elevators,
escalators and bridge walkways.[22] Some establishments incorporate such design into their
layout, such as Shrewsbury's McDonalds restaurant, split into four stories with multiple
mezzanines which feature medieval castle vaults complete with arrowslits in the basement
dining rooms.
[edit] Shopping property management firms

See also: Category:Shopping property management firms
A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing
shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms
use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills"
in most of their mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of their
malls, as well as anchor stores such as SM Department Store, SM Appliance Center, SM
Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name
of any centre they buy to "The Mall (location)", using their pink-M logo; when they sell a mall it
reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom.[23]
[edit] New towns
Many new towns in the United Kingdom including Livingston, Cumbernauld, Glenrothes, East
Kilbride, Milton Keynes, Washington, Coventry, Newton Aycliffe, Peterlee and Telford did not
incorporate a traditional style town centre but instead developed a shopping centre. Unlike the
shopping centres which were developing in established towns and cities, these also contained
many civic functions and other community facilities such as libraries, pubs and community
centres. As the towns grew, other facilities were usually developed around the centres, effectively
enlarging the town centres.[citation needed]
Westfield Carousel, in a suburb of Perth, Australia
[edit] Legal issues

One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main
streets. Many consumers prefer malls, with their spacious parking garages, entertaining
environments, and private security guards, over CBDs or downtowns, which frequently suffer
from limited parking, poor maintenance, and limited police coverage.[24][25]
In response, a few jurisdictions, notably California, have expanded the right of freedom of
speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and
socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.[26] See Pruneyard Shopping Center v.
Robins.
[edit] See also
Bazaar
Night market
Online shopping malls
James Rouse, community planner
[edit] Types of shopping facilities
Big-box store
High street
Lifestyle center (retail)
Main street
Market
Outlet mall
Plaza
Power center (retail)
Shtengai
Strip mall
Town square
[edit] Planning concepts
Gruen transfer
Public space
[edit] Lists of malls
List of the world's largest shopping malls
List of shopping malls by country
[edit] References
1.
^ a b c "Essay - Dawn of the Dead Mall". The Design Observer Group. 11 November 2009.
http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=11747. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
2.
^ a b Urban Geography: A Global Perspective Michael Pacione, (Routledge, Informa UK Ltd.

2001) ISBN 978-0-415-19195-1.
3.
4.
^ ICnetwork.co.uk
^ "The Arcade, Providence RI". Brightridge.com. http://www.brightridge.com/pages/arcade.html.
Retrieved 2009-07-17.
5.
^ Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade. Cleveland Magazine, August 2009.
6.
^ Bathroom Reader's Institute. "The Mall: A History". Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom
Reader. Bathroom Reader's Press. pp. 99101. ISBN 978-1-60710-183-3.
7.
^ Bathroom Reader's Institute. "A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III". Uncle John's Heavy
Duty Bathroom Reader. Bathroom Reader's Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-1-60710-183-3.
8.
^ a b Caitlin A. Johnson (April 15, 2007). "For Billionaire There's Life After Jail". CBS News.
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml. Retrieved 2009-12-29. "Taubman
picked upscale areas and opened lavish shopping centers. He was the first to offer fountains and feature
prestigious anchor stores like Neiman Marcus. The Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey is one of the most
profitable shopping centers in the country. Taubman is famous for his attention to detail. He's very proud of
the terrazzo tiles at Short Hills. "The only point that the customer actually touches the shopping center is
the floor," he said. "They've got traction as they're walking. Very important. Some of our competitors put in
carpet. Carpet's the worst thing you can have because it creates friction.""
9.
^ Caitlin A. Johnson (April 15, 2007). "For Billionaire There's Life After Jail". CBS News.
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml. Retrieved 2009-12-29. "Alfred
Taubman is a legend in retailing. For 40 years, he's been one of America's most successful developers of
shopping centers."
10.
^ Thane Peterson (2007-04-30). "From Slammer Back To Glamour". Business Week.

http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-29. "Shopping
mall magnate and onetime Sotheby's (BID ) owner Alfred Taubman, 83, may be a convicted felon, but he's
continuing to insist on his innocence in his just-out autobiography, Threshold Resistance: The
Extraordinary Career of a Luxury Retailing Pioneer (Collins, $24.95). Writing on his business triumphs,
Taubman is heavy on the boilerplate. But he gives a juicy personal account of the Sotheby's-Christie's
price-fixing scandal that sent him to the slammer."
11.
^ "Shoppers Throng to Opening of Bergen Mall in Jersey". New York Times. November 15, 1957.
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00B12FC355A177B93C7A8178AD95F438585F9.
Retrieved 2007-06-07. "Paramus, New Jersey, November 14, 1957. The $40,000,000 Bergen Mall regional
shopping center opened here this morning."
12.
^ "10 Shopping Centers Scheduled For Allied Stores Within 3 Years; Chain' s Chairman Gives
Details of Biggest, 7 Miles From George Washington Span, Where Stern Will Open Branch by '57: Store
Chain Plans Retail Centers", The New York Times, January 13, 1955. p. 37
13.
^ "The Super Centers". Time (magazine). January 24, 1955.

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861189,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-25. "The new
centers, scheduled for opening by 1957, are designed to serve regions (i.e., customers within 40 minutes'
driving time) rather than smaller suburban areas. The first to go into operation will be the $30 million
Bergen Mall at Paramus, N.J., expected to be the biggest U.S. shopping center. Puckett estimates that there
are 1,588,000 customers within the 40-minute radius."
14.
^ Eastern Connecticut State University (January 2007). "World's Largest Shopping Malls".
Archived from the original on 2008-03-29.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080329064604/http://www.easternct.edu/depts/amerst/MallsWorld.htm.
Retrieved 2008-07-29.
15.
^ "Oscar Oscar Salons Now Open in Chadstone!". culturemag.com.au. Culture Magazine.

November 18, 2009. http://www.culturemag.com.au/myculture/ViewMyCulture.aspx?myculid=295.
Retrieved January 18, 2010.
16.
^ International Council of Shopping Centers Shopping Center Definitions. Information Accurate

as of 1999.
17.
^ a b c International Council of Shopping Centers Shopping Center Definitions for the U.S.
Information accurate as of 2004. Retrieved Feb 20, 2007.
18.
19.
^ University of San Diego webpage. Retrieved June 1, 2007.

^ By (2008-11-16). "Florida Times-Union: November 16, 2008-Remember when we all used to go
to the Mall? by Diana Middleton". Jacksonville.com. http://www.jacksonville.com/tuonline/stories/111608/bus_356443965.shtml. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
20.
^ a b Danny Chung, Reach for the sky, The Standard, December 09, 2005
21.
^ Discovering Shropshire's History: Shrewsbury Town Walls
22.
^ Shrewsbury Shopping Centres store guide (PDF)
23.
^ This Is Surrey Today
24.
^ Tony O'Donahue, The Tale of a City: Re-Engineering the Urban Environment (Toronto:
Dundurn Press Ltd., 2005), 43.
25.
^ Bernard J. Frieden & Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 233.
26.
^ Judd, Dennis R. (1995) "The Rise of the New Walled Cities" in Liggett, Helen and Perr, David
C. (eds.), Spatial Practices, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 144168.
[edit] Further reading
Hardwick, M. Jeffrey. Gruen biography 2004. Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an
American Dream. University of Pennsylvania Press (ISBN 0-8122-3762-5).
Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son. Google Docs 2002. The Integration of the Suburban Shopping
Center with its Surroundings: Redmond Town Center (Dissertation) University of
Washington.
[edit] External links

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Bazaar
For version control system named Bazaar, see Bazaar (software). For other uses, see Bazaar
(disambiguation).
Grand Bazaar, Istanbul

A bazaar (Persian: , Turkish: pazar, Polish: bazar, Malay: pasar, Hindi: , Greek:
(pazari), Cypriot Greek: pantopoula[1]) is a permanent[citation needed] merchandising area,
marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold. The term is
sometimes also used to refer to the "network of merchants, bankers and craftsmen" who work
that area.[2] The word derives from the Persian word bzr, the etymology of which goes back to
the Middle Persian word baha-char (), meaning "the place of prices".[3] Although the
current meaning of the word is believed to have originated in Persia, its use has spread and now
has been accepted into the vernacular in countries around the world.[4] In North America, the
term can be used as a synonym for a "rummage sale", to describe charity fundraising events held
by churches or other community organizations, in which donated, used goods, such as books,
clothes, and household items are sold for low prices, or else the goods may be new and
handcrafted (or home-baked), as at a church's Christmas bazaar. The bazaar has been the subject
of many books, including: The Persian Bazaar: Veiled Space of Desire (Mage Publications) by
Mehdi Khansari and The Morphology of the Persian Bazaar (Agah Publications) by Azita
Rajabi.
Night market
The Shilin Night Market in Taipei, Taiwan
Night markets or night bazaars are street markets which operate at night and are generally
dedicated to more leisurely strolling, shopping, and eating than more businesslike day markets.
Online shopping malls


This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce
links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (February 2009)
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (January 2009)
Online shopping malls are websites that have a directory of online shopping stores. Stores may
include Best Buy, Aeropostale, Home Depot, Sears, Expedia, Zales, Old Navy and many more
online shopping stores.
Most online shopping malls offer a loyalty program in the form of cash back rebate reward
points or price comparison shopping. These online shopping malls include FatWallet,
Shopping.com, Shopzilla, PriceGrabber and many more.
But the biggest retail trend for online shopping malls is that consumers are taking to online
shopping more and more every year according to research firm ComScore Networks. By online
shopping malls offering easy access to online stores with online shopping directories, price
comparison shopping and cash back rebates, this trend will continue to grow.
Collections of many traders with different offers directly on the same website are also sometimes
known as online shopping mall or virtual shopping mall (like Yatego).
Big-box store

"Superstore" redirects here. For the hypermarket chain in Canada, see Real Canadian
Superstore. For other uses, see Supermarket.
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on
the talk page.
It needs additional references or sources for verification. Tagged since

December 2008.
It is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. Tagged since August
2007.
Exterior of a Wal-Mart Supercenter, an archetypical big box store, in Madison Heights, Virginia.
A big-box store (also supercenter, superstore, or megastore) is a physically large retail
establishment, usually part of a chain. The term sometimes also refers, by extension, to the
company that operates the store. Examples include large department stores such as Wal-Mart and
Target.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Types
3 Criticism
o 3.1 Labor
o 3.2 Urban planning
4 Big box stores in various countries

o 4.1 Australia
o 4.2 Canada
o 4.3 France
o 4.4 Hong Kong
o 4.5 India
o 4.6 Ireland
o 4.7 New Zealand
o 4.8 United Kingdom
o 4.9 United States
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
[edit] Characteristics
Typical characteristics include the following:
Large, free-standing, rectangular, generally single-floor structure built on a concrete slab.

The flat roof and ceiling trusses are generally made of steel, the walls are concrete block
clad in metal or masonry siding.
Floor space several times greater than traditional retailers in the sector, providing for a
large amount of merchandise; in North America, generally more than 50,000 square feet
(4650 m), sometimes approaching 200,000 square feet (18,600 m), though varying by
sector and market. In countries where space is at a premium, such as the United
Kingdom, the relevant numbers are smaller and stores are more likely to have two or
more floors.
[edit] Types
Generally, big-box stores can be broken down into two categories: general merchandise
(examples include Wal-Mart and Target), and specialty stores (such as Menards, Barnes and
Noble, or Best Buy) which specialize in goods within a specific range, such as hardware, books,
or electronics. In recent years, many traditional retailerssuch as Tesco and Praktikerhave
opened stores in the big-box-store format in an effort to compete with big-box chains, which are
expanding internationally as their home markets reach maturity.[1]
[edit] Criticism
[edit] Labor
Labor unions oppose big-box development because the employees of such stores are usually not
unionized. Unions are especially concerned about the grocery market because stores such as
Target, Wal-Mart, and Kmart now sell groceries.[2] Unions and cities are attempting to use land
use ordinances to restrict these businesses.[3]
[edit] Urban planning

Some cities and towns are worried about the economic impact of big-box retailers on existing
downtown merchants or the sprawl-inducing impacts on character of such developments, as
these stores are often associated with heavy traffic in the areas around the store locations. Some
communities have adopted a higher level of architectural treatment and regulations to ensure that
the superstores relate better to their environs and neighbors. Many already have regulations
addressing signage and landscaping.
There are also concerns surrounding traffic and roads. The increased traffic leads to more air
pollution in an area and higher taxes in order to maintain the roads.[4]
High Street
(Redirected from High street)

This article is about the generic term for the main business streets in British towns. For roads of
the same name and other uses, see High Street (disambiguation).
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (November 2007)
High Street in Gillingham, Kent, England
Orpington High Street, Bromley, London, England
Fort William High Street, Scotland.
Ilfracombe High Street, Devon, England

High Street, or the High Street, is a metonym for the generic name (and frequently the official
name) of the primary business street of towns or cities, especially in the United Kingdom. It is
usually a focal point for shops and retailers in city centres, and is most often used in reference to
retailing. However in recent times, the phrase "high street banks" has been widely used to refer
to the retail banking sector in the United Kingdom.[1]
The equivalent in the United States, Canada, and Ireland is Main Street, a term also used in
smaller towns and villages in Scotland. In Jamaica, North East England, and some sections of
Canada and the United States, the usual term is Front Street. In Cornwall and some places in
Devon, the equivalent is Fore Street; in south Lancashire (historic county) the most common
name for a "main street" is Market Street. In Canada King Street and Queen Street are often used
instead of Main Street, which is more predominant in the United States.
High Street is the most common street name in the UK. According to a survey by the Halifax,
there are 5,410 High Streets, compared to 3,811 Station Roads, and 2,702 Main Streets.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Irish usage
3 Use
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
[edit] History
Starting at least 10 centuries ago, the word 'high' gradually evolved to also mean something
excellent or of superior rank, as evidenced in high sheriff and high society. It was applied to
roads as they improved, and the word highway has been recorded from the early 9th century.
"High Street" began to be used to describe the thoroughfares containing the main retail areas in
villages and towns.
In recent years, although the term "High Street" is still used to refer to commerce, shopping has
begun to shift to purpose-built out-of-town shopping centres and supermarkets. However
compared to the United States town and city centre shopping remains widespread. The town
centre of many larger British towns combines a group of outdoor shopping streets, one or more
of which may be pedestrianised, with an adjacent indoor shopping centre. The large presence of
chain stores on High Streets repeated in settlements around the UK is part of the clone town
theory, which has among its concerns the loss of "sociability" offered by traditional shopping:
"the demise of the small shop would mean that people will not just be disadvantaged in their role
as consumers but also as members of communities the erosion of small shops is viewed as the
erosion of the 'social glue' that binds communities together, entrenching social exclusion in the
UK."[2]
[edit] Irish usage
The term is far less common in Ireland. Neither of Dublin's two main shopping streets (Grafton
Street and Henry Street) carry this name, nor does its main thoroughfare, O'Connell Street. While
Dublin does indeed have a street named "High Street", near Christchurch, it is not a shopping
street. Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and Limerick's is also O'Connell Street,
which is also used in a number of other Irish towns (after Daniel O'Connell). Main Street is used
in many smaller towns and villages. For example, the OSI North Leinster Town Maps book lists
16 Main Streets and only two High Streets in its index of street names (of 30 towns). Similarly,
the OSI Dublin Street Guide, covering all of Dublin City and County Dublin, lists 20 Main
Streets, but only two High Streets. Killarney is one of the few large Irish towns in which the
shopping street is named High Street. Nonetheless, the term high street is still often used today in
the Irish media in a generic sense to refer to shopping streets, in what could probably be
considered as a misapplied metonym (see start of article). See also Main Street and its Irish entry.
[edit] Use
The term "High Street" is often used to describe common stores found on a typical high street, to
differentiate them from more specialist or less common outlets. For example, someone might
refer to "High Street banks" or "High Street shops".
Lifestyle center (retail)

The Shoppes at Arbor Lakes, a lifestyle center in Maple Grove, Minnesota

A lifestyle center is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines
the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall but with leisure amenities oriented towards
upscale consumers. Lifestyle centers, which were first labeled as such by Memphis developers
Poag and McEwen in the late 1980s[1] and emerged as a retailing trend in the late 1990s, are
sometimes labeled "boutique malls". They are often located in affluent suburban areas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lifestyle centers vs. traditional malls
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
[edit] Lifestyle centers vs. traditional malls

The proliferation of lifestyle centers in the United States accelerated in the 2000s, with number
going from 30 in 2002 to 120 at the end of 2004.[2] Lifestyle centers are sometimes depicted as
occupying the upscale end of the spectrum of commercial development, at the opposite end of
the outlet mall, which typically caters to a wider range of income with bargain prices. The
growth of lifestyle centers has occurred concurrently with an acceleration of the shutting down of
traditional shopping malls, which typically require large sites over 70 acres (283,000 m) at a
time when land prices are escalating. Lifestyle centers usually require less land and generate
higher revenue margins, often generating close to 500 dollars per square foot, compared to an
average of 330 dollars per square foot for a traditional mall, according to the president of Poag
and McEwen.[2] Other advantages lifestyle centers have over traditional enclosed malls are
savings on heating and cooling and quicker access for busy customers. Typical amenities at
lifestyle centers include plush chairs instead of traditional plastic seating in common areas.
Main Street
(Redirected from Main street)

Main Street in Salinas, California

For other uses, see Main Street (disambiguation).
Main Street is the metonym for a generic street name (and often the official name) of the
primary retail street of a village, town, or small city in many parts of the world. It is usually a
focal point for shops and retailers in the central business district, and is most often used in
reference to retailing and socializing.
The term is commonly used in North America (United States, Canada) and Europe (Ireland,
some parts of Scotland, Germany, Poland, and Slovakia). High Street is also a common term in
the United Kingdom and Australia, though Main Street is used just as much (as in Upwey). In
Jamaica, as well as North East England and some sections of Canada, the usual term is Front
Street. In Cornwall (and also in some towns in Devon), the equivalent is Fore Street. In the
French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, the term would be rue Principale (but Grande
rue in France).
In some larger cities, there may be several Main Streets, each relating to a specific neighborhood
or formerly separate city, rather than the city as a whole. In many larger U.S. cities "Main Street"
is a U.S. Highway, as the streets that helped develop the the cities around were converted to
highways.
Contents
[hide]
1 American cultural usage

o 1.1 Preservation and Main Street
2 International equivalents
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
[edit] American cultural usage
A traditional Main Street; Bastrop, Texas, featuring the small shops and old-fashioned
architecture typical of rural towns
In the general sense, the term "Main Street" refers to a place of traditional values.
In the North American media, "Main Street," or the interests of everyday working-class people
and small business owners, is sometimes contrasted with "Wall Street" (in the United States) or
"Bay Street" (in Canada), symbolizing the interests of corporate capitalism.
Main Street was an extremely popular term during the economic crises in 2008 and 2009: the
proposed bailout of U.S. financial system, the 2008 presidential campaign, and debates.
"Main Street" is part of the iconography of American life. Examples include:
In the United States, the Army and Air Force Exchange Service, the outfit that operates
the PX and BX stores on military bases, chose the name "Main Street USA" for its food
courts.
The novel Main Street, a critique of small town life, was penned by the American writer
Sinclair Lewis.
Two Walt Disney Company theme parks, Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and the
Magic Kingdom in the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida, both have "Main
Street, U.S.A." sections immediately at their front. These areas, which are designed to
look like the main street of a small town, house gift shops, restaurants and various
services, along with park offices on the second floors. While the architecture of these
"streets" appears to be turn-of-the-century, in fact these are decorative false-fronts on
industrial-style buildings. Main Street, U.S.A. is also present at Disneyland Paris and
Hong Kong Disneyland. At Tokyo Disneyland the area is named "World Bazaar," but has
the same look as Main Street, albeit housed under a decorative glass roof for protection
from Japan's unpredictable weather.
In small towns across the United States, Main Street is not only the major road running through
town but the site of all street life, a place where townspeople hang out and watch the annual
parades go by. A slang term popularized in the early 1900s, "main drag", is also used to refer to a
town's main street.
[edit] Preservation and Main Street

Main Street or Main Street Inc. is the name of a community revitalization program begun by the
National Trust for Historic Preservation in the late 1970s.[1] The core of the Main Street
philosophy is the preservation of the historic built environment by engaging in historic
preservation. Main Street focuses on a holistic approach to revitalization based on the "4-point"
approach of Design, Promotion, Economic Restructuring, and Organization. Originally targeted
at small, traditional downtowns, over the years the program expanded to include towns of
various sizes and now even includes neighborhood districts in several large urban centers. A full
list of Main Street Programs in the United States is available on Wikipedia, or by visiting the
National Main Street Center website
Market
For other uses, see Market (disambiguation).
San Juan de Dios Market in Guadalajara, Jalisco
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This box: view talk edit
A market is any one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and
infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. While parties may exchange goods and
services by barter, most markets rely on buyers offer their goods or services (including labor) in
exchange for money (legal tender such as fiat money) from buyers.
For a market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been
suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that
there is competition on at least one of its two sides.[1] However, competitive markets rely on
much larger numbers of both buyers and sellers. A market with single seller and multiple buyers
is a monopoly. A market with a single buyer and multiple sellers is a monopsony. These are the
extremes of imperfect competition.
Markets vary in form, scale (volume and geographic reach), location, and types of participants,
as well as the types of goods and services traded. Examples include:
physical retail markets, such as local farmers' markets, which be held in town squares or
parking lots on an ongoing or occasional basis, shopping centers and shopping malls
(non-physical) internet markets (see electronic commerce)
ad hoc auction markets
markets for intermediate goods used in production of other goods and services
labor markets
international currency and commodity markets
stock markets, for the exchange of shares in corporations
artificial markets created by regulation to exchange rights for derivatives that have been
designed to ameliorate externalities, such as pollution permits (see carbon trading)
illegal markets such as the market for illicit drugs, arms or pirated products
In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers
to exchange any type of goods, services and information. The exchange of goods or services for
money is a transaction. Market participants consist of all the buyers and sellers of a good who
influence its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has given rise to several
theories and models concerning the basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two
roles in markets, buyers and sellers. The market facilitates trade and enables the distribution and
allocation of resources in a society. Markets allow any tradable item to be evaluated and priced.
A market emerges more or less spontaneously or is constructed deliberately by human interaction
in order to enable the exchange of rights (cf. ownership) of services and goods.
Historically, markets originated in physical marketplaces which would often develop into or
from small communities, towns and cities.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of markets
o 1.1 Financial markets
o 1.2 Prediction markets
2 Organization of markets
3 Mechanisms of markets
4 Study of markets
5 Size parameters
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
[edit] Types of markets
Although many markets exist in the traditional sense such as a marketplace there are
various other types of markets and various organizational structures to assist their functions. The
nature of business transactions could define markets.
[edit] Financial markets

Financial markets facilitate the exchange of liquid assets. Most investors prefer investing in two
markets, the stock markets and the bond markets. NYSE, AMEX, and the NASDAQ are the
most common stock markets in the US. Futures markets, where contracts are exchanged
regarding the future delivery of goods are often an outgrowth of general commodity markets.
Currency markets are used to trade one currency for another, and are often used for speculation
on currency exchange rates.
The money market is the name for the global market for lending and borrowing.
[edit] Prediction markets

Prediction markets are a type of speculative market in which the goods exchanged are futures on
the occurrence of certain events. They apply the market dynamics to facilitate information
aggregation.
[edit] Organization of markets

A market can be organized as an auction, as a private electronic market, as a commodity
wholesale market, as a shopping center, as a complex institution such as a stock market, and as
an informal discussion between two individuals.
Markets of varying types can spontaneously arise whenever a party has interest in a good or
service that some other party can provide. Hence there can be a market for cigarettes in
correctional facilities, another for chewing gum in a playground, and yet another for contracts for
the future delivery of a commodity. There can be black markets, where a good is exchanged
illegally and virtual markets, such as eBay, in which buyers and sellers do not physically interact
during negotiation. There can also be markets for goods under a command economy despite
pressure to repress them.
[edit] Mechanisms of markets

In economics, a market that runs under laissez-faire policies is a free market. It is "free" in the
sense that the government makes no attempt to intervene through taxes, subsidies, minimum
wages, price ceilings, etc. Market prices may be distorted by a seller or sellers with monopoly
power, or a buyer with monopsony power. Such price distortions can have an adverse effect on
market participant's welfare and reduce the efficiency of market outcomes. Also, the relative
level of organization and negotiating power of buyers and sellers markedly affects the
functioning of the market. Markets where price negotiations meet equilibrium though still do not
arrive at desired outcomes for both sides are said to experience market failure.
[edit] Study of markets
Cabbage market by Vaclav Maly

The study of actual existing markets made up of persons interacting in space and place in diverse
ways is widely seen as an antidote to abstract and all-encompassing concepts of the market and
has historical precedent in the works of Fernand Braudel and Karl Polanyi. The latter term is now
generally used in two ways. First, to denote the abstract mechanisms whereby supply and
demand confront each other and deals are made. In its place, reference to markets reflects
ordinary experience and the places, processes and institutions in which exchanges occurs.[2]
Second, the market is often used to signify an integrated, all-encompassing and cohesive
capitalist world economy. A widespread trend in economic history and sociology is skeptical of
the idea that it is possible to develop a theory to capture an essence or unifying thread to markets.
[3]
For economic geographers, reference to regional, local, or commodity specific markets can
serve to undermine assumptions of global integration, and highlight geographic variations in the
structures, institutions, histories, path dependencies, forms of interaction and modes of selfunderstanding of agents in different spheres of market exchange.[4] Reference to actual markets
can show capitalism not as a totalizing force or completely encompassing mode of economic
activity, but rather as "a set of economic practices scattered over a landscape, rather than a
systemic concentration of power".[5]
Wetherby towns market.

C. B. Macpherson identifies an underlying model of the market underlying Anglo-American
liberal-democratic political economy and philosophy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries:
Persons are cast as self-interested individuals, who enter into contractual relations with other
such individuals, concerning the exchange of goods or personal capacities cast as commodities,
with the motive of maximizing pecuniary interest. The state and its governance systems are cast
as outside of this framework.[6] This model came to dominant economic thinking in the later
nineteenth century, as economists such as Ricardo, Mill, Jevons, Walras and later neo-classical
economics shifted from reference to geographically located marketplaces to an abstract "market".
[7]
This tradition is continued in contemporary neoliberalism, where the market is held up as
optimal for wealth creation and human freedom, and the states role imagined as minimal,
reduced to that of upholding and keeping stable property rights, contract, and money supply. This
allowed for boilerplate economic and institutional restructuring under structural adjustment and
post-Communist reconstruction.[8]
Similar formalism occurs in a wide variety of social democratic and Marxist discourses that
situate political action as antagonistic to the market. In particular, commodification theorists such
as Georg Lukcs insist that market relations necessarily lead to undue exploitation of labour and
so need to be opposed in toto.[9] Pierre Bourdieu has suggested the market model is becoming
self-realizing, in virtue of its wide acceptance in national and international institutions through
the 1990s.[10] The formalist conception faces a number of insuperable difficulties, concerning the
putatively global scope of the market to cover the entire Earth, in terms of penetration of
particular economies, and in terms of whether particular claims about the subjects (individuals
with pecuniary interest), objects (commodities), and modes of exchange (transactions) apply to
any actually existing markets.
Gmez Palacio city's municipal market

A central theme of empirical analyses is the variation and proliferation of types of markets since
the rise of capitalism and global scale economies. The Regulation School stresses the ways in
which developed capitalist countries have implemented varying degrees and types of
environmental, economic, and social regulation, taxation and public spending, fiscal policy and
government provisioning of goods, all of which have transformed markets in uneven and
geographical varied ways and created a variety of mixed economies. Drawing on concepts of
institutional variance and path dependency, varieties of capitalism theorists (such as Hall and
Soskice) identify two dominant modes of economic ordering in the developed capitalist
countries, "coordinated market economies" such as Germany and Japan, and an Anglo-American
"liberal market economies". However, such approaches imply that the Anglo-American liberal
market economies in fact operate in a matter close to the abstract notion of "the market". While
Anglo-American countries have seen increasing introduction of neo-liberal forms of economic
ordering, this has not lead to simple convergence, but rather a variety of hybrid institutional
orderings.[11] Rather, a variety of new markets have emerged, such as for carbon trading or rights
to pollute. In some cases, such as emerging markets for water, different forms of privatization of
different aspects of previously state run infrastructure have created hybrid private-public
formations and graded degrees of commodification, commercialization and privatization.[12]
Problematic for market formalism is the relationship between formal capitalist economic
processes and a variety of alternative forms, ranging from semi-feudal and peasant economies
widely operative in many developing economies, to informal markets, barter systems, worker
cooperatives, or illegal trades that occur in most developed countries. Practices of incorporation
of non-Western peoples into global markets in the nineteenth and twentieth century did not
merely result in the quashing of former social economic institutions. Rather, various modes of
articulation arose between transformed and hybridized local traditions and social practices and
the emergence world economy. So called capitalist markets in fact include and depend on a wide
range of geographically situated economic practices that do not follow the market model.
Economies are thus hybrids of market and non-market elements.[13]
Helpful here is J. K. Gibson-Grahams complex topology of the diversity of contemporary
market economies describing different types of transactions, labour, and economic agents.
Transactions can occur in underground markets (such as for marijuana) or be artificially
protected (such as for patents). They can cover the sale of public goods under privatization
schemes to co-operative exchanges and occur under varying degrees of monopoly power and
state regulation. Likewise, there are a wide variety of economic agents, which engage in different
types of transactions on different terms: One cannot assume the practices of a religious
kindergarten, multinational corporation, state enterprise, or community-based cooperative can be
subsumed under the same logic of calculability (pp. 5378). This emphasis on proliferation can
also be contrasted with continuing scholarly attempts to show underlying cohesive and structural
similarities to different markets.[14]
A prominent entry point for challenging the market model's applicability concerns exchange
transactions and the homo economicus assumption of self-interest maximization. There are now
a number of streams of economic sociological analysis of markets focusing on the role of the
social in transactions, and the ways transactions involve social networks and relations of trust,
cooperation and other bonds.[14] Economic geographers in turn draw attention to the ways in
exchange transactions occur against the backdrop of institutional, social and geographic
processes, including class relations, uneven development, and historically contingent path
dependencies.[15] A useful schema is provided by Michel Callon's concept of framing: Each
economic act or transaction occurs against, incorporates and also re-performs a geographically
and cultural specific complex of social histories, institutional arrangements, rules and
connections. These network relations are simultaneously bracketed, so that persons and
transactions may be disentangled from thick social bonds. The character of calculability is
imposed upon agents as they come to work in markets and are "formatted" as calculative
agencies. Market exchanges contain a history of struggle and contestation that produced actors
predisposed to exchange under c An emerging theme worthy of further study is the
interrelationship, interpenetrability and variations of concepts of persons, commodities, and
modes of exchange under particular market formations. This is most pronounced in recent
movement towards post-structuralist theorizing that draws on Foucault and Actor Network
Theory and stress relational aspects of personhood, and dependence and integration into
networks and practical systems. Commodity network approaches further both deconstruct and
show alternatives to the market models concept of commodities. Here, both researchers and
market actors are understood as reframing commodities in terms of processes and social and
ecological relationships. Rather than a mere objectification of things traded, the complex
network relationships of exchange in different markets calls on agents to alternatively
deconstruct or get with the fetish of commodities.[16] Gibson-Graham thus read a variety of
alternative markets, for fair trade and organic foods, or those using Local Exchange Trading
Systems as not only contributing to proliferation, but also forging new modes of ethical exchange
and economic subjectivities.
Most markets are regulated by state wide laws and regulations. While barter markets exist, most
markets use currency or some other form of money.Any investments made in markets should be
carefully analyzed and read through before investing if the market crashes value of stock may go
down leading to heavy losses
[edit] Size parameters

Market size can be given in terms of the number of buyers and sellers in a particular market[17] or
in terms of the total exchange of money in the market, generally annually (per year). When given
in terms of money, market size is often termed market value, but in a distinguished sense than the
market value of individual products. For one and the same goods, there may be different (and
generally increasing) market values at the production level, the wholesale level and the retail
level. For example, the value of the global illicit drug market for the year 2003 was estimated by
the United Nations to be US$13 billion at the production level, $94 billion at the wholesale level
(taking seizures into account), and US$322 billion at the retail level (based on retail prices and
taking seizures and other losses into account).[18]
[edit] See also
Plaza

For other uses, see Plaza (disambiguation).
Look up plaza in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The plaza mayor of Valladolid, Spain, a typical Spanish plaza.
The plaza of Costilla, Taos County, New Mexico, United States a plaza in a rural setting, 1943.
Plaza of the Americas at the University of Florida, United States.
Monument Circle, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Plaza (pronounced /plz/; Spanish: [plaa]) is a Spanish word related to "field" which
describes an open urban public space, such as a city square.[1] All through Spanish America, the
plaza mayor of each center of administration held three closely related institutions: the
cathedral, the cabildo or administrative center, which might be incorporated in a wing of a
governor's palace, and the audiencia or law court. The plaza might be large enough to serve as a
military parade ground. At times of crisis or fiesta, it was the space where a large crowd might
gather. Like the Italian piazza, the plaza remains a center of community life that is only equaled
by the market-place.
Most colonial cities in Spanish America and the Philippines were planned around a square plaza
de armas, where troops could be mustered, as the name implies, surrounded by the governor's
palace and the main church. A plaza de toros is a bullring.
In modern usage, a plaza can be any gathering place on a street or between buildings, a street
intersection with a statue, etc. Thus contemporary metropolitan landscapes often incorporate the
"plaza" as a design element, or as an outcome of zoning regulations, building budgetary
constraints, and the like. Sociologist William H. Whyte conducted an extensive study of plazas in
New York City: his study humanized the way modern urban plazas are conceptualized, and
helped usher in significant design changes in the making of plazas.
The Italian cognate is Piazza, the Portuguese Praa, the French Place, the Romanian Piaa, the
German Platz and the Greek .
[edit] Examples
Plaza Mayor, Madrid
Plaza Mayor, Valladolid
Plaza Mayor, Salamanca
Praa do Comrcio
Plaza de Espaa (Seville)
Rossio
Plaza de Mayo
Zcalo
Plaza Mayor of Lima
Plaza of the Americas
Monument Circle, Indianapolis
Plaza de Bolvar
Nana Plaza
Northcote Plaza
Plaza Coln
Plaza Divisoria
Plaza de Sugbo
Plaza Miranda
Plaza Jaro
[edit] Shopping center

The first purpose-built shopping center in the United States, opened in Kansas City, Missouri in
1922, knowingly took the name of "Country Club Plaza" and adopted Spanish architectural
details. More recently plaza has been used to describe a shopping complex, similar to a shopping
mall, borrowing its connotations of a center of cultural life. The name is currently even applied
to a single building with some semi-public street-level areas, often with a hotel or office tower
above, while mall more often refers to multiple buildings or a street.
Examples: Pantip Plaza, Clinton Plaza, Plaza Las Amricas, Central Plaza, Hong Kong, Schiphol
Plaza, The Plaza.
Outlet store
(Redirected from Outlet mall)

challenged and removed. (May 2008)
The Nebraska Crossing Outlet Mall (Gretna, Nebraska, 2004).

An outlet store or factory outlet is a brick and mortar or online retail store in which
manufacturers sell their stock directly to the public. Traditionally, a factory outlet was a store
attached to a factory or warehouse, sometimes allowing customers to watch the production
process like in the original L.L. Bean store. In modern usage, outlet stores are typically
manufacturer-branded stores like Gap grouped together in outlet malls. The invention of the
factory outlet store is often credited to Harold Alfond, founder of the Dexter Shoe Company.
There may be variances in quality and price when comparing true factory stores with general
outlet stores. The latter may have higher instances of manufacturers' "overruns" and unmarked
seconds and blemished merchandise. Factory stores usually mark any seconds and blemished
merchandise as such, and tend to offer newer models.[citation
Power center (retail)


It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Retail park.
(Discuss)
A power center (also known as a retail park or stretch mall) is an unenclosed shopping center
with 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) to 750,000 square feet (70,000 m2) of gross leasable area[1]
that usually contains three or more big box retailers and various smaller retailers (usually located
in strip malls) with a common parking area shared among the retailers. It is likely to have more
money spent on features and architecture than a traditional big box shopping center.[2]
Power centers function similar to a traditional shopping mall, but more closely resemble open-air
malls and Lifestyle center, rather than the modern enclosed shopping malls of today.
In 1986, 280 Metro Center, an open-air, strip shopping complex composed of discount and
warehouse retailers, opened in Colma, California; it is credited with being the first ever power
center.[3]
In recent years, it has become quite common for an older shopping mall to expand -or be
renovated- as a power center, adding big-box stores, category killers and strip shopping centertype buildings to the parking and open areas, rather than to add anchors and new retail space to
the existing mall facility. Puente Hills Mall and Del Amo Fashion Center in Southern California
are good examples of this. Other examples are Seven Corners Center in suburban Washington,
D.C.[4] and Deerfoot Mall in Calgary, Alberta (Canada). Power centers are almost always located
in suburban areas, but occasionally redevelopment has brought power centers to densely
populated urban areas.
Some new power center developments have attempted to re-create the atmosphere of an oldtown Main Street, with varying levels of success.
Shtengai

challenged and removed. (November 2006)
Endoji Hommachi in Nagoya

A shtengai () is a style of Japanese commercial district running along a certain street.
Shtengai often connect to the nearest train station. Most suburbs and towns of Japan have
shtengai of varying size, and larger shtengai may take the form of covered arcades that are
blocked off to traffic. A typical shtengai includes most of these:
supermarkets and grocery shops
restaurants, cafs and kissaten
izakaya and snacks (Japanese-style pubs with mostly male clientele; usually run and/or
staffed by women)
pachinko parlors
massage parlors
barber shops
game centers
post offices
book shops
clothes shops
convenience stores
kban, neighborhood police substations
Strip mall

This article is about the shopping centers. For the sitcom, see Strip Mall.
challenged and removed. (May 2007)
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America
and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this
article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (June 2010)
Example of a small strip mall in upstate New York
Westgreen Shopping Plaza Meadowgreen, Confederation SDA Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,

Canada.
A strip mall (also called a shopping plaza or mini-mall) is an open-area shopping center where
the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically developed as a
unit and have large parking lots in front. They face major traffic arterials and tend to be selfcontained with few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mall types
2 Architectural styles
3 References
4 External links
[edit] Mall types

In the U.S. and Canada, strip malls usually range in size from 5,000 square feet (460 m2) to over
100,000 square feet (9,300 m2). The smaller variety is more common and often located at the
intersection of major streets in residential areas; it caters to a small residential area. This type of
strip mall is found in nearly every city or town in the U.S. and Canada; it is service-oriented and
may contain a grocery store, video rental store, dry cleaner, small restaurant, and similar stores.
In the past, pharmacies were often located next to the grocery stores, but are now often contained
within the grocery store. One third of supermarkets currently have pharmacies.[1] Gas stations,
banks, and other businesses also may have their own free-standing buildings in the parking lot of
the strip center. A recent trend is for grocery stores to have bank branches and gourmet coffee
houses inside the store.
The other variety of strip mall in the U.S. has large, big box retailers as the anchor stores, such as
Wal-Mart or Target. They are usually referred to as power centers in the real estate development
industry because they attract and cater to residents of an expanded population area. The
categories of retailers may vary widely, from electronics stores to bookstores to home
improvement stores. There are typically only a few of this type of strip malls in a city, compared
to strip malls anchored by grocery stores. Retailers vary from center to center, ranging from three
or four large retailers to a dozen or more.
Some strip malls are hybrids of these types.
[edit] Architectural styles

Strip malls vary widely in architecture. Older strip malls tend to have plain architecture with the
stores arranged in a straight row. Newer strip malls are often built with elaborate architecture to
blend in with the neighborhood and to attract the upscale consumer. In some cases, strip malls
are broken up into smaller buildings to establish a more appropriate sense of scale and to create
architectural articulation. A current trend with the purpose of screening the parking lot from the
street and nearby residences is locating the buildings with little to no setback from the street.
Some stores may allow for entrances from both the street sidewalk and the parking lot.
Due to land use issues, strip malls in the United Kingdom are typically found on the edges of
cities on greenfield land sites, and are known as "out of town shopping centres". Those in more
urban areas (often brownfield land redeveloped sites) are more typically known as retail parks.
Town square

"City square" redirects here. For other uses, see City square (disambiguation).
"Public square" redirects here. For the plaza in Cleveland, see Public Square.
challenged and removed. (September 2010)
Piazza della Signoria, in Florence

A town square is an open public space[1] commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used
for community gatherings. Other names for town square are civic center, city square, urban
square, market square, public square, town green, platz (from German), plaza (from Spanish),
piazza (from Italian), place (from French), praa (from Portuguese), plac (from Polish) and
maydan (from Persian and Arabic).
Most town squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets, music concerts, political rallies, and
other events that require firm ground. Being centrally located, town squares are usually
surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores, and clothing stores. At
their center is often a fountain, well, monument, or statue. Many of those with fountains are
actually named Fountain Square.
Contents
[hide]
1 Urban Planning
2 USA
3 United Kingdom
4 China
5 Russia
6 See also
7 References
[edit] Urban Planning

In urban planning, a city square or urban square is a planned open area in a city, usually or
originally rectangular in shape. Some city squares are large enough that they act as a sort of
"national square".
The first urban formations started appearing at least 6000 years ago. Within urban areas open
public space always existed and it served a very important purpose. Along with the development
of human society and the development of cities, the squares acquired more and more functions.
At first, the squares were established at the crossroads of important trade routes where exchange
of goods as well as ideas took place. For example, Phoenician tradespeople invented numerical
and linguistic pictographic inscriptions out of the need to record transactions. Another very
important function of the public square was that it served as an opportunity to exercise the power
of rulers with military processions and parades.
Wars and inventions of dangerous weapons, where the ambition was not only to capture women
and goods, but to destroy enemies, led to cities surrounded by thick walls and elaborate systems
of defense. These became very densely populated, but even under these conditions there was
always room for an open public space. Its functions were expanding too. Major places of
worship were placed there, squares were used as permanent or temporary markets, monuments to
important predecessors were erected and revolutions or contra-revolutions were staged. The
squares became the location of royal courts, government buildings and city halls as
manifestations of wealth and power. They were also used for races, like the Palio race in Siena,
bull fights, executions, or even just to collect rain water in large underground cisterns.
In recent times, theaters, restaurants and museums are also finding their place on the squares.
Cities themselves, are actually becoming museums, a collection of human experiences that
preserve numerous cultural values. Particularly since the invention of motorized traffic, the
individual vehicle has almost destroyed most of the open public spaces. A car parking at one
point had more value than the accumulated historical inheritance human cooperation,
technological processes, architectural and urban planning that a square embodies.[2]
The Tiananmen Square in Beijing
Trafalgar Square, London
Palace Square, St Petersburg
Lindenhof square in Zrich, Switzerland
Main square in Rapperswil, Switzerland

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Interior of the Toronto Eaton Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

7 Shopping property management firms

[edit] Regional differences

Shopping arcade in Tokyo, Japan

Cabot Circus in Bristol city centre, England

The "Sevens" shopping mall in Dsseldorf, Germany.

[edit] Early examples

[edit] Largest examples

[edit] Super regional

[edit] Department stores

[edit] Stand-alone stores

[edit] Dead malls

[edit] New trends

[edit] Vertical malls

The Fashion Centre at Pentagon City, in Arlington, Virginia, United States

[edit] Shopping property management firms

[edit] New towns

Westfield Carousel, in a suburb of Perth, Australia

[edit] Legal issues

[edit] See also

Online shopping malls

James Rouse, community planner

[edit] Types of shopping facilities

Lifestyle center (retail)

Power center (retail)

[edit] Planning concepts

[edit] Lists of malls

List of the world's largest shopping malls

List of shopping malls by country

^ a b Urban Geography: A Global Perspective Michael Pacione, (Routledge, Informa UK Ltd.

^ Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade. Cleveland Magazine, August 2009.

^ Thane Peterson (2007-04-30). "From Slammer Back To Glamour". Business Week.

^ "The Super Centers". Time (magazine). January 24, 1955.

^ "Oscar Oscar Salons Now Open in Chadstone!". culturemag.com.au. Culture Magazine.

^ International Council of Shopping Centers Shopping Center Definitions. Information Accurate

^ University of San Diego webpage. Retrieved June 1, 2007.

^ Discovering Shropshire's History: Shrewsbury Town Walls

^ Shrewsbury Shopping Centres store guide (PDF)

^ This Is Surrey Today

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

Academic Shopping mall studies site

Look up shopping mall in Wiktionary, the

History of the shopping mall

International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)

Photography project on the largest American shopping malls

American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge

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Grand Bazaar, Istanbul

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The Shilin Night Market in Taipei, Taiwan

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