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Physics 1
for
Engineering Students
Dr. Aladdin Abdul-Latif
Physics Department
German University in Cairo
Chapter 1
Units of Chapter 1
Physical quantities
Units, Standards, and the SI System
Converting Units
Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
Vectors and Scalars
Addition of Vectors Graphical Methods
Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by
a Scalar
Adding Vectors by Components
(1) Mass,
(2) Length ,
(3) Time,
(4)Velocity
(5) Area
(6)Volume
(7) The density, (8) Acceleration,
(9) Momentum, (10) Force
(11) Work
(12) Energy
Systems of units
(a) In the international system of units (SI system)
the length has unit of meter ..(m),
the mass has unit of kilogram..(kg),
the time has unit of second ..( s ).
(b) In the Gaussian system of units (CGS system),
the length has unit of centimeter ..(cm),
the mass has unit of gram...(gm),
the time has unit of second .( s ).
(c) In the British system of units (FPS system),
the length has unit of foot ..(ft),
the mass has unit of pound(p),
the time has unit of second (s).
Unit
Standard
Length
Meter
Time
Second
Mass
Kilogram
Conversion of units
To convert units from one system to
another, the conversion factors are as
follows
1 mile = 1609 m =1.609 km
1 ft = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
1 m = 39.37 in = 3.28 ft
1 in = 2.54 cm
Dimensional analysis
The word dimension is used in physics to denote
the nature of a physical quantity regardless of
the system of units used.
For example whether a distance is measured in
units of feet or meters, it is a distance. We say
its dimension is length (L).
We use square brackets [ ] to denote the
dimension of a physical quantity.
For example
[mass]=[m]=M, [length] = [l] = L and [time]=[t]=T.
Another example is [velocity] =LT-1
Examples
|||Example 1.|||
Use the method of dimensional analysis method to show that x=(1/2)at2 is dimensionally
correct where x is the displacement, a acceleration, and t is the time
Solution : The dimension of LHS [x]=L,
The dimension of RHS [at2]=LT-2.T2 =L
|||Example 2|||
Deduce the equation for the velocity of sound v in a gas, at constant temperature, given
that it depends on the pressure P and the density r of the gas.
Solution:
Let v = (const) x Pa x r b
[v] = LT-1 =[P a r b] = [ML-1T-2 ]a [ML-3 ]b
LT-1 = M a+b L-a-3b T-2a
a+b=0,
-a-3b=-1,
and 2a= -1
a= -1/2 , b=1/2, i.e. v=(const) x P-1/2 x r 1/2
Unit Vector
It is a vector having unit magnitude . If A is vector with
magnitude A = 0 then a = A / A is a unit vector having the
same direction as A. The vector A can be represented by
A= A a.
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Resolution of Vector
Any vector A in x-y plane can be resolved into two
components perpendicular to each others one in xdirection and one in y-direction, See fig 7.
y
The x-component Ax is given by:
A
Ax = A cos q
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Vector Equation
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Cross Product
A second kind of vector multiplication is the vector product (also called the
cross product), defined as
Ax=
where the magnitude of is
ICI = AB sin q
q, the angle between A and B, lies between 0 and 180. is
directed perpendicular to the plane of A and B.
To determine the direction of C, use the following right-hand
rule (see the Given Figure).
(a) Slide A and to-together so their tails touch. Next,
(b) using your right hand, point your fingers along A.
(c) Curl your fingers toward B.
(d) Your right thumb will point up in the direction of
= A x .
(e) points in the direction a right-hand screw would
advance when A is rotated toward B. Note that
x A = - A x B.
If A and are parallel, q = 0 and | A x B| = 0. If A and are
perpendicular, q = 90, sin 90 = 1, and |A x B| = AB.
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