Jurassic Park (lm)

1 Plot

Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science ction

adventure lm directed by Steven Spielberg. The rst installment of the Jurassic Park franchise, it is based on the
1990 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton, with
a screenplay written by Crichton and David Koepp. The
lm is set on the ctional Isla Nublar, an islet located o
Central America's Pacic Coast, near Costa Rica, where a
billionaire philanthropist and a small team of genetic scientists have created a wildlife park of cloned dinosaurs.

John Hammond, the founder and CEO of bioengineering

company InGen, has created a theme park called Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar, a tropical island populated with
cloned dinosaurs. After a park worker is killed by a
Velociraptor, the park's investors, represented by lawyer
Donald Gennaro, demand that experts visit the park and
certify it as safe. Gennaro invites the mathematician
Ian Malcolm while Hammond invites paleontologist Dr.
Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler. Upon arrival, the group is stunned to see three Brachiosaurus and
a herd of Parasaurolophus in the distance.

Before Crichton's novel was published, four studios put

in bids for the lm rights. With the backing of Universal
Studios, Spielberg acquired the rights for $1.5 million
before publication in 1990; Crichton was hired for an
additional $500,000 to adapt the novel for the screen.
David Koepp wrote the nal draft, which left out much of
the novel's exposition and violence and made numerous
changes to the characters. Filming took place in California and Hawaii between August and November 1992,
and post-production rolled until May 1993, supervised by
Spielberg in Poland as he lmed Schindler's List. The
dinosaurs were created with groundbreaking computergenerated imagery by Industrial Light & Magic and with
life-sized animatronic dinosaurs built by Stan Winston's
team. To showcase the lm's sound design, which included a mixture of various animal noises for the dinosaur
roars, Spielberg invested in the creation of DTS, a company specializing in digital surround sound formats.

At the visitor center, the group learns during a laboratory

tour that the cloning was accomplished by extracting the
DNA of dinosaurs from mosquitoes that had been preserved in amber. The DNA strands were incomplete, so
DNA from frogs was used to ll in the gaps. The dinosaurs were all cloned genetically as females in order to
prevent breeding.
The group is then joined by Hammond's grandchildren,
Lex and Tim Murphy for a tour of the park, while Hammond oversees the trip from the park's control room. The
tour does not go as planned, with the dinosaurs failing
to appear and a Triceratops becoming ill. As a tropical
storm approaches Isla Nublar, the tour is cut short. Most
of the park employees depart on a boat for the mainland
and the visitors return to the electric tour vehicles, except
Ellie, who stays with the park's veterinarian to study the
Triceratops.

Following an extensive $65 million marketing campaign,

which included licensing deals with 100 companies,
Jurassic Park grossed over $900 million worldwide in its
original theatrical run. It surpassed Spielberg's 1982 lm
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to become the highest-grossing
lm at the time (a distinction it would yield to Titanic
four years later), and was well received by critics, who
praised its special eects, John Williams' musical score,
and Spielberg's direction. Following a 3D re-release in
2013 to celebrate its 20th anniversary, Jurassic Park became the 17th lm to surpass $1 billion in ticket sales, and
the lm still ranks among the 20 highest-grossing lms
ever. The lm won more than 20 awards (including 3
Academy Awards), mostly for its technical achievements.
Jurassic Park is considered a landmark in the development of computer-generated imagery and animatronic visual eects. The lm was followed by three commercially
successful sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997),
Jurassic Park III (2001), and Jurassic World (2015), with
a fth installment scheduled for a 2018 release.

During the storm, as night falls, Jurassic Park's computer programmer, Dennis Nedry, who has been bribed
by a corporate rival, Lewis Dodgson, to steal dinosaur
embryos, deactivates the park's security system to allow him access to the embryo storage room. The power
goes out, and the tour vehicles become stuck. Most of
the park's electric fences are deactivated, allowing the
Tyrannosaurus rex to escape and attack the tour group.
Grant, Lex, and Tim narrowly escape while the Tyrannosaurus devours Gennaro, injures Malcolm, and pushes
one of the vehicles over an embankment. On his way
to deliver the embryos to the island's docks, Nedry becomes lost in the dark, crashes his Jeep, and is killed by
a Dilophosaurus.
Sattler assists the park's game warden, Robert Muldoon,
in a search for survivors, but they only nd Malcolm before the Tyrannosaurus rex returns. They escape in one
of the vehicles. Unable to decipher Nedry's code to reac1

tivate the security system, Hammond and the park's chief

engineer Ray Arnold opt to reboot the entire park's system. The group shuts down the park's grid and retreats
to an emergency bunker, while Arnold heads to a maintenance shed to complete the rebooting process. When he
fails to return, Sattler and Muldoon head to the shed as
well. They discover the shutdown has deactivated the remaining fences and released the Velociraptors; Muldoon
distracts the raptors while Sattler turns the power back on.
She discovers Arnold's severed arm and escapes. Soon
after, the raptors ambush and kill Muldoon.

CAST

Bob Peck as Robert Muldoon, the park's game warden.

Wayne Knight as Dennis Nedry, the disguntled and
corrupt programmer of the park's computer systems.
Samuel L. Jackson as Ray Arnold, the park's chainsmoking chief engineer.
Cameron Thor as Dr. Lewis Dodgson, a man involved with a corporate rival of InGen.

Grant, Tim, and Lex discover the broken shells of di Miguel Sandoval as Juanito Rostagno, the Mano de
nosaur eggs. Grant concludes that the dinosaurs have
Dios amber mine's proprietor.
been breeding, which occurred because they have the ge Jerry Molen as Dr. Harding, the park's veterinarian.
netic coding of frog DNA West African bullfrogs can
change their sex in a single-sex environment, making the
B. D. Wong as Dr. Henry Wu, the park's chief gedinosaurs able to do so as well. On the way back to the
neticist.
visitor center, the trio encounter a herd of Gallimimus,
when suddenly the Tyrannosaurus emerges from seem Richard Kiley as himself, providing audio narration
ingly nowhere and kills one. Grant, Tim and Lex reach
for the park's main tour.
the visitor center, and Grant leaves them there as he goes
Greg Burson as the voice of Mr. DNA, the animated
searching for the others. After nding the bunker, Grant
DNA strand that explains the miracle of cloning.
and Sattler head back to the visitor center, where the children successfully evade two Velociraptors. The four head
to the control room, where Lex restores full power, allowing the group to call for help. While trying to leave, they 2.1 Dinosaurs on screen
are cornered by the raptors, but escape when the Tyrannosaurus suddenly appears and kills both raptors, ignor- See also: List of cloned animals in Jurassic Park
ing the humans. Hammond arrives in a jeep with Mal- Despite the title of the lm referencing the Jurassic pecolm, and the entire group ees together. Before they
board a helicopter to leave the island, Grant decides not
to endorse the park, a choice with which Hammond concurs.

Cast

Main article: List of Jurassic Park characters

Sam Neill as Dr. Alan Grant, a leading paleontolo- The life-sized animatronic Tyrannosaurus rex on the set. It is the
gist.
largest sculpture ever made by Stan Winston Studio.* [3]
Laura Dern as Dr. Ellie Sattler, a paleobotanist.

riod, Brachiosaurus and Dilophosaurus are the only diJe Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm, a mathematician nosaurs featured that actually lived during that time; the
other species featured did not exist until the Cretaceous
and chaos theorist.
period.* [4] This is acknowledged in the lm during a
Richard Attenborough as John Hammond, InGen's scene where Dr. Grant describes the ferocity of the Velociraptor to a young boy, sayingTry to imagine yourself
billionaire CEO and the park's creator.
in the Cretaceous period...* [5]
Ariana Richards as Alexis LexMurphy, Tim's
older sister and Dr. Hammond's granddaughter.
Tyrannosaurus was acknowledged by Spielberg as
the star of the movie, even leading him to rewrite
Joseph Mazzello as TimothyTimMurphy, Lex's
the ending to feature the T. rex for fear of disapyounger brother and Dr. Hammond's grandson.
pointing the audience.* [6] Winston's animatronic T.
Martin Ferrero as Donald Gennaro, a lawyer who
rex stood 20 feet (6.1 m), weighed 17,500 pounds
represents Hammond's concerned investors.
(7,900 kg),* [7] and was 40 feet (12 m) long.* [8]

2.1

Dinosaurs on screen

3
Dilophosaurus was also very dierent from its reallife counterpart, made signicantly smaller to make
sure audiences did not confuse it with the raptors.* [17] Its neck frill and its ability to spit venom
are ctitious. Its vocal sounds were made by combining a swan, a hawk, a howler monkey, and a
rattlesnake.* [6] The animatronic model, nicknamed
Spitterby Stan Winston's team, was animated by
the puppeteers sitting on a trench in the set oor, and
used a paintball mechanism to spit the mixture of
methacyl and K-Y Jelly that served as venom.* [18]

Reconstruction of the stop motion scene of the destroyed car in

the National Museum of Cinema of Turin, Italy.

Jack Horner called it the closest I've ever been to

a live dinosaur.* [8] While the consulting paleontologists did not have a consensus on the dinosaur's
movement, particularly regarding its running capabilities, animator Steve Williams decided tothrow
physics out the window and create a T. rex that
moved at sixty miles per hour even though its hollow
bones would have busted if it ran that fast.* [9] The
major reason was the T. rex chasing a Jeep, a scene
that took two months to nish.* [10] The dinosaur
is depicted with a vision system based on movement, though later studies indicated the T. rex had
binocular vision comparable to a bird of prey.* [11]
Its roar is a baby elephant mixed with a tiger and
an alligator, and its breath is a whale's blow.* [10] A
dog attacking a rope toy was used for the sounds of
the T. rex tearing a Gallimimus apart,* [6] while cut
sequoias crashing to the ground became the sound
of the dinosaur's footsteps.* [12]
Velociraptor plays a major role in the lm. The
creature's depiction is not based on the actual dinosaur genus in question, which itself was signicantly smaller. Shortly* [13] before Jurassic Park's
theatre release, the similar Utahraptor was discovered, though was proven bigger in appearance than
the lm's raptors; this prompted Stan Winston to
joke,We made it, then they discovered it.* [8] For
the attack on character Robert Muldoon and some
parts of the kitchen scene, the raptors were played
by men in suits.* [14] Dolphin screams, walruses bellowing, geese hissing,* [6] an African crane's mating
call, tortoises mating, and human rasps were mixed
to formulate various raptor sounds.* [10]* [15] Following discoveries made after the lm's release,
most paleontologists theorize that dromaeosaurs like
Velociraptor and Deinonychus were fully covered
with feathers like modern birds. This feature is only
included in Jurassic Park III for the male raptors,
who are shown with a row of small quills on their
heads.* [16]

Brachiosaurus is the rst dinosaur seen by the park's

visitors. It is inaccurately depicted as chewing its
food, and standing up on its hind legs to browse
among the high tree branches.* [10] According to
artist Andy Schoneberg, the chewing was done to
make the animal seem docile, in a way it resembled a cow chewing its cud. The dinosaur's head
and upper neck was the largest puppet without hydraulics built for the lm.* [19] Despite scientic
evidence of their having limited vocal capabilities,
sound designer Gary Rydstrom decided to represent them with whale songs and donkey calls to give
them a melodic sense of wonder. Penguins were
also recorded to be used in the noises of the dinosaurs.* [10]
Triceratops has an extended cameo, being sick with
an unidentied disease. Its appearance was a particular logistical nightmare for Stan Winston when
Spielberg asked to shoot the animatronic of the sick
creature earlier than expected.* [20] The model, operated by eight puppeteers in the Kaua'i set, wound
up being the rst dinosaur lmed during production.* [21] Winston also created a baby Triceratops
for Ariana Richards to ride on, a scene cut from
the lm for pacing reasons.* [22] Gary Rydstrom
combined the sound of himself breathing into a
cardboard tube with the cows near his workplace
at Skywalker Ranch to create the Triceratops vocals.* [15]
Gallimimus are featured in a stampede scene where
one of them is devoured by the Tyrannosaurus. The
Gallimimus was the rst dinosaur to receive a digital version, being featured in two ILM tests, rst
as a herd of skeletons and then fully skinned while
pursued by the T. rex.* [6] Its design was based on
ostriches, and to emphasize the birdlike qualities,
the animation focused mostly on the herd rather
than individual animals.* [23] As reference for the
dinosaurs' run, the animators were lmed running
at the ILM parking lot, with plastic pipes standing
in as the tree that the Gallimimus jump over.* [24]
The footage even inspired to incorporate an animal
falling in its leap as one of the artists crashed making the jump.* [25] Horse squeals became the Gallimimus sounds.* [15]

PRODUCTION

Parasaurolophus appear in the background during for Spielberg.* [30] After completing Hook, Spielberg
the rst encounter with the Brachiosaurus.* [26]
wanted to lm Schindler's List. Music Corporation of
America (then Universal Pictures' parent company) pres Alamosaurus appears as a skeleton in the Jurassic ident Sid Sheinberg gave a green light to the lm on the
Park visitor center.* [27]
condition that Spielberg made Jurassic Park rst.* [29]
The director later declared that by choosing a creaturedriven thriller, I was really just trying to make a good
sequel to Jaws, on land.* [31]
3 Production

3.1

Development

Michael Crichton's book attracted the attention of director Steven

Spielberg even before publishing. The author was also responsible for the lm's rst scripts.

Michael Crichton originally conceived a screenplay about

a graduate student who recreates a dinosaur; he continued
to wrestle with his fascination with dinosaurs and cloning
until he began writing the novel Jurassic Park.* [28] Even
before publication, Steven Spielberg learned of the novel
in October 1989 while he and Crichton were discussing
a screenplay that would become the television series
ER.* [29] Spielberg considered that what really fascinated
him was that Jurassic Park was a really credible look
at how dinosaurs might someday be brought back alongside modern mankind, going beyond a simple monster
movie.* [21]
Before the book was published, Crichton demanded a
non-negotiable fee of $1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the gross. Warner Bros. and Tim Burton, Columbia Pictures and Richard Donner, and 20th
Century Fox and Joe Dante bid for the rights,* [29] but
Universal Studios eventually acquired them in May 1990

To create the dinosaurs, Spielberg at rst thought of hiring Bob Gurr, who designed a giant mechanical King
Kong for Universal Studios Hollywood's King Kong Encounter. Upon considering that the life-sized dinosaurs
would be too expensive and not all convincing, Spielberg
instead decided to look after the best eects supervisors
in Hollywood. Brought in were Stan Winston to create
the animatronic dinosaurs, Phil Tippett to create go motion dinosaurs for long shots credited as Dinosaur Supervisor, Michael Lantieri to supervise the on-set eects,
and Dennis Muren of Industrial Light & Magic to do the
digital compositing. Paleontologist Jack Horner supervised the designs, to help fulll Spielberg's desire to portray the dinosaurs as animals rather than monsters. This
led to the entry of certain concepts about dinosaurs, such
as the theory that dinosaurs evolved into birds and had
very little in common with lizards. One of the rst consequences was the removal of the raptors' icking tongues
in Tippett's early animatics,* [6] as Horner complained it
was implausible.* [32] Winston's department created fully
detailed models of the dinosaurs before molding latex
skins, which were tted over complex robotics. Tippett
created stop-motion animatics of both the raptors in the
kitchen and the Tyrannosaurus attacking the car. But despite go motion's attempts at motion blurs, Spielberg still
found the end results unsatisfactory in terms of working
in a live-action feature lm. Muren declared to Spielberg that he thought the dinosaurs could be built through
computer-generated imagery, and the director asked him
to prove it.* [6] ILM animators Mark Dipp and Steve
Williams developed a computer-generated walk cycle for
the T. rex skeleton, and were approved to do more.* [33]
When Spielberg and Tippett saw an animatic of the T. rex
chasing a herd of Gallimimus, Spielberg said,You're out
of a job,to which Tippett replied,Don't you mean extinct?"* [6] Spielberg later wrote both the animatic and
his dialogue between him and Tippett into the script,
as a conversation between Malcolm and Grant.* [34] Although no go motion was used, Tippett and his animators were still used by the production to supervise dinosaur movement. Tippett acted as a consultant regarding dinosaur anatomy, and his stop motion animators
were re-trained as computer animators.* [6] The animatics made by Tippett's team were also used along with the
storyboards as a reference for what would be shot during the action sequences.* [12] ILM's artists were sent to
private tours to the local animal park so they could study
large animals rhinos, elephants, alligators, and giraes
up close, and also received mime classes for understanding movements.* [25]

3.3

3.2

Filming

Writing

Universal paid Crichton a further $500,000 to adapt his

own novel,* [35] which he had nished by the time Spielberg was lming Hook. Crichton noted that because the
book was fairly longhis script only had about 10 to
20 percent of the novel's content; scenes were dropped
for budgetary and practical reasons, and despite the gory
descriptions, the violence was toned down.* [36] Malia
Scotch Marmo began a script rewrite in October 1991
over a ve-month period, merging Ian Malcolm with Alan
Grant.* [37]
As Spielberg wanted another writer to rework the script,
Universal president Casey Silver recommended him
David Koepp, co-writer of Death Becomes Her.* [38]
Koepp started afresh from Marmo's draft, and used Spielberg's idea of a cartoon shown to the visitors to remove
much of the exposition that lls Crichton's novel.* [39]
While Koepp tried to avoid excessive character detail
because whenever they started talking about their personal lives, you couldn't care less,* [40] he tried to esh
out the characters and make for a more colorful cast,
with moments such as Malcolm irting with Sattler leading to Grant's jealousy.* [21] Some characterizations were
changed from the novel. Hammond went from a ruthless businessman to a kindly old man, because Spielberg identied with Hammond's obsession with showmanship.* [41] He also switched the characters of Tim
and Lex; in the book, Tim is aged eleven and interested
in computers, and Lex is only seven or eight and interested in sports. Spielberg did this because he wanted to
work with the younger Joseph Mazzello, and it also allowed him to introduce the sub-plot of Lex's adolescent
crush on Grant.* [42] Koepp changed Grant's relationship
with the children, making him hostile to them initially to
allow for more character development.* [29]
Two scenes from the book were excised, with Spielberg
removing the opening sequence with Procompsognathus
attacking a young child as he found it too horric,* [43]
and Koepp cutting for budgetary reasons the T. rex chasing Grant and the children down a river before being tranquilized by Muldoon. Both parts eventually saw inclusion
in the lm sequels.* [39] Spielberg suggested the addition
of the scene where the T. rex pursues a jeep, which at rst
would only have the characters driving away after listening to the dinosaur's footsteps.* [44]

3.3

Filming

After 25 months of pre-production, lming began on August 24, 1992, on the Hawaiian island of Kauai.* [45]
While Costa Rica was considered as a location given it
is the story's setting, Spielberg's concerns on infrastructure and accessibility made him choose a place where
he had already worked before.* [21] The three-week
shoot involved various daytime exteriors for Isla Nublar's
forests.* [30] On September 11, Hurricane Iniki passed

Replica of the Ford Explorers featured in the lm at Universal

Studios Japan.

directly over Kauai, which caused the crew to lose a

day of shooting.* [46] Several of the storm scenes from
the movie are actual footage shot during the hurricane.
The scheduled shoot of the Gallimimus chase was moved
to Kualoa Ranch on the island of Oahu and one of the
beginning scenes had to be created by digitally animating a still shot of scenery.* [34] The opening scene was
shot in Haiku, on the island of Maui,* [47] with additional scenes being lmed on the forbidden islandof
Niihau.* [48] Samuel L. Jackson was to lm a lengthy
death scene in which his character would be chased and
killed by velociraptors, but the set was destroyed by Hurricane Iniki.* [49] By mid-September, the crew moved
back to California,* [6] to shoot the raptors in the kitchen
at Stage 24 of the Universal studio lot.* [30] Given the
kitchen set was lled with reective surfaces, cinematographer Dean Cundey had to carefully plan the illumination while also using black cloths to hide the light reections.* [12] The crew also shot on Stage 23 for the scenes
involving the power supply, before going on location to
Red Rock Canyon for the Montana dig scenes.* [50] The
crew returned to Universal to shoot Grant's rescue of
Tim, using a fty-foot prop with hydraulic wheels for
the car fall, and the Brachiosaurus encounter. The crew
lmed scenes for the Park's labs and control room, which
used animations for the computers lent from Silicon
Graphics and Apple.* [7] While Crichton's book features
Toyota cars in Jurassic Park, Spielberg got a deal with
the Ford Motor Company, who provided seven Ford Explorers.* [51]* [52] The Explorers were modied by ILM's
crew and veteran customizer George Barris to create the
illusion that they were autonomous cars by hiding the
driver in the car's trunk.* [53] Barris also customized the
Jeep Wranglers featured in the production.* [54]
The crew moved to Warner Bros. Studios' Stage 16 to
shoot the T. rex 's attack on the LSX powered SUVs.* [7]
Shooting proved frustrating because of water soaking the
foam rubber skin of the animatronic dinosaur, which
caused the animatronic T. rex to shake and quiver from
the extra weight when the foam absorbed the water.

4 RELEASE

This forced Stan Winston's crew to dry the model with

shammys between takes.* [55] On the set, Malcolm distracting the dinosaur with a are was included at Je
Goldblum's suggestion, as he felt a heroic action was better than going by the script, where like Gennaro, Malcolm would get scared and run away.* [12] The ripples in
the glass of water caused by the T. rex 's footsteps were
inspired by Spielberg listening to Earth, Wind and Fire
in his car, and the vibrations the bass rhythm caused.
Lantieri was unsure of how to create the shot until the
night before lming, when he put a glass of water on a guitar he was playing, which achieved the concentric circles
in the water Spielberg wanted. The next morning, guitar strings were put inside the car and a man on the oor
plucked the strings to achieve the eect.* [56] Back at
Universal, the crew lmed scenes with the Dilophosaurus
on Stage 27. Finally, the shoot nished on Stage 12, with
the climactic chases with the raptors in the Park's computer rooms and Visitor's Center.* [14] Spielberg changed
the climax to bring back the T. rex, abandoning the original ending in which Grant uses a platform machine to
maneuver a raptor into a fossil tyrannosaur's jaws.* [57]
The scene which already had the juxtaposition of live dinosaurs in a museum lled with fossils, while also destroying the bones, now also had an ending where the T.
rex saved the protagonists, and afterwards did what Spielberg described as aKing Kong roarwhile an ironic banner readingWhen Dinosaurs Ruled the Earthew.* [12]
The lm wrapped twelve days ahead of schedule on
November 30,* [58] and within days, editor Michael Kahn
had a rough cut ready, allowing Spielberg to go ahead with
lming Schindler's List.* [59]

the computer-generated dinosaurs, ILM also created elements such as water splashing and digital face replacement for Ariana Richards' stunt double.* [6] Compositing the dinosaurs onto the live action scenes took around
an hour. Rendering the dinosaurs often took two to four
hours per frame, and rendering the T. rex in the rain even
took six hours per frame.* [61] Spielberg monitored their
progress from Poland during the lming of Schindler's
List,* [62] having teleconferences four times a week with
ILM's crew. The director described working simultaneously in two vastly dierent productions as a bipolar
experience, where he used every ounce of intuition
on Schindler's List and every ounce of craft in Jurassic
Park".* [24]

3.4

Composer John Williams began scoring the lm at the

end of February, and it was recorded a month later. John
Neufeld and Alexander Courage provided the score's
orchestrations.* [10] Like with another Spielberg lm he
scored, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Williams felt
he needed to write pieces that would convey a sense
of 'awe' and fascinationgiven it dealt with the overwhelming happiness and excitementthat would emerge
from seeing live dinosaurs. In turn more suspenseful
scenes such as the Tyrannosaurus attack earned frightening themes.* [64] The rst soundtrack album was released
on May 25, 1993.* [65] For the 20th anniversary of the release of the lm, a new soundtrack was issued for digital
download on April 9, 2013 including four bonus tracks
personally selected by Williams.* [66]

Post-production

Dinosaur Input Deviceraptor used for the movie

Special eects work continued on the lm, with Tippett's unit adjusting to new technology with Dinosaur
Input Devices:* [60] models which fed information into
the computers to allow themselves to animate the characters like stop motion puppets. In addition, they acted
out scenes with the raptors and Gallimimus. As well as

Along with the digital eects, Spielberg wanted the lm

to be the rst with digital sound. He funded the creation
of DTS, which would allow audiences toreally hear the
movie the way it was intended to be heard.* [24] The
sound eects crew, supervised by George Lucas,* [63]
were nished by the end of April.* [10] Sound designer
Gary Rydstrom considered it a fun process, given the
lm had all kinds of noise animal sounds, rain, gunshots, car crashes and at times no music. During the
process, Spielberg would take the weekends to y from
Poland to Paris, where he would meet Rydstrom to see
the sound progress.* [24] Jurassic Park was nally completed on May 28, 1993.* [10]

3.5 Music
Main article: Jurassic Park (lm score)

4 Release
Universal took the lengthy pre-production to carefully
plan the Jurassic Park marketing campaign,* [51] which
cost $65 million and had deals with 100 companies to
market 1,000 products.* [67] These included three Jurassic Park video games by Sega and Ocean Software,* [68]

4.2

Home media

a toy line by Kenner that was distributed by Hasbro,* [69]

McDonald's "Dino-Sized meals",* [51] and a novelization
aimed at young children.* [70]
The lm's trailers only gave eeting glimpses of the dinosaurs,* [71] a tactic journalist Josh Horowitz described
asthat old Spielberg axiom of never revealing too much
when Spielberg and director Michael Bay did the same for
their production of Transformers in 2007.* [72] The lm
was marketed with the taglineAn Adventure 65 Million
Years In The Making.This was a joke Spielberg made
on set about the genuine, thousands of years old mosquito
in amber used for Hammond's walking stick.* [73]
The lm premiered at the Uptown Theater on June 9,
1993, in Washington, D.C.,* [74]* [75] in support of two
children's charities.* [76] Two days later it opened nationwide, in 2,404 theater locations and an estimated 3,400
screens.* [77] Internationally it was equally wide at 3,400
prints.* [78] Following the lm's release, a traveling exhibition called The Dinosaurs of Jurassic Park began, showcasing dinosaur skeletons and lm props.* [79]
Jurassic Park was broadcast on television for the rst time
on May 7, 1995, following the April 26 airing of The
Making of Jurassic Park.* [80] Some 68.12 million people tuned in to watch, garnering NBC a 36 percent share
of all available viewers that night. Jurassic Park was
the highest-rated theatrical lm broadcast on television
by any network since the April 1987 airing of Trading
Places.* [81] In JuneJuly 1995 the lm was aired a num- Theatrical poster for the 3D re-release of Jurassic Park for the
ber of times on the TNT network.* [81]
lm's 20th anniversary

4.1

Theatrical re-releases

which contributed some elements and updated eects

shots for a better visual enhancement.* [88] It opened on
In anticipation of the Blu-ray release, Jurassic Park had the United States and seven other territories on April 5,
a digital print released in UK cinemas on September 23, 2013,* [89] with other countries receiving the re-release
2011.* [82] It wound up grossing 245,422 ($786,021) in the following six months.* [90]
from 276 theaters, nishing at eleventh on the weekend
box oce.* [83]
Two years later, on the 20th anniversary of Jurassic Park,
a 3D version of the lm was released in cinemas.* [84]
Spielberg declared that he had produced the lm with
a sort of subconscious 3D, as scenes feature animals walking toward the cameras and some eects of
foreground and background overlay.* [85] In 2011, he
stated in an interview that Jurassic Park was the only
of his works he had considered for a conversion,* [86]
and once he saw the 3D version of Titanic in 2012,
he liked the new look of the lm so much that he
hired the same retrotting company, Stereo D. Spielberg and cinematographer Janusz Kaminski supervised
the nine-month process closely in-between the production
of Lincoln.* [85]* [87] Stereo D executive Aaron Parry declared that the conversion was an evolution of what the
company had done with Titanic, being able to capitalize on everything we learned with Jim on Titanic and take
it into a dierent genre and movie, and one with so many
technical achievements.The studio had the help of ILM,

4.2 Home media

The lm made its VHS and LaserDisc debut on October 4, 1994.* [91] With 17 million units sold in both formats,* [92] Jurassic Park is the fth best-selling VHS tape
ever.* [93]
Jurassic Park was rst released on Collector's Edition
DVD on October 10, 2000, in both a widescreen and
fullscreen, and in a box set along with sequel The Lost
World: Jurassic Park and both movies' soundtrack albums.* [94] It ended as the 13th best-selling DVD of 2000
counting both versions, nishing the year with 910,000
units sold.* [95] Following the release of Jurassic Park III,
a new box set with all lms called Jurassic Park Trilogy
was released on December 11, 2001; it was re-released
on VHS and DVD as part of its 15th anniversary on October 8, 2004.* [96] It was repackaged as Jurassic Park
Adventure Pack on November 29, 2005.* [97]

5 RECEPTION

The trilogy was released on Blu-ray on October 25,

2011,* [98] debuting at fth on the Blu-ray charts,* [99]
and being nominated as the best release of the year by
both the Las Vegas Film Critics Society* [100] and the
Saturn Awards.* [101] In 2012, Jurassic Park was among
25 lms Universal picked for a box set that celebrated
the studio's 100th anniversary,* [102] while also receiving a standalone 100th anniversary Blu-ray featuring an
augmented reality cover.* [103] The following year, the
20th anniversary 3D conversion was issued on Blu-ray
3D.* [104]

5
5.1

Reception
Box oce

Jurassic Park became the highest grossing lm released

worldwide up to that time, beating Spielberg's E.T. the
Extra-Terrestrial which previously held the title (though
it did not top E.T. in North America).* [105] Following $3.1 million from midnight screenings on June 10,
the lm earned $47 million in its rst weekend, with
the $50.1 million total breaking the opening weekend
record set by Batman Returns the year before.* [77] By
the end of its rst week, Jurassic Park had grossed
$81.7 million,* [106] and stayed at number one for three
weeks. It eventually grossed $357 million in the U.S.
and Canada.* [107] The lm also did very well in international markets, breaking opening records in the
United Kingdom, Japan, India, South Korea, Mexico, and
Taiwan,* [108] ultimately earning $914 million worldwide,* [2] with Spielberg reportedly making over $250
million from the lm.* [109] Jurassic Park's worldwide
gross was topped four years later by James Cameron's
Titanic.* [110]
The 3D re-release of Jurassic Park opened at fourth place
in North America, with $18.6 million from 2,771 locations. IMAX showings accounted for over $6 million, with the 32 percent being the highest IMAX share
ever for a nationwide release.* [111] The international release had its most successful weekend in the last week
of August, when it managed to climb to the top of
the overseas box oce with a $28.8 million debut in
China.* [112] The reissue earned $45,385,935 in North
America and $44,500,000 internationally as of August
2013,* [113] leading to a lifetime gross of $402,453,882
in North America and $628,723,171 overseas, totaling up
to a worldwide gross of $1,029,939,903, making Jurassic Park the 17th lm to surpass the $1 billion mark.
It was the rst and only Universal Pictures lm to surpass the $1 billion mark until Furious 7 was released in
2015. It currently ranks as the 19th highest-grossing lm
of all time, both in North America (unadjusted for ination) and worldwide. It is the fourth highest-grossing
lm released by Universal (after Minions, Furious 7, and
Jurassic World), and the highest-grossing lm directed by

Spielberg.* [2]* [114]

5.2 Critical response

Jurassic Park received critical acclaim.* [115] High praise
was heaped on the visual eects, musical score, and
Spielberg's direction, although there was some criticism
leveled at departures from the book. Review aggregation
website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively gave the lm a
Certied Freshrating of 93%, based on 116 reviews,
with rating average score of 8.3/10. The site's critical
consensus reads, "Jurassic Park is a spectacle of special
eects and life-like animatronics, with some of Spielberg's best sequences of sustained awe and sheer terror
since Jaws.* [116] Metacritic gave the lm a score of
68 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating generally
favorable reviews.* [115]
Janet Maslin of The New York Times called it a
true movie milestone, presenting awe- and fear-inspiring
sights never before seen on the screen... On paper, this
story is tailor-made for Mr. Spielberg's talents...[but] [i]t
becomes less crisp on screen than it was on the page,
with much of the enjoyable jargon either mumbled confusingly or otherwise thrown away.* [117] In Rolling
Stone, Peter Travers described the lm as colossal entertainmentthe eye-popping, mind-bending, kick-outthe-jams thrill ride of summer and probably the year [...]
Compared with the dinos, the characters are dry bones,
indeed. Crichton and co-screenwriter David Koepp have
attened them into nonentities on the trip from page to
screen.* [118] Roger Ebert noted, The movie delivers all too well on its promise to show us dinosaurs. We
see them early and often, and they are indeed a triumph
of special eects artistry, but the movie is lacking other
qualities that it needs even more, such as a sense of awe
and wonderment, and strong human story values.* [119]
Henry Sheehan argued, The complaints over Jurassic
Park's lack of story and character sound a little o the
point,pointing out the story arc of Grant learning to protect Hammond's grandchildren despite his initial dislike
of them.* [41] Empire magazine gave the lm ve stars,
hailing it asquite simply one of the greatest blockbusters
of all time.* [120]

5.3 Accolades
In March 1994, Jurassic Park won all three Academy
Awards for which it was nominated: Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Eects (at
the same ceremony, Spielberg, editor Michael Kahn
and composer John Williams won Academy Awards for
Schindler's List). The lm won honors outside the U.S.
including the 1994 BAFTA for Best Special Eects, as
well as the Award for the Public's Favorite Film.* [121]
It won the 1994 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation,* [122] and the 1993 Saturn Awards for Best

6.1

Sequels and merchandise

Science Fiction Film, Best Direction, Best Writing for

Crichton and Koepp and Best Special Eects.* [123] The
lm won the 1993 People's Choice Awards for Favorite
All-Around Motion Picture.* [124] Young Artist Awards
were given to Ariana Richards and Joseph Mazzello, with
the lm winning an Outstanding Action/Adventure Family Motion Picture award.* [125] In 2001, the American
Film Institute ranked Jurassic Park as the 35th most
thrilling lm of American cinema.* [126] The lm has
been included in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,* [127] lm lists by Empire magazine,* [128]
and The Guardian.* [129]

Legacy

9
ema.* [150] In 2008, an Empire poll of readers, lmmakers, and critics also rated it one of the 500 greatest lms of
all time.* [151] On Film Review 's fty-fth anniversary in
2005, it declared the lm to be one of the ve most important in the magazine's lifetime.* [152] In 2006, IGN
ranked Jurassic Park as the 19th greatest lm franchise
ever.* [153] In a 2010 poll, the readers of Entertainment
Weekly rated it the greatest summer movie of the previous 20 years.* [154] The popularity of the movie caused
the management of the National Basketball Association
expansion franchise founded in Toronto in 1995 to adopt
the nickname Raptors.* [155]
The biggest impact Jurassic Park had on subsequent
lms regarded Industrial Light and Magic's computergenerated visual eects. Film historian Tom Shone commented on the lm's innovation and inuence, saying that
In its way, Jurassic Park heralded a revolution in movies
as profound as the coming of sound in 1927.* [156]
Many lmmakers saw Jurassic Park 's eects as a realization that many of their visions, previously thought unfeasible or too expensive, were now possible.* [149] ILM
owner George Lucas, realizing the success of creating
realistic live dinosaurs by his own company, started to
make the Star Wars prequels,* [157] Stanley Kubrick decided to invest in pet project A.I. Articial Intelligence,
to which he would later bring Spielberg to direct,* [149]
and Peter Jackson began to re-explore his childhood love
of fantasy lms, a path that led him to The Lord of the
Rings and King Kong.* [158] Jurassic Park has also inspired lms and documentaries with dinosaurs such as
the American adaptation of Godzilla, Dinosaur from the
Deep, Carnosaur (in which Laura Dern's mother Diane
Ladd starred), Dinosaur Island and Walking with Dinosaurs.* [149] Stan Winston, enthusiastic about the new
technology pioneered by the lm, joined with IBM and
director James Cameron to form a new special eects
company, Digital Domain.* [159]

6.1 Sequels and merchandise

Entrance to the Jurassic Park Discovery Center at Islands of Adventure.

Further information: Jurassic Park

In the years following its release, Jurassic Park has frequently been cited by lm critics and industry professionals as one of the greatest movies of the action and thriller
genres. The American Film Institute named Jurassic
Park the 35th most thrilling lm of all time on June 13,
2001.* [146] The Chicago Film Critics Association also
ranked Jurassic Park as the 55th scariest movie of all time
and, in 2005, Bravo chose the scene in which Lex and Tim
are stalked by two raptors in the kitchen as the 95th scariest movie moment ever.* [147]* [148] On Empire magazine's fteenth anniversary in 2004, it judged Jurassic
Park the sixth most inuential lm of the magazine's
lifetime.* [149] Empire called the rst encounter with a
Brachiosaurus the 28th most magical moment in cin-

After the enormous success of the lm, Spielberg requested Michael Crichton to write a sequel novel, leading to the 1995 book The Lost World,* [160] which in
turn was adapted as The Lost World: Jurassic Park on
May 23, 1997, also directed by Spielberg and written
by David Koepp.* [161] Another lm, Jurassic Park III,
was released on July 18, 2001 under the direction of Joe
Johnston and Spielberg as executive producer, featuring
an original script that still incorporated unused elements
from Crichton's original Jurassic Park.* [162] A fourth
installment Jurassic World was released in theaters on
June 12, 2015. Spielberg again only produces, with Colin
Trevorrow directing a script written by himself and Derek
Connolly.* [163]

10

REFERENCES

The story of the lm was also continued in auxil- [12]Return to Jurassic Park: Making Prehistory, Jurassic
Park Blu-ray (2011)
iary media, at times even unattached to the lm sequels themselves. These included a series of Jurassic
[13] What Do We Really Know About Utahraptor?
Park comic books written by Steve Englehart for Topps
| Dinosaur Tracking.
Blogs.smithsonianmag.com.
Comics,* [164] and video games such as Ocean Software's
doi:10.1080/02724634.2001.10010852. Retrieved JanJurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues (1994), Vivendi's
uary 24, 2013.
Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis (2003) and Telltale
[14] Shay, Duncan, p. 113114.
Games' Jurassic Park: The Game (2011).* [68]
All of the Universal Parks & Resorts include a Jurassic Park-themed ride. The rst was Jurassic Park: The
Ride at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 15, 1996,
built after six years of development at a cost of $110 million.* [165] Said attraction was replicated on Universal
Studios Japan in 2001.* [166] Islands of Adventure in
Orlando, Florida, has an entire section of the park dedicated to Jurassic Park that includes the main ride, christenedJurassic Park River Adventure, and many smaller
rides and attractions based on the series.* [167]* [168]
In Universal Studios Singapore, opened in 2010, the
Themed Zone named The Lost World consists mostly
of Jurassic Park rides, such as the roller coaster Canopy
Flyer and the river rapids Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure.* [169]

[15] Buchanan, Kyle (September 4, 2013). You'll Never

Guess How the Dinosaur Sounds in Jurassic Park Were
Made. Vulture. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
[16] G. S. Paul 2002. Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and
Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press. 472 pp.
[17] Shay, Duncan, p. 36.
[18] JURASSIC PARK's Spitter Building the animatronic
Dilophosaurus dinosaur puppet. Stan Winston School
of Character Arts. April 5, 2013. Retrieved January 6,
2014.
[19] JURASSIC PARK's Brachiosaurus Animatronic Puppet Rehearsal. Stan Winston School of Character Arts.
January 23, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
[20] Shay, Duncan, p. 83.

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Jurassic Park at the Internet Movie Database
Jurassic Park at AllMovie
Jurassic Park at Rotten Tomatoes
Jurassic Park at Metacritic

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worrying and love the summer. Pg 213. Simon and Schuster, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7432-3568-6

Jurassic Park at Box Oce Mojo

[157] Marcus Hearn (2005). ILM and the Digital RevolutionThe Cinema of George Lucas. New York: Harry N.
Abrams Inc, Publishers. p. 174. ISBN 0-8109-4968-7.

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Shay, Don; Duncan, Jody (1993). The Making of
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Free ebook about Jurassic Park

15

10
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10.3

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