Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 AN OVERVIEW OF R.S.E.B.
Rajasthan State Electricity Board started working form 1 July, 1957. When India
becomes independent its overall installed capacity was hardly 1900 mw. During first year
plan (1951-1956) this capacity was only 2300 MW. The contribution of Rajasthan state
was negligible during 1&2 year plans the emphases was on industrialization for that end
it was considered to make the system of the country reliable. Therefore Rajasthan
state electricity board came into existence in July 1957.
In 1957 RSEB (Rajasthan State Electric Board) is comes in to existence and it
satisfactorily work from 1 july1957 at that time energy level in Rajasthan is very low .
The 1st survey for energy capacity in Rajasthan is held in 1989 at that time the total
electric energy capacity of Rajasthan is 20116 MW. At that time the main aim of RSEB is
to supply electricity to entire Rajasthan in the most economical way.
And the RSEB comes under northern zone. During the 1st survey there are few GSS in
Rajasthan and the Alwar GSS is one of them. The Alwar GSS is 2km away from the
Railway station Alwar and located near the Govt. polytechnic college Alwar.
The aim of RSEB is to supply electricity to entire Rajasthan state in the most economical
way. Government of Rajasthan on 19th July 2000, issued a gazette notification
unbundling Rajasthan State Electricity Board into Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan
Nigam Ltd (RRVUNL), the generation Company; Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran
Nigam Ltd, (RRVPNL), the transmission Company and the three regional distribution
companies namely Jaipur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd, (JVVNL) Ajmer Vidyut Vitran
Nigam Ltd (AVVNL) and Jodhpur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd (JVVNL).

Fig.1.1: Graphical view of R.S.E.B

The Generation Company owns and operates the thermal power stations at Kota and
Suratgarh, Gas based power station at Ramgarh, Hydel power station at Mahi and mini
hydel stations in the State
The Transmission Company operates all the 400KV, 220 KV, 132 KV and 66KV
electricity lines and system in the State
The three distribution Companies operate and maintain the electricity system below
66KV in the State in their respective areas
Rajasthan State Electricity Board has been divided in five main parts are:

Electricity production authority- RRVUNL

Electricity transmission authority-RRVPNL
Distribution authority for Jaipur-JVVNL
Distribution authority for Jodhpur-JVVNL
Distribution authority for Ajmer- AVVNL

Power obtain from these stations is transmitted all over Rajasthan with the help of grid
station. Depending on the purpose, substations may be classified as:1. Step up substation
2. Primary grid substation
3. Secondary substation
4. Distribution substation
2

5. Bulky supply and industrial substation

6. Mining substation
7. Mobile substation
8. Cinematograph substation
Depending on constructional feature substation are classified as:1. Outdoor type
2. Indoor type
3. Basement or Underground type
4. Pole mounting open or kilos type

Chapter-2
3

GRID SUBSTATION
2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF GSS
A substation is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical
energy from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a
sub-station is an intermediate link between the generating station and for economic
transmission the voltage should be high so it is necessary to step up the generated voltage
for transmission and step down transmitted voltage for distribution. For this purpose
substations are installed.

Fig.2.1 Side Views of GSS

Description:-

A: Primary power lines' side

B: Secondary power lines' side

1. Primary power lines

2. Ground wire
3. Overhead lines
4.Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
5. Disconnect switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer
8. Lightning arrester
4

9. Main transformer
10. Control building
11. Security fence
12. Secondary power lines

Fig.2.2 Grid Substation

The normal voltages for transmission are 400kv, 220kv, 132kv and for distribution 33kv,
11kv etc.
2.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF 220KV GSS ALWAR
220 V FEEDER :
1. 220 KV Heerapura (Jaipur)
2. 220 KV MIA (Badarpur)
3. 220 KV Dousa
4. 220 KV Bhiwadi
5. 220 KV Kishangarh Bass
6. 220 KV Kotputli
132 KV FEEDERS:
5

1. 132 KV GSS Alwar

2. 132 KV LCAL
3. 132 KV Kishangarh Bass
4. 132 KV Mundawar
5. 132 KV M.I.A.
6. 132 KV Ramgarh
7. 132 KV Malakhera
8. 132 KV Bansur
In this substation there are two yards
a. 220KV Yard.
b. 132 KV YARD
There are four bus bars in 132 KV yard and five bus-bars in 220KV yard. The incoming
feeders are connected to bus-bar through circuit breakers, Isolators, lighting arrestors,
current-transformers etc the bus-bars are to have an arrangement of auxiliary bus So that
when some repairing work is to be done an main bus the whole load can be transferred to
the auxiliary bus through bus-coupler. In this 220KV GSS the incoming 220KV supply is
stepped down to 132KV with the help of t220KV GSS has a large layout consisting of 3
no.

of 100MVA transformers, 2nos

of 20/25MVA transformers and 1 X-mer of

40/50MVA and one X-mer of 16/20MVA having voltage ratio respectively 220/132,
132/11Kv in addition to these transformers . Transformers which is further supplied to
different sub-station according to the load.

Fig.2.3 Single line diagram of 132 KV yard

Chapter-3
EQUIPMENTS USED IN G.S.S.
3.1 EQUIPMENTS USED IN 132 KV YARD IN 220 KV G.S.S
S.No.
1

Name of Equipment
132 KV P T

Specification
Make C G E

Qty.
1

Type V C M 138
Ratio- 132/110V
Sr No -615259
2

132 KV C T

Make BHEL

Ratio 480/240/120
Sr No -1227
3

132 KV Isolator

Make HIVELM

Volts-220
Sr

No

1052,1049,

1041,502,506,974,1074
4

132/11 KV

Make NGEF

Transformer

Capacity-16/20MVA

Ratio-132/11 KV
Sr No -28000,30346
Yr of manafacture-1978
Currentrating-87 SA,105 A
5

132/33 KV

Make EMCO

Transformer

Capacity-16/20MVA

Currentrating-10373/10856
6

132 KV,ABCB

Make HBB
Type D C E 1633 1505576
Capacity-2500 KVA

33 KV Isolators

Make E M G

Capacity-400A
8

33 KV O C B

Make BHEL

(Oil Circuit Breaker)

(i)Type HLC 36/1000

Capacity-400 A
(ii)Type M E I 7377A

33 KV P T

Make SIMO Meters Ltd

Sr No HEO 700
10

33 KV C T

Ratio-3X33000X110V

(i)Make A E
Ratio-120/60/5/5

(ii)Make Merlih Gerigh

Ratio-120/60/5/5

(iii)Make-Crompton
Ratio-240/120/5/5
11

33 Bank Capacitor

Make-Sprechers & scnich

Capacity-800A,4190KVR
Type-HPRC 307 F

12

Sr no 69/21/7344051

Station Service

Make-E E

Transformer

Capacity-100KVA
Sr No -250/4

13

11 KV O C B

Make MEI

Type: ACI
Capacity-800A
Sr
10

No

-68/025,67/262,

68/024,67/261,67/264,
14

11 KV P T

70/85,70/067
Make A E
Ratio-11000/11 OV

15

D C Rectifier

Sr No -4124A

& Battery Charger

1
Sr No -74877381/21
Type-CP
Ratio-110/No
DC output 115-118V/10A
Make HIMD

16

L T Panel

Rectifier Standard
Cell type T15 H

17

Compressors

Make Jyoti
Sr No -205/66
Type- LTLT-5
550 V-34,4 Wire
Make intesoll Rand
Type-30
Size-3X11/4X2 3/4
Sr no 8100212,81oo198
Table 3.1: Equipments used in 132KV GSS

The switch house building of the G.S.S. has following parts:11

1. Load Dispatch Unit (L.D.U.)

2. Power Line Carrier Communication (P.L.C.C.)
3. Battery Room
4. Control Room
5. Compressor Room
3.2. DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS USED IN G.S.S.
These equipments are used in the G.S.S. for successful Operational Breaker & a half
scheme two buses, they are:
1. Lighting Arrester
2. CVT
3. Line isolator
4. Wave Trap
5. Circuit Breaker
6. Current Transformer
7. Bus Bars
8. Power Transformer

Chapter-4
12

LIGHTNING ARRESTER
4.1. INTRODUCTION
Lighting arrestor is a device, which protects the overhead lines and other electrical
apparatus vise, transformer from overhead voltages and lighting When the positively
charged cloud produce negative charge on the overhead line by electrostatic induction
then the negative charge is however presented right under the cloud and portion of the
line away from the cloud becomes positively charged This charge on the line does not
flow
Every instrument must be protected from the damage of lighting stroke. The three
protection sin a substation is essential:

Protection for transmission line from direct strokes

Protections of power station or substation from direct strokes

Protection of electrical apparatus against traveling waves

Effective protection of equipment against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent

lighting from striking the electrical conductor together with adequate drainage facilities
over insulated structure
4.2. DESCRIPTION
The Thyrite Alugard lightning arrester consists of a stack of one or more units connected
in series depending on the voltage and the operating condition of the circuit three single
pole arresters are required for 3-phase installation. The arresters are single pole design
and they are suitable for indoor and out-door service.
Each arrester unit consists essentially of permanently sealed Porcelain housing equipped
with pressure relief and containing a number of thyrite value-element dieses and
exclusive lumate gaps shunted by Thyrite resistors metal fitting cemented of the housing
provide means for bolting arrester units into a stack. Each arrester unit is shipped
assembled. No charging or testing operation is required before placing them in service.
Installation Location:13

Install arrester electrically as close as possible to the apparatus being protected Line and
ground connections should be short and direct
Grounding:The arrester ground should be connected to the apparatus grounds and the main station
ground utilizing a reliable common ground network of low resistance. The efficient
operation of the lightning arrester requires permanent low resistance grounds. Station
class arresters should be provided with a ground of a value not exceeding five ohms.
Clearances: - These are given on the drawings. These are the maximum recommended.
The term clearance means the actual distance between any part of the arrester or
disconnecting device at line potential, and any object at ground potential or other phase
potential.
Arrester voltage: The thvrite station-class arrester is designed to limit the surge voltages to a safe value by
discharging the surge current to ground; and to interrupt the small power frequency
follow current before the first current zero. The arrester rating is a define limit of its
ability to interrupt power follow current. It is important, therefore, to assure that the
system power frequency voltage from line to ground under any condition switching, fault,
overvoltage, never exceeds the arresters rating.

14

Fig.4.1 Lighting arrester

Lighting arrester:It consist of a isolator in series and connected in such a way that long isolator is in upward
and short isolator is in downward so that initially large potential up to earth is decreased
to zero
An ideal arrestor must therefore have the following properties:
1. It should be able to drain the surge energy from the line in a minimum time
2. Should offer high resistance to the flow of power current
3. Performance of the arresters should be such that no system disturbances are
introduced by its operation
4. Should be always in perfect from to perform the function assigned to it
15

5. After allowing the surge to pass, it should close up so as not to permit power
current to flow to ground .

Fig 4.2: Another View Of L.A.

Working:Lightning, is a form of visible discharge of electricity between rain clouds or between a
rain cloud and the earth The electric discharge is seen in the form of a brilliant arc,
sometimes several kilometers long, stretching between the discharge points

How

thunderclouds become charged is not fully understood, but most thunderclouds are
negatively charged at the base and positively charged at the top However formed, the
negative charge at the base of the cloud induces a positive charge on the earth beneath it,
which acts as the second plate of a huge capacitor. When the electrical potential between
two clouds or between a cloud and the earth reaches a sufficiently high value (about
10,000 V per cm or about 25,000 V per in), the air becomes ionized along a narrow path
and a lightning flash results Many meteorologists believe that this is how a negative
charge is carried to the ground and the total negative charge of the surface of the Earth is
maintained. The possibility of discharge is high on tall trees and buildings rather than to
ground Buildings are protected from lightning by metallic lightning rods extending to the
ground from a point above the highest part of the roof The conductor has a pointed edge
on one side and the other side is connected to a long thick copper strip which runs down
the building. The lower end of the strip is properly earthed When lightning strikes it hits
the rod and current flows down through the copper strip These rods form a low16

resistance path for the lightning discharge and prevent it from travelling through the
structure itself .

Chapter-5
POWER TRANSFORMER
5.1. INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductor -the transformer's coils A varying current in the
first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus
a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding This varying magnetic field
induces a varying electro-motive force, or voltage in the secondary winding This effect is
called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary
winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the
transformer to the load In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary
winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the
number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as
follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating

current voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down"
by making Ns less than Np

Fig.5.1: AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER

17

Generally transformer is very costly (approximately 10 lakhs) its cost increases as its
rating increase Very high cost of transformers is due to three parts:1) CORE
2) WINDING
3) OIL
Now we describe the three major parts of transformer
5.2. CORE
Core is the main part of the transformer It is subjected to magnetic flux For efficient
operation, it is essential that the core of transformer must be constructed from laminated
magnetic material of low hysteresis loss and high permeability Transformers for use at
power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high permeability silicon The
steel has permeability many times that of space and the core thus serves to greatly reduce
the magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a path which closely couples the
windings Early transformer developers soon realized that cores constructed from solid
iron resulted in prohibitive eddy-current losses, and their designs mitigated this effect
with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires Later designs constructed the
core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained in use
Each lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer of
insulation The universal transformer equation indicates a minimum cross-sectional area
for the core to avoid saturation.
The effect of laminations is to confine eddy currents to highly elliptical paths that enclose
little flux, and so reduce their magnitude Thinner laminations reduce losses, but are more
laborious and expensive to construct Thin laminations are generally used on high
frequency transformers, with some types of very thin steel laminations able to operate up
to 10 kHz.
A steel core's permanence means that it retains a static magnetic field when power is
removed When power is then reapplied, the residual field will cause a high inrush current
until the effect of the remaining magnetism is reduced, usually after a few cycles of the
applied alternating current Over current protection devices such as fuses must be selected
18

to allow this harmless inrush to passion transformers connected to long, overhead power
transmission lines, induced currents due to geomagnetic disturbances during solar storms
can cause saturation of the core and operation of transformer protection devices.
5.3. WINDING

Fig 5.2 winding

Core type transformers use concentric type of winding Each limb is wound with a group
of coil consisting of both primary and secondary winding, which are concentric to each
19

other Low voltage winding is placed near to the core (which is at earth potential) and high
voltage winding is placed outside, however L T and H T windings are inter-leaved to
reduce the leakage reactance.
The type and arrangement used for winding in core type transformers depend upon many
factors some of the factors are given below:
1.

current rating

2.

shot circuit strength

3.

temperature rise

4.

impedance

5.

surge voltage

6.

transportation facilities

The winding used for core type transformers are of following types
1.

Cylindrical type

2.

Helical type

3.

Double helical type

4.

Multi layer helical type

5.

Disc and continuous disc type

6.

Cross over type

7.

aluminum foil type

It is found that the magnetic properties of transformer sheet steel vary in accordance with
the direction of the grain oriented by rolling, sheet are cut as far as possible along the
grain which is the direction in which the material has a higher permeability It must be
20

made In building the core, considerable pressure is used to minimize air gaps between
the plates, which would constitute avoiding loosed of area and might contribute to noisy
operation The reduction of core sectional area due to presence of insulating material is of
the order of 10%.
The winding is layered type and used either rectangular or round conductors. In a
cylindrical winding. Using rectangular conductor, the conductors are wound on the flat
side with three-layer side parallel to the core axis. The winding using rectangular
conductors may be simultaneously wound from or more parallel conductors.

Fig 5.3 220/132KV, 100MVA, Power Transformer

The layered winding may have conductors wound in one, two or more layers and is
therefore accordingly called one, two or multi layer winding. The

windings

using

rectangular conductors are usually two layered because this case it is easier to secure the
lead out ends. The windings designed for heavy currents are wound with a number of
conductors connected in parallel located side by side in one layer. The parallel conductors
have the same length and are located in the magnetic field or almost the same flux density
21

and hence it is not necessary to make any transposition of conductors. A wedged shaped
packing is used at each of two entrance ends of winding in order to level it, the packing is
made of press bar strips.
Cylindrical winding employing rectangular conductors are used mainly as L.V. winding
up to 6.6 kva/kv ratings up to 600-750 volts however their use is up to 433 volts.
Cylindrical winding using circular conductors are multi layered. They are wound on a
solid paper Bakelite cylinder.

Fig 5.4 Another view of power transformer in GSS

5.4. TRANSFOMER OIL
Oil in transformers construction, serves the double purpose of cooling and insulating. For
use in transformer tank, oil has to fulfill certain specifications and must be carefully
selected. All type of oils are good insulators. Animal oil is good insulator but they are too
viscous that they tend to form fatty acids, which attack fibrous materials (e.g. cotton) and
therefore are undesirable for transformers. Vegetable oils are opt to be inconsistent in
quality and like animal oils, tend to form to form destructive fatty acids. Mineral oils are
suitable for electric purpose; some have a bituminous and other have a paraffin base. The
crude oil as tapped is distilling producing a range of volatile spirits and oils ranging from
22

the very light to the heavy paraffin wax or bitumen. In the choice of oil for transformer
Use, following characteristics have to be concern:
(1) Viscosity:
It determines the rate of cooling and varies with the temperature. A high viscosity is an
obvious disadvantage because of the sluggish flow through small aperture, which it
entails.

(2) Insulating Properties:

It is usually unnecessary to trouble about the insulating properties of oil. Since it is always
sufficiently good. A more important matter is however, the reduction of the dielectric
strength due to the presence of moisture, which must be avoided. A very small quantity of
the water In iol greatly lowers its insulating power while the presence of dust and small
fibers tends to paths of low resistivity
(3)Flash Point:
The temperature vapor above an oil surface ignites spontaneously is termed as the flash
point. Flash point of oil, used in transformer, is not to be less than about 160 degree for
the reasons f safety.
(4)Fire Point:
The oil must not contain any impurity such as sulphur and its compounds. Sulphur when
presents, caused corrosion of metal parts and accelerates the production of degree.C
(6)Sludging:
This is the most important characteristic .Sludging means, the slow formation semi solid
hydrocarbons, sometime of an acidic nature. Which are deposited on winding and tank
walls. The formation of sludge is due to heat and oxidation .In its turns. It makes the
whole transformer hotter thus aggravating the trouble, which may proceed until the
23

cooling ducts are blocked. Experiences show that sludge is formed more quickly in the
presence of bright cotter surface.
The chief remedy available is to use oil, which remains without sludge formation even it
is heated in the presence of oxygen, and to employ expansion chambers to restrict the
contact of hot oil with the surrounding air. Among the products of oxidation of
transformer oil are volatile, water soluble, organic acids and water. These in combination
can attack and corrode iron and other metals. The provision the breathers not only prevent
the moisture produced by oxidation of the oil.
Conservators are desirable to avoid the condensation of the water soluble acids on the
under surface of the tank lid from which acidic drop leads may fall back into the oil
New ISI For Transformer Oil:Transformer oil has been a product of up gradation in our country. The first specification,
adopted by our country, was IS:335/1963.This was based on the British standard 148
through B.S. has now undergone changes in 1984 I.S. has been changed 3-4 times during
the last three decades. The amendment made in July 1987 and feb.1988, make the
transformer oil specification most crudical in comparison to other World standard. The
state electricity board now insists upon this specification for transformer oil while
accepting new transformers and tapping up running transformer. This specification is to
ensure proper quality and performance in the field.
The elaboration covers eleven points listed here under. These underline the importance of
various factors and their influence on the improvement of quality.

it is now mandatory for transformer oil manufacturers to produce onlyIS:35/1983

with amendment no. one of 1987 and of 1988 quality transformer oil. Then we
can apply the symbol of product guaranteed (ISI mark), on our transformer oil
since all the electricity board insists for ISI marked quality. It is easy to get the
instrument approve quickly without any expanse, the use of non-ISI marked oil

will result in the rejection of the transformer.

All transformers designs are based on the basic quality of transformer oil which is
defined by IS:335/1983 with amen met no. two of 1988. Therefore it is imperative
that whether it is a distribution transformer or power transformer. The basic
24

quality has to be met to achieve the desirable performance of the equipment;

setting of lower quality shall jeopardize the performance of the equipment

resulting in higher losses then the extra cost of better quality of oil.
ETDC 64 is an electromechanical development committee of bureau of Indian
standard monitor and continuously upgrades the specification of products in our
country; this is the committee of experts from the field of research institutes,
transformer oil processors, transformer manufacturers, electricity utilities,
railways and other associations. The body decides the best standards for an
equipment to give best performance. The present standard is not recommended,
accepted and released for adoption to achieve this goal surely. This will result in

better functioning of the requirement for higher productivity.

Central power research institute has conducted a lot of equipment on indigenous
paraffin commercial oil and imported hepatic oils. Indian Oil Corporation limited
supplies special based oil for experimentation. Oil produced from this base oil
was tested, as per ASTM aging test method no.D1934 for its electrical and
chemical aging. This method appears appendix in IS:335.The resistivity and
power, factor after 96 hours of aging indicate the parameters are fixed and only

best quality oil pass through this test

Dielectric strength:

The electric strength and water contains are specified as follows.

BDVWATER CONTENTSOIL ISI 35 30 KV

50PPM

50 kV

The transformer oil after filtration is expected to give minimum 60 kV breakdown voltage
(BDV)

Dissolved gases: The analysis of gases that dissolved in oil can help in obtaining

Valuable information about faults such as partial discharge, arcing, local overheating, and
core bolted failure ETC. A refined oil or an over refined oil will show the analysis
harmful to the performance of the equipment. A balance of aromatics should be
maintained to absorb the hydrogen etc. gases during operation.

Power factor

The power factor has been changed as under;

25

OLD

is335

0.005(MAX) 90C

NEW

IS335

0.005(MAX) 90C

An accelerated aging test under simulative conditions for 164 hours is fine indication of
the life of the iol. The sludge and acidity specified for transformer oil is revised IS:
OLD

IS335

NEW

IS335

ACIDITY

0.4(MAX)

SLUDGE

0.1(MAX)

ACIDITY

0.4(MAX)

SLUDGE

0.1(MAX)

STORAGE, IDENTIFICATION AND MISABILITY:

Since there is only one grade of oil, the storage handling, identification and disability of
oil becomes very easy in the passing phase. A user had to separately store the products
.The oil and possible resultants consequences.
There are three transformer 220 KV yard and four power transformer 132 KV yard in
G.S.S. Alwar. There are following specification.
Auto transformer

MVA- 25/50

Vector symbol

HV/LV-440

Frequency

- 50 Hz
HV

LV

KV (No Load)

220

Amperes

262.4437.4

Phases

3-3

Type of cooling

132

on/OB/of. On Rating 50% OB Rating-70% Temperature of oil 40

C
Make

- Crompton greaves Ltd(Bombay)

26

Sr No

- 24062

Type

- Star-Star(Y-Y)
HV

LV

900 KVO 550 KVP

5.5 TRANSFORMER- ACCESSORIES

Fig 5.5 Silica Gel Transformer Breather

The LV line end bushings are also mounted on the cover. The bushings are rated for 36
KV and are of the solid porcelain type, confirming to be 3347 the line bushings have
single gap arcing horns with fixed gaps.
The HV line and neutral bushings are also mounted on the cover. The line end bushing is
rated for 145 kV system voltage, and are outdoor oil filled condenser type bushings
confirming to IEC- 137/IS: 2099.
The paper is wound directly ob to the metallic central tube. Single piece and brown
glazed, are pressed on to the central tube by means of springs in the head. The space
between the insulating core and the porcelain shells is filled with transformer oil. The oil

27

expansion chamber, located in the head is hermetically sealed slight glass in the head
permits the oil level to checked.
The bushings are provided with adjustable gap arcing horns. The hv neutral is connected
to an outdoor type, solid porcelain bushing rated for 36kv peak system. The bushing
confirms to be: 3347/part Vth/sec.2.But with arcing horns removed. The bushing is
mounted directly on the tank cover.
Two terminals from tertiary winding are brought out at the tank cover by means of 12/175
kV solid porcelain type bushings confirming to IS:3347/part III, but without arcing horns.
The two terminals, when shorted, complete the delta connection of the tertiary. A link
arrangement is provided for this purpose. The terminals should be connected to earth
under operating conditions.
Winding temperature indicator
Winding temperature indicator consists essentially of a current transformer and a thermal
unit comprising a heating coil and a thermometric device. The thermal unit, which is
designed to have a thermal performance similar to that of the win windings of the power
transformer, is influenced by two factors:
(1) The temperature of the surrounding oil, and
(2) The current flowing through the heater coil, which will raise the temperature of the
unit above that of the surrounding oil.
The CT secondary current is chosen to the max hot spot winding gradient occurring in
either HV or LV windings of the power transformer. Thus the thermal units capable of
simulating the hottest-spot temperature of the transformer windings under al conditions.
Thermal Device
The bulb of a capillary type dial thermometer is screwed into a blind pocket, which is
fitted inside the heating coil. This type of pocket enables the dial thermometer to be
removed from the transformer without having to lower the oil level. The heating coil with
its blind type pocket fitted inside is supported independently under the cover of the
transformer; hence it is always in the hottest oil. The dial thermometer is provided with

28

one or more sets of contacts for alarm or trip circuit and at time for controlling cooking
equipment when forced cooling is called for.
Oil Temperature Indicator:An oil temperature indicator has been provided for measuring the transformer top oil
temperature. The heat sensitive device of the thermometer is placed in an oil pocket
mounted at the transformer cover; the thermometer has two adjustable mercury contacts
and a maximum reading pointer. The contact may be used to close circuit for alarm and
tripping device. The mercury switches are accessible by removing the top cover of the
instrument and are adjustable for different temperature ratings by location of the mount a
repeater dial is for remote indication of the oil temperature in the control room. The
thermometer is housed in the marshalling box.
Oil Surge Realy For Oltc Gear:An oil- operated relay having one set of contracts is designed to trip the transformer
between the oil conservator. The relay is designed to trip the transformer on the
occurrence of violent oil surges arising out of any malfunction in the OLTC operation.
The conservator for the OLTC gear is separate from the main transformer conservator
forms the conservator forms the conservator for the OLTC .The terminals from the relay
are wired to the terminal block located in the marshalling box.
Marshalling Box:The marshalling box is of sheet steel, weatherproof construction, mounted on the side of
the transformer. It is provided with a hinged door and pad lock, and housed the following
instrument and terminal block:(a) Win ding temperature indicator
(b) Oil temperature indicator
(c) Terminal block for alarm and contacts of bucholz relay
(d) Terminal block for oil legal alarm and contacts of Magnetic oil level Gauge.
(f) Heater with switch

29

(g) Magnetic oil leel gauge

The oil level gauge is mounted on the flate end of the con servitor. The indicator reads the
oil level inside the conservator and initiates an alarm by closing the mercury contacts
swith when the oil level is below the predetermined minimum. The contacts from the oil
level gauge are wired to the terminal block located in the marshalling box.
(h) Cooling equipment
The transformer having mixed cooling ONAF and ONAF is provided with detachable
radiators foxed to the tank wall through valves. The ONAF cooling equipment comprises
of four 457 mm dia fans, each blowing 3600 cu.ft. Of air per minute on the radiator
element directed in such a way that the no longer effective they turn pink. At the bottom
of the breather a cup containing the transformer oil is screwed this oil acts as a seal,
preventing the crystals from absorbing moisture except when breathing is taking place.
(g) Cooling plant
Oil cooling is normally achieved by heat exchange to the surrounding air. Sometimes a
water jacket acts as the secondary cooling medium. Fans may be mounted directly onto
the radiators and it is customary to use a number of separate fans rather than one or two
large fans. Oil pumps for OFAF cooling are mounted in the return pipe at the bottom of
the radiators. The motors driving the pumps often use the transformer oil as their cooling
medium. With ODAF cooling, the oil-to-air coolers tend to be compact and use relatively
large fan blowers. With this arrangement the cooling effectiveness is very dependent on
proper operation of the fans and oil pumps since the small amount of
Cooling surface area gives relatively poor cooling by natural convection alone. Water
cooling (ODWF) has similar characteristics to the ODAF cooling described above and is
sometimes found in power station situations where ample and well-maintained supplies
of cooling water are available. Cooling effectiveness is dependent upon the flow of
cooling water and therefore on proper operation of the water pumps. Natural cooling with
the out-of-service water pumps is very limited. Operational experience has not always
been good, with corrosion and leakage problems, and the complexity of water pumps,
pipes, valves and flow monitoring equipment. The ODAF arrangement is probably
favorable as a replacement for the ODWF designs. Double wall cooler pipes give added
30

protection against water leakage. The inner tube carries the water and any leakage into the
outer tube is detected and causes an alarm. This more secure arrangement is at the
expense of slightly reduced heat transfer for a given pipe size. Normal practice with
cooling plant is to duplicate systems so that a failure of one need not directly affect
operation of the transformer. Two separate radiators or radiator banks and duplicate oil
pumps may be specified. In the larger ODAF cooling designs there may be four
independent unit coolers giving a degree of redundancy. The transformer may be rated for
full output with three out of the four coolers in service. Dry type transformers will
normally be naturally air-cooled (classification AN) or incorporate fans (classification
AF).
5.6 TAPPINGS AND TAP CHANGER
The transformer has an on load tap changer to cater for a variation of +5% to -15% in the
HV voltage in 14 equal steps of 1.43% each for a constant power output. The tapping
from the HV tapping winding are connected to a 15 position f66KV Crompton greaves
make high-speed resistor transition on load tap-changer. The tap-changer may be either
manually operated or motor driven.
The motor driving mechanism is also described in the leaflet and is arranged for the
following types of control.

Local electrical independent

Remote electrical independent

Remote electrical group parallel control

Tap changer is used to change the HV voltage. We use tap changer in HV side only
because in HV side current is less hence it is easy to handle lower amount of current. Tap
changers are of two types.

No Load Tap changer

On Load tap changer

No Load Tap changer. In this type tap changer, we have to cut off load before changing
the taps. These kinds of tap changer are used in small transformers only.

31

On Load tap changer;In this type tap changer load remains connected to transformer while changing the taps.
This kind of tap changer requires special construction. Tapping winding is placed over
HV winding. Generally, tapping winding is divided in 6 parts by the combination of these
6 winding and HV winding 17 different tap positions are used.

Chapter-6
PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
6.1 MERZ-PRICE PROTECTION RELAY
Merz-Price voltage balance system for the protection of 3-phse line. Identical current
transformers are placed in each phase at both ends of the line. The pair of CTs in each line
is connected in series with a relay in such a way that under normal conditions, their
secondary voltages are equal and in opposition i.e. they balance each other.
Under healthy conditions, current entering the line at one-end is equal to that leaving it at
the other end. Therefore equal and opposite voltages are induced in the secondary of the
CTs at the two ends of the line. The result is that no current flows through the relays.
When a fault occurs at point F on the line as shown in Fig 6. It will cause a greater current
to flow through CT1 than through CT2. Consequently, their secondary voltages become
unequal and circulating current flows through the pilot wires and relays. The circuit
breakers at both ends of the line will trip out and the faulty line will be isolated.

32

Fig. 6.1: Merz-Price Protection Relay

6.2 FIRE PROTECTION

The fire protection of 220 KV GSS can be dividing into two parts.
1. Emulsifier system
2. Hydrant system
1.

Emulsifier system

This fire protection system is used to protect the transformers in the yard by extinguish
the fire. This system consists of water tanks. Jacky pumps, D.G. sets, air compressor and
two pipelines having different colors one (red) is used to circulate the water and other
(yellow) is for air. This network of pipelines covered all the area of transformer jockey
pumps are used to maintain the pressure of water at 7 kg/cm2.
A quarterized solenoid plastic valve is used with yellow pipeline near the base of
transformer. On being fired around the transformer this plastic valve contains alcohol,
which expands and due to this valve will burst. A dilute valve is erected near the
33

transformer, which consists of two gates these gates are blocked due to the pressure of air.
A water line is connected to this valve whenever the air releases and pressure goes down
the gate is opened and a stream of water having 7Kg-cm2 pressure is flow through the
pipe and a shower of water is started around the transformer to check the air to come
inside and hence this way. It extinguishes the fire.
2. Hydrant system
This protection system is used to protect the yard and office dept from fire. A network of
this system covers 1250m areas of GSS.
It consists of three types:1)

Halon system

2)

Fire alarm system

3)

Miscellaneous system

Chapter-7
RELAY
7.1. INTRODUCTION
A relay is an electrically operated switch Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts The coil
current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw
(changeover) switches.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from
the first For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
mains circuit There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits,
the link is magnetic and mechanical.

34

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it
can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages Most ICs
(chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC
current to the larger value required for the relay coil The maximum output current for the
popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without
amplification.
Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts,
for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available For further
information about switch contacts and the terms used to describe them please see the page
on switches.
7.2. TYPES OF RELAYS
These are called normally opened, normally closed in GSS control room there is panel in
which the relays are set and there are many types of relays
1. Over voltage relays
2. Over current relays
3. I D M T fault relay
4. Earth fault relay
5. Bucholzs relay
6. Differential relay
Over Voltage Relay:
This protection is required to avoid damage of system in case line becomes open circuited
at one end These fault would trip the local circuit breaker thus block the local and remote
ends This relay is operated i e , energized by CVT connected to lines.
Over Current Relay:
This relay has the upper electromagnet of non-directional relay connected in series with
lower non-directional electromagnet When the fault current flow through relay current
coil which produces flux in lower magnet of directional element Thus the directional
35

relay has the winding over the electromagnets of non-directional element and produces a
flux in lower magnet and thus over current operates.
Earth Fault Relay:
When a conductor breaks due to some reason and it is earthen then earth fault occurs the
fault current is very high thus, there is need to of over current relay this relay has
minimum operating time.
Directional Relay:
It allows flowing the current only in one direction then only this relay operates It has a
winding connected through the voltage coil of relay to lower magnet winding called
current coil Which is energized by C T if fault occurs This relay operates when v/I is
less than theoretical value The v/I is normally constant .
Differential Relay:
This relay operates when phase difference of two electrical quantities exceeds the
predetermined value it has always two electrical quantities; hence in 400kv GSS for
transformer differential relay is used.

Inverse Time Characteristics Relay:

The relay using here having the inverse time characteristics having the time delays
dependent upon current value This characteristic is being available in relay of special
design There are:i.

Electromagnetic Induction type

ii.

Permanent magnetic moving coil type

iii.

Static type

7.3 BUCHHOLZS RELAY

It is the protective device of the transformer When any fault occurs in the transformer
then it indicates about fault and we disconnect the transformer from the circuit It is used
in the power transformer It is connected between the tank and conservator It has two
36

floats on which two mercury switch are attached One float is used for the bell indication
and other float is used for the tripping In the normal position the relay is filled with the
oil and contacts of the mercury switch are opened When the earth fault occurs in the
transformer then it increases the temperature of oil and oil flows into the conservator
through relay On the way it makes the contacts of the tripping circuit short So in the we
can say that this relay works as circuit breaker

Fig.7.1: Buchholz Relay

Fig.7.2: Directional Relay

Chapter-8
INSULATORS
In order to avoid current leakage to the Earth, through the supporting structure provide to
the conductor of overhead transmission lines, insulators are used. The conductors are
secured to the supporting structures by means of insulating feature, which do not allow
current to flow through these support and hence finally to the earth . Bus support
insulators are porcelain or fiberglass insulators that serve to the bus bar switches and other
support structures and to prevent leakage current from flowing through the structure or to
ground. These insulators are similar in function to other insulator used in substations and
transmission poles and towers.
An Insulator should have following characteristic:37

1. High Insulation resistance.

2. High mechanical strength
3. No internal impurity or crack Disc
Generally Porcelain or glass is used as material for insulators. Porcelain because of its
low cost is more common.
Insulators can be classified in following ways :Pin Type: - These are designed to be mounted on a pin, which in turn is installed on the
cross arm of a pole.

Figure 8.1 Pin Type And Suspension Type Insulators

Suspension Type:-These insulators hang from the cross arm, there by forming a string.
The centre post carries the moving contact assembled at the extremities the moving
contact engages the fixed contacts are generally in the form of spring loaded finger
contact.
The insulator consist of following parts 1. Contacts :- The contacts are rated for line current and designed to withstand
electromagnetic strains and prevent charging at rated shortly time current the contact
are made of electrolytic fixed in housing.

38

Figure 8.2 insulators in Alwar GSS

2. Switching blade:- The blade is made of electrolytic copper.
3. Tandom pipe:-All three phases are opened or closed simultaneously with a tandem pipe
this is dipped galvanized and provided with on or off insulators and pad locking.
4. Motor operated:-This is meant rotary motion of the linear operating pipe for either of
opening or closing for remote level local operation. Hand operation is also provides with
detectable handle that can be fitted and square

Chapter-9
EARTHING
Earthing is the provision of a surface under the substation, which has a uniform potential
as nearly as zero or equal to Absolute Earth potential. The provision of an earthing system
for an electric system is necessary by the following reason.
1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lighting discharge or other system
fault. These parts of equipment which are normally dead as for as voltage, are concerned
do not attain dangerously high potential.
39

2. In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the
potential of circuit with respect to earth
The resistance of earthing system is depending on shape and material of earth electrode
used.
The earthing is of two principal types:1. Neutral Earthing
2. equipment Body Earthing
Neutral Earthing:Neutral Earthing also known as System Neutral Earthing (or Grounding) means
connecting the neutral point i.e. the star point of generator, transformer etc. to earth. In
rotating machines, generator, transformer circuit etc., the neutral point is always
connected to earth either directly or through a reactance. The neutral point is usually
available at every voltage level from generator or transformer neutral. If neutral point is
not available, then the most common method used is using a Zigzag transformer. Such a
transformer has no secondary. Each phase of primary has two equal parts. There are 3
limbs and each limb has two winding, providing flux density under normal condition.
Since the fluxes are opposite, the transformer takes very small magnetizing current under
normal conditions. During fault, the circuit is primary side,
Which provides very less impedance to the current? The grounding transformers are short
time rating. Their size is almost one tenth as compared to power transformer.
Electrical Earthing:Electrical Earthing is different from neutral earthing. During fault condition, the metallic
parts of an electrical installation which do not carry current under normal conditions, may
attain high potential with respect to ground. As human body can tolerate only I=0.165A/T
current for a given time t so to ensure safety we connect such metallic parts to earth by
means of Earthing system ,which comprises of electrical conductor to send fault current
to earth. The conductor used is generally in the form of rods, plates, pipes etc.
Earthing system ensures safety in following ways :40

1. The potential of earthen body does not reach dangerously high value about earth,
since it is connected to earth.
2.

Earth fault current flows through earthing and readily causes the operation of
fuse or an earth relay.

Connection of Electrical Equipment to Substation:S. NO.

Apparatus

Path to be connected

1.

Supporting of bus insulator

Base plate

2.

High voltage circuit breaker

Operating mechanism frame

3.

Isolator

Operating mechanism frame bed

4.

Potential transformer

Transformer tank LV

5.

Power transformer

Core tank

Merits of neutral Earthing:1. Arcing grounding is reduced.

2. Voltage of heating with respect to earth remains at harmless value they don't increase to
root 3 times of normal value.
3. Suitable neutral point.
4. The earth fault relaying is relatively simple useful amount of earth fault current is
available to operate earth fault relay.
5. The over voltage due to lightening are discharged to earth.
41

6. Improved service reliability due to limitation of arcing ground and improved of

unnecessary fringing of CB.
At GSS the neutral point of power transformer is connected solidly to earth generally the
earth connection are provided which leads reliability.

Figure 9.1 Earthing in Alwar GSS

Chapter-10
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Power line communication or power line carrier (PLC), also known as Power line Digital
Subscriber Line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom (PLT), or power line
networking (PLN), is a system for carrying data on a conductor also used for electric
power transmission. Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) uses PLC by sending and
receiving information bearing signals over power lines.

42

Electrical power is transmitted over high voltage transmission lines, distributed over
medium voltage, and used inside buildings at lower voltages. Power line communications
can be applied at each stage. Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one set of wires
(for example, premises wiring), but some can cross between two levels (for example, both
the distribution network and premises wiring). Typically the transformer prevents
propagating the signal so multiple PLC technologies are bridged to form very large
networks.
All power line communications systems operate by impressing a modulated carrier signal
on the wiring system. Different types of power line communications use different
frequency bands, depending on the signal transmission characteristics of the power wiring
used. Since the power wiring system was originally intended for transmission of AC
power, in conventional use, the power wire circuits have only a limited ability to carry
higher frequencies. The propagation problem is a limiting factor for each type of power
line communications. A new discovery called E-Line that allows a single power
conductor on an overhead power line to operate as a waveguide to provide low
attenuation propagation of RF through microwave energy lines while providing
information rate of multiple Gbps is an exception to this limitation.
Data rates over a power line communication system vary widely. Low-frequency (about
100-200 k Hz) carriers impressed on high-voltage transmission lines may carry one or
two analog voice circuits, or telemetry and control circuits with an equivalent data rate of
a few hundred bits per second; however, these circuits may be many miles long. Higher
data rates generally imply shorter ranges; a local area network operating at millions of
bits per second may only cover one floor of an office building, but eliminates installation
of dedicated network cabling.
10.2 MAJOR SYSTEM COMPONENTS EQUIPMENT
The major components of a PLC channel are shown in Figure. The problem associated
with the PLC channel is the requirement to put the carrier signal onto the high voltage
line without damaging the carrier equipment. Once the signal is on the power line it must
be directed in the proper direction in order for it to be received at the remote line terminal.

43

Fig10.1 Basic Power Line Carrier Terminal

10.3 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PLCC
In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power lines
result in increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over long distances.
Since telephone communication system cannot be directly connected to the high voltage
lines, suitably designed coupling devices have therefore to be employed. These usually
consist of high voltage capacitors or capacitor with potential devices used in conjunction
with suitable line matching units (LMUs) for matching the impedance of line to that of
the coaxial cable connecting the unit to the PLC transmit-receive equipment.
Also the carrier currents used for communication have to be prevented from entering the
power equipment used in G.S.S as this would result in high attenuation or even complete
loss of communication signals when earthed at isolator.. Wave traps usually have one or
more suitably designed capacitors connected in parallel with the choke coils so as to
resonate at carrier frequencies and thus offers even high impedance to the flow of RF
currents.

44

FIG10
.2 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
10.4 LINE TRAPS OR WAVE TRAPS
To communicate between two G.S.S. we use power line itself. Power line carrying 50Hz
power supply also carries communication signals at high frequency. Wave Trap is a
device used for this purpose. It traps the frequency of desired level for communication
and sends it to P.L.C.C. department. It is used to trap the communication signals & send
PLCC room through CVT.
Rejection filters are known as the line traps consisting of a parallel resonant circuit ( L
and C in parallel) tuned to the carrier frequency are connected in series at each and of the
protected line such a circuit offer high impedance to the flow of carrier frequency current
thus preventing the dissipation. The carrier current used for PLC Communication have to
be prevented from entering the power equipments such as attenuation or even complete
loss of communication signals. For this purpose wave trap or line trap are used between
transmission line and power station equipment to Avoid carrier power dissipation in the
power plant reduce cross talks with other PLC Circuits connected to the same power
station.
Ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels at the PLC transmit receive
equipment irrespective of switching conditions of the power circuit and equipments in the
stations.
Line Matching Filter & Protective Equipments
For matching the transmitter and receiver unit to coupling capacitor and power line
matching filters are provided. These flitters normally have air corral transformers with
capacitor assumed.
45

The matching transformer is insulated for 7-10 KV between the two windings and
performs two functions. Firstly, it isolates the communication equipment from the power
line. Secondly, it serves to match.

Fig-10.3 Line Matching Filter & Protective Equipments

Transmitter:
The transmitter consists of an oscillator and a amplifier. The oscillator generates a
frequency signal within 50 to 500 HZ frequency bands the transmitter is provided so that
it modulates the carrier with protective signal. The modulation process usually involves
taking one half cycle of 50 HZ signal and using this to create block to carrier.
Receivers:The receivers usually consist of an alternate matching transformer band pass filter and
amplifier detector.
The amplifier detector converts a small incoming signal in to a signal capable of
operating a relatively intensive carrier receiver relay. The transmitter and receiver at the
two ends of protected each corresponds to local as far as transmitting.
The carrier energy on the transmission line must be directed toward the remote line
terminal and not toward the station bus, and it must be isolated from bus impedance
46

variations. This task is performed by the line trap. The line trap is usually a form of a
parallel resonant circuit which is tuned to the carrier energy frequency. A parallel resonant
circuit has high impedance at its tuned frequency, and it then causes most of the carrier
energy to flow toward the remote line terminal. The coil of the line trap provides a low
impedance path for the flow of the power frequency energy. Since the power flow is
rather large at times, the coil used in a line trap must be large in terms of physical size.

Fig. 10.4 Circuit Diagram of Wave Trap

Fig.10.5: Actual V Law of Wave Trap

Once the carrier energy is on the power line, any control of the signal has been given over
to nature until it reaches the other end. During the process of traveling to the other end the
signal is attenuated, and also noise from the environment is added to the signal. At the
receiving terminal the signal is decoupled from the power line in much the same way that

47

it was coupled at the transmitting terminal. The signal is then sent to the receivers in the
control house via the coaxial cable.
10.5 COUPLING CAPACITORS
The coupling capacitor is used as part of the tuning circuit. The coupling capacitor is the
device which provides a low impedance path for the carrier energy to the high voltage
line and at the same time, it blocks the power frequency current by being a high
impedance path at those frequencies. It can perform its function of dropping line voltage
across its capacitance if the low voltage end is at ground potential. Since it is desirable to
connect the line tuner output to this low voltage point a device must be used to provide a
high impedance path to ground for the carrier signal and a low impedance path for the
power frequency current. This device is an inductor and is called a drain coil. The
coupling capacitor and drain coil circuit are shown in Figure.

Fig 10.6 Coupling Capacitor and Drain Coil Combination

It is desirable to have the coupling capacitor value as large as possible in order to lower
the loss of carrier energy and keep the bandwidth of the coupling system as wide as
possible. However, due to the high voltage that must be handled and financial budget
limitations, the coupling capacitor values are not as high as one might desire. Technology
has enabled suppliers to continually increase the capacitance of the coupling capacitor for
the same price thus improving performance.
10.6 DRAINAGE COILS
The drainage coil has a pondered iron core that serves to ground the power frequency
charging to appear in the output of the unit. The coarse voltage arrester consists of an air
48

gap, which sparks over at about 2 KV and protects the matching unit against line surges.
The grounding switch is kept open during normal operation and is closed if anything is to
be done on the communication equipment without interruption to power flow on the line.
The matching transformer is isolated for 7 to 10 KV between the two winding and former
two functions. Firstly it isolates the communication equipment for the power line.
Secondly it serves to match the characteristic impedance of the power line 400-600 ohms
to that of the co-axial vacuum arrester (which sparks) is over at about 250 V is provided
for giving additional protection to the communication equipment. The LMU which
consists of the matching transformer and tuning capacitors indicated above is tailor-made
to suit the individual requirements of the coupling equipment and is generally tuned to a
wide band of carrier frequencies-(100-450 KHz typical).
10.7ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PLCC
ADVANTAGES

No separate wires are needed for communication purposes as the power lines
themselves carry power as well as the communication signals. Hence the cost of

constructing separate telephone lines is saved.

When compared with ordinary lines the power lines have appreciably higher
mechanical strength. They would normally remain unaffected under the condition

which might seriously damage telephone lines.

Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the power stations.
Power lines have large cross-sectional area resulting in very low resisntanc3 per
unit length. Consequently the carrier signal suffers lesser attenuation than when

travel on usual telephone lines of equal lengths.

Power lines are well insulated to provide negligible leakage between conductors

and ground even in adverse weather conditions.

Largest spacing between conductors reduces capacitance which results in smaller
attenuation at high frequencies. The large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a
considerable extent.

DISADVANTAGES

Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and persons using them
against high voltage and currents on the line.

49

Reflections are produced on spur lines connected to high voltage lines. This

increases attenuation and create other problems.

High voltage lines have transformer connections, which attenuate carrier currents.

Sub-station equipments adversely affect the carrier currents.

Noise introduced by power lines is much more than in case of telephone lines.
This due to the noise generated by discharge across insulators, corona and
switching processes.

10.8 FAILURE SCENARIOS

There are many ways in which the communication signal may have error introduced into
it. Interference, cross chatter, some active devices, and some passive devices all introduce
noise or attenuation into the signal. When error becomes significant the devices controlled
by the unreliable signal may fail, become inoperative, or operate in an undesirable
fashion.
1

Interference: Interference from nearby systems can cause signal degradation as

the modem may not be able to determine a specific frequency among many
signals in the same bandwidth.

Signal Attenuation by Active Devices: Devices such as relays, transistors, and

rectifiers create noise in their respective systems, increasing the likelihood of
signal degradation.

Signal Attenuation by Passive Devices: Transformers and DC-DC converters

attenuate the input frequency signal almost completely. "Bypass" devices become
necessary for the signal to be passed on to the receiving node. A bypass device
may consist of three stages, a filter in series with a protection stage and coupler,
placed in parallel with the passive device.

Chapter-11
CONTROL ROOM

50

To remote control of power switch gear requires the provision of suitable control plates
located at a suitable point remote from immediate vicinity of CBs and other equipments.
At "GSS ALWAR" the separate control room provided for remote protection of
220KV switch yards transformer incoming feeder, outing feeders. Bus bar has their own
control plant in their control rooms. The control panel carrier the appropriate relays.
Necessary meters indicating lamp control switches and fuses. There are meters for
reading purpose. A circuit concerning the panel is shown on the panel with standard co
lour.
On each panel a control switch is provided for remote operation of circuit breaker. There
are two indicators which show that weather circuit breaker is closed or open. A control
switch for each insulator is also provided. The position indicator of isolator is also done
with the help of single lamp and indicator. The color of signal lamps are as follows:RED:- For circuit breaker or isolator is close option
Green - For circuit breaker is in open position.
Amber - Indicates abnormal condition requiring action.
In addition to used indication an alarm is also providing for indicating abnormal condition
when any protective relay or tripping relay has operated. Its constants energies on
auxiliary alarm .Relay which on operation completes the alarm belt circuit.
Synchronizing:There is a hinged Synchronizing panel mounted at the end of control panel .Before
coupling any incoming feeders to the bus-bar. It just be Synchronized with switches.
When the synchronous copy shows zero we close the circuit breaker.
Synchronoscope is used to determine the correct instant of closing the switch which
connect the new supply to bus bar. The correct instant of synchronizing when bus bar
incoming voltage.
1. Are in phase
2. Are equal in magnitude

51

3. Are in some phase sequence

4. Having same frequency
5. The voltage can be checked by voltmeter the function of synchronoscope is to
indicate the difference in phase and frequency.

Fig.11.1A Panel of Control Room

ENERGY METER: - These are fitted on different panel to record transmitted energy
and recorded in energy hours .For this purpose MWH meter have been provided.

52

WATT METER: - This is mounted on each feeder panel to record import or export
power.
FREQUENCY POWER: - Provided to each feeder to measure frequency which analog
or digital.
LT METER:-Provided on each panel or the purpose of indication of voltage.
AMMETER:-These are used to indication the line current.
MVAR METER:-Provided for indicating power factor of import and export.
Maximum Indicator Demand:-

Chief requirement of these indicators to record the minimum power factor taken by
feeder during a particular period. This record the average power successive
predetermined period.

Fig 18.2 control room

53

FIG11.2 Another of View of Control Room

Chapter-12
BATTERY ROOM
To remote control of power switch gear requires the provision of suitable control plates
located at a suitable point remote from immediate vicinity of CBs and other equipments.
There is a battery room which has 55 batteries of 2 volt each for 132KV section and 110
batteries for 220KV section. Therefore D.C. power available is for functioning of the
control panels. A battery charger to charge the battery.
1. Various parts of lead acid batteries:1. Plates
2. Separators
3. Electrolyte
4. Container
5. Terminal port
6. Vent plugs

54

Fig.12.1: A View of Battery Room

CHARGING OF BATTERIES:INITIAL CHARGING:It is the first charging given to batteries by which the positive plates are converted to
lead peroxide, whereas the ve plates will converted to spongy lead. Also in a fully
charged battery the electrolyte specific gravity will be at its highest venue or 1.2 and its
terminal voltage will be 24 volts

55

Fig.12.2: Another View of Battery Room

DISCHARGING:When a fully charged battery delivers its energy out by meeting a load the lead peroxide
of the +ve plates slowly gets converted to lead sulphate and the spongy lead of the ve
plates also gets converted into lead sulphate during this time the specific gravity of the
electrolyte also decreases the value around 1.00 and the terminal voltage also decreases
from its initial to a lower value which may be around 1.85 or 1.8.

Chapter-13
CAPACITOR BANK
Capacitor banks are used to improve the quality of the electrical supply and the efficient
operation of the power system. Studies show that a flat voltage profile on the system can
significantly reduce line losses. Capacitor banks are relatively inexpensive and can be
easily installed anywhere on the network.

56

Fig. 13.1:- Capacitor Bank

The capacitor unit is made up of individual capacitor elements, arranged in parallel/ series
connected groups, within a steel enclosure. The internal discharge device is a resistor that
reduces the unit residual voltage to 50V or less in 5 min. Capacitor units are available in a
variety of voltage ratings (240 V to 24940V) and sizes (2.5 kvar to about 1000 kvar).

The capacitor bank used for 33 kV at Alwar is

1
2
3
4

3 units of 2*5.4 MVAR

1 unit of 4.2 MVAR
1 unit of 2*2.1 MVAR
1 unit of 6.6 MVAR

The capacitor bank used for 11 kV at Alwar is

1 1 unit of 4 MVAR
57

Fig. 13.2: Another View Capacitor Bank

CONCLUSION
The training at grid substation was very helpful. It has improved my theoretical concepts
of electrical power transmission and distribution.
Protection of various apparatus was a great thing. Maintenance of transformer, circuit
breaker, isolator, insulator, bus bar etc was observable.
I had a chance to see the remote control of the equipments from control room itself,
which was very interesting.

58

As the practical training period of 45 working days has been provided to me I

completed my practical training in this fix duration with my complete satisfaction.
Even though the period was not wide to detail study of the 220 KV GSS, Alwar
inspite of this I tried to my best for know the fact and learned everything whatever we
taught in training days.
Briefly I prepared the report with so much satisfaction.

REFERENCES
1. B.R.GUPTA (2005),POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGNP122, P123,
S.Chand & Company Ltd.
2. ASHFAQ HUSSAIN (2005),ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM P79, P501,
P516,CBS publisher and distributors.
3. V.K.MEHTA (2002),POWER SYSTEM P447, P483, P507, P527, P555,S.chand &
company Ltd
4. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/cvt.png
5. http://images.google.co.in/(Equipmentsname)
6. www.browzen.com/relay
7. Manual of G.S.S.
59

8. www.rvpn.co.in/aboutus/200gss.shtml
9. www.slideshare.net/jaggithemanager/ppt-on-220-kv-substation

60