Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Lecture # 5
Chemistry of Room Fire Combustion
Jim Mehaffey
82.583
Objectives
Predict rates at which heat & chemical species are
generated in fires in order to provide input for
assessments of thermal environment & life safety
Carleton University, 82.583, Fire
Dynamics II, Winter 2003, Lecture #
5
Introduction
Perfect Combustion
Combustible burns in an excess of pure O2
Products: net heat of combustion, CO2 and H2O
Well-ventilated fires (diffusion flames in the open)
Combustible burns in open configuration in air
Products: Chemical heat of combustion, CO2, H2O,
CO, C (soot) and hc (hydrocarbons)
Poorly-ventilated fires (many fires in enclosures)
Combustible burns in air, but air supply is restricted
Products: Less heat, CO2 and H2O
More CO, C (soot), hc (hydrocarbons)
Carleton University, 82.583, Fire
Dynamics II, Winter 2003, Lecture #
5
Q MAX = H C m
Eqn (5-1)
Q = H ch m
Eqn (5-2)
Q conv = H con m
Eqn (5-3)
Q rad = H rad m
Eqn (5-4)
H C (kJ/g )
50 .1
47 .1
46 .0
45 .4
44 .6
44 .5
44 .6
44 .1
40 .1
20 .0
27 .7
43 .6
43 .4
25 .2
39 .2
38 .2
26 .2
26 .0
16 .4
17 .1
17 .9
H ch (k J/g)
49 .6
45 .7
43 .7
42 .6
41 .2
41 .0
41 .2
40 .3
27 .6
19 .1
25 .6
38 .4
38 .6
24 .2
27 .0
25 .6
17 .8
16 .4
5 .7
12 .4
12 .4
H con (k J/g )
4 2.6
3 4.1
3 1.2
2 9.6
2 7.6
2 7.3
2 7.6
2 6.2
1 1.0
1 6.1
1 9.0
2 1.8
2 2.6
1 6.6
1 1.0
9.9
8.6
6.8
3.1
7.8
8.7
H rad (kJ/g)
7 .0
11 .6
12 .5
13 .0
13 .6
13 .7
13 .6
14 .1
16 .5
3 .0
6 .5
16 .6
16 .0
7 .6
16 .0
15 .7
9 .2
9 .6
2 .6
4 .6
3 .7
(96 g)
(88 g)
(72 g)
m co2 = Yco m
2
Eqn (5-5)
mi = Yi m
(kg s-1)
Eqn (5-6)
10
YCO = 1.3
or
YCO = 88 g / 64 g = 1.38
2
11
YCO = 1.3
Carbon monoxide:
YCO = 0.0010
Hydrocarbons:
Yhc ~ 0.0
Soot (carbon):
YS ~ 0.0
12
Y C O 2 (g /g )
2 .7 2
2 .8 5
2 .8 5
2 .8 5
2 .8 5
2 .8 4
2 .8 5
2 .8 3
2 .3 3
1 .3 1
1 .7 7
2 .7 6
2 .7 9
2 .1 2
2 .3 3
2 .3 0
1 .5 5
1 .5 2
0 .4 6
1 .2 7
1 .3 3
Y C O (g /g )
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 0 5
0 .0 0 7
0 .0 1 0
0 .0 1 1
0 .0 1 0
0 .0 1 2
0 .0 6 7
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 2 4
0 .0 2 4
0 .0 1 0
0 .0 6 0
0 .0 6 5
0 .0 1 0
0 .0 3 1
0 .0 6 3
0 .0 0 4
0 .0 0 5
Y h c (g /g )
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 0 3
0 .0 0 4
0 .0 0 4
0 .0 0 4
0 .0 0 4
0 .0 1 8
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 0 7
0 .0 0 6
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 1 4
0 .0 1 6
0 .0 0 2
0 .0 0 3
0 .0 2 3
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 0 1
Y S (g /g )
0 .0 1 3
0 .0 2 4
0 .0 2 9
0 .0 3 7
0 .0 3 8
0 .0 3 7
0 .0 4 2
0 .1 8 1
0 .0 0 8
0 .0 6 0
0 .0 5 9
0 .0 2 2
0 .1 6 4
0 .2 1 0
0 .1 3 1
0 .1 3 0
0 .1 7 2
0 .0 1 5
0 .0 1 5
13
Wood:
Wood volatiles:
PMMA:
polystyrene:
Polyethylene:
14
= Equivalence Ratio
rm
ma
Eqn (5-7)
ma / r
15
16
17
Eqn (5-8)
m = 0.0236 kg s 1
m = 0.09 A h kg s 1
Eqn (5-9)
18
Ta
2 1 g
Tf
T
1 + f
Ta
ma = C b h h a
3
2/3
1/ 3
m
1+
m a
3/ 2
m a = 2.4 A h
Ta
1
T
T
1 + f
Ta
2/3
1/ 3
1+ m
m a
3/ 2
19
The Coefficient C1
m a = C1 A h
20
10
2.1 A h
ma =
2/3
1 + 1.6 1 + m m a
3/2
m = 0.09 A h kg s 1
1
Find: m a = 0.45 A h kg s
21
m = 0.09 A h kg s 1
m a = 0.45 A h kg s 1
r = 4.6
Equivalence ratio is ~ 0.92
22
11
23
m = 0.09 A h kg s 1
m a = 0.45 A h kg s 1
r = 8.27
Equivalence ratio is ~ 1.65
24
12
m = 0.09 A h kg s 1
m a = 0.45 A h kg s 1
r = 14.76
Equivalence ratio is ~ 2.95
25
26
13
27
ch =
H ch ( )
H ch ( << 1)
Eqn (5-10)
28
14
29
con = H conv ( ) H
conv (
<< 1)
Eqn (5-12)
Eqn (5-13)
30
15
31
O2
C O2 ( )
C O2 ( << 1)
Eqn (5-14)
32
16
33
CO2
YCO2 ( )
YCO2 ( << 1)
Eqn (5-16)
Eqn (5-17)
34
17
35
CO
YCO ( )
YCO ( << 1)
Eqn (5-18)
CO = 1 + exp( 2.5 )
Eqn (5-19)
36
18
Combustible
Polystyrene (PS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyethylene (PE)
Nylon
PMMA
Wood
2
10
26
36
43
44
2.5
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.5
37
38
19
hc
Yhc ( )
Yhc ( << 1)
Eqn (5-20)
hc = 1 + exp( 5.0 )
Eqn (5-21)
39
Combustible
Polystyrene (PS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyethylene (PE)
Nylon
PMMA
Wood
25
220
220
1200
1800
200
1.8
2.5
2.5
3.2
3.5
1.9
40
20
41
=
S
YS ( )
YS ( << 1)
Eqn (5-22)
S = 1 + exp( 2.5 )
Eqn (5-23)
42
21
Combustible
Polystyrene (PS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyethylene (PE)
Nylon
PMMA
Wood
2.8
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.6
2.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.2
43
Engineering Predictions
Yields of Chemical Species in Fire
During all stages of fire, yield of most species (CO2,
soot, HCl and HCN in real-scale scenario is same as
in bench-scale tests (same )
During early stages of room fire, yield of CO in a realscale scenario is similar to bench-scale tests (same )
Following flashover, yield of CO is independent of
chemical structure of fuel. Bench-scale tests cannot
accurately predict CO yields in post-flashover fires.
44
22
Engineering Predictions
Prediction of Yield of CO
Important because CO inhalation is most common
cause of death in fires (USA)
Death patterns need need CO prediction methods
for post-flashover fires {0.5 < < 3.0}
For post-flashover fires assume (within the enclosure)
YCO = 0.2
Eqn (5-24)
45
46
23
47
Carbon Monoxide
Suppose CO is the only toxicant present
Maximum time, t (min), that the average human can
remain in an atmosphere with high levels of CO
{concentration VCO of CO in ppm} is
t = 35,000 / VCO
Eqn (5-25)
Eqn (5-26)
48
24
Visibility in Smoke
S = visibility (m)
For light-emitting signs:
For light-reflecting signs:
KS = 8
KS = 3
Eqn (5-27)
49
Extinction Coefficient K
Proportional to mass concentration of soot
Eqn (5-28)
K = Km Cs
Km = specific extinction coefficient (m2 / g)
Cs = mass concentration of smoke (g / m3)
For flaming combustion of wood & plastics
Eqn (5-29)
Km ~ 7.6 m2 / g
For pyrolysis (no flaming) of wood & plastics
Eqn (5-30)
Km ~ 4.4 m2 / g
Carleton University, 82.583, Fire
Dynamics II, Winter 2003, Lecture #
5
50
25
Eqn (5-31)
51
CS =
mS
YS m
Eqn (5-32)
52
26
Eqn (5-33)
Eqn (5-34)
53
q"
Eqn (5-35)
< 2.5 kW m-2
Below 2.5 kW m-2, exposure can be tolerated for 30
min without affecting the time available for for escape
1d2
rapidly as follows
t = 4 {q"1d2 }-1.35
Carleton University, 82.583, Fire
Dynamics II, Winter 2003, Lecture #
5
Eqn (5-36)
54
27
References
D. Drysdale, An Introduction to Fire Dynamics,Wiley, 1999, Chap 1
A. Tewardson, Generation of Heat and Chemical Compounds in
Fires" Section 3 / Chapter 4, SFPE Handbook, 2nd Ed. (1995)
ISO/DTS 13571, Life threat from fires - guidance on the estimation
of the time available for escape using fire data.
55
28