Lewis Structure SO Lewis Structure SO: Which Is Acceptable?

FORMAL CHARGE (FC)
Tool/Model for comparing which Lewis structures is more acceptable
Lewis structure SO2
Lewis structure SO3
Which is
acceptable?
Formal charge
concept
Formal Charge
Treats covalent bond with equal electron distribution no EN diff bet atom
Electronegative atom has negative while least electronegative atom
has positive formal charge.
Click here video formal charges
Click here video formal charges
Formula formal charge
L+
V - valence electrons of atom
L Lone pair electron
B - electrons shared in covalent bonds in the molecule
All resonance structure contribute to electronic structure.

Real structure is combination of them.
Lowest formal charge (stable), contribute more than less stable structure.
Sum of formal charges must be zero for neutral or equal to charge on ion.
FORMAL CHARGE (FC)
Formal Charge
Treats covalent bond with equal electron distribution no electronegativity differences bet atom
Electronegative atom has negative while least electronegative atom has positive formal charge
L+

L lone pair electron
B bonding electron molecule
Formal charge carbon dioxide
formal charge for O

L+
V- Valence electron O = 6
L- Lone pair electron O = 4
B- Bonding electron O = 4
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
formal charge for C
formal charge for O
L+
L+
V- Valence electron C = 4
L - Lone pair electron C = 0
B - Bonding electron C = 8
FC = 4 (0+4) = 0
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
Lowest formal charge is preferred
Formal charge carbon dioxide
Formal charge for O
Formal charge for O
Formal charge for C
L+
L+
L+
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
FC = 4 (0+4) = 0
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
Which is
acceptable?
Different Lewis structures for CO2

Click here video CO2
-1
+1
-1
+2
-1
Lowest formal charge more stable - contribute more to diff resonance structures.
+2
-2
Formal charge dinitrogen oxide
Formal charge for N
Formal charge for O
Formal charge for N
L+
L+
L+
V- Valence electron N = 5
L- Lone pair electron N = 0
B- Bonding electron N = 8
FC = 5 (2+3) = 0
FC = 5 (0+4) = +1
FC = 6 (6+1) = -1
Which is acceptable?
+1
-1
Different Lewis structures for N2O

Click here to view video
-1
+1
-2
+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
+2

-1
-2
+2
Delocalization of electrons
Resonance
Describing delocalization of electrons within a molecule/polyatomic ion
where bonding cannot be express by ONE single Lewis structure
Delocalization of bond electrons spread over more than 2 nuclei
electrons are shared
electrons spread more stable
Resonance structures carbonate ion
Carbonate Ion
CO 32
C
resonance structure 1
charge 2- delocalized into 2/3lower charge more stable
Resonance hybrid
Click here on video carbonate
All bonds CO32- are identical in length and strength

Hybrid of 3 resonance structures
Negative charge equally distributed over all oxygen
No O-O (single) or O=O (double) bonds found
Only O ----- O bond
Intermediate in character bet single and double bond
Bond Order =
11
FORMAL CHARGE (FC)
Formal Charge
L+

Formal charge carbonate ion
formal charge for O
formal charge for C
L+
L+
L+
FC = 6 (6 +1) = -1
formal charge for O
FC = 4 (0+4) = 0
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
-1
-1
0
0

Resonance
Resonance structures nitrate ion
NO 3
Nitrate Ion
charge of -1 delocalized into 1/3lower charge more stable
1/3
1/3
1/3
resonance hybrid
All bonds NO3- are identical in length and strength

No N-O (single) or N=O (double) bonds found
Only N ----- O bond
1
Bond Order = 1 3
FORMAL CHARGE (FC)
Formal Charge
L+

Formal charge nitrate ion
formal charge for O
formal charge for N
L+
L+
L+
L - Lone pair electron N = 0
B - Bonding electron N = 8
FC = 6 (6 +1) = -1
formal charge for O
FC = 5 (0+4) = +1
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
0
-1
+1
-1

Resonance
Resonance structures nitrite ion
Nitrite Ion
NO 2
charge of -1 delocalized into 1/2lower charge more stable
resonance hybrid
Click here video nitrite
All bonds NO2- are identical in length and strength

NO N-O (single) or N=O (double) bonds found
Only N ----- O bond
1
Bond Order = 1 2
FORMAL CHARGE (FC)
Formal Charge
L+

Formal charge nitrite ion
formal charge for O
formal charge for N
L+
L+
formal charge for O

L+
L - Lone pair electron N = 2
B - Bonding electron N = 6
FC = 6 (4 +2) = 0
FC = 5 (2+3) = 0
FC = 6 (6+1) = -1
-1

Resonance
Resonance structures sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
SO 2
How about structure 3?
resonance hybrid
Click here to view
All SO2 bonds are identical in length and strength

NO S-O (single) or S=O (double) bonds found
Only S ----- O bond
1
Bond Order = 1 2
FORMAL CHARGE (FC)
Formal Charge
L+

Formal charge sulfur dioxide
formal charge for O
formal charge for S
L+
L+
L+
V- Valence electron S = 6
L - Lone pair electron S = 2
B - Bonding electron S = 8
FC = 6 (4 +2) = 0
FC = 6 (2+4) = 0
formal charge for O
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0

Lowest formal charge, contribute more than less stable structure.
Formal charge Sulfur dioxide
Formal charge for O
Formal charge for O
Formal charge for S

L+
L+
L+
FC = 6 (4 +2) = 0
FC = 6 (2+4) = 0
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
0
Different Lewis structures for SO2

Click here to view
0
0
+1
-1
+1

Lowest formal charge (stable) contribute more than less stable structure.
-1
Resonance
Resonance structure cyanate
Cyanate ion
NCO Which structure is

acceptable ?
-1
Contribute less
-1
+1
Negative formal charge on

less electronegative N atom
-2
Contribute the least
High formal charge/unstable
-1
Negative formal charge located on more electronegative O atom is

more stable than one located on a less electronegative N atom
Contribute the MOST
Click here to view
Resonance
Xenon trioxide
XeO 3
Click here to view
Different resonance structure for XeO3
Which structure is
acceptable ?
formal charge for O
formal charge for Xe
L+
L+
V- Valence electron Xe = 8
L- Lone pair electron Xe = 2
B- Bonding electron Xe = 12
FC = 6 (4 +2) = 0
0
0
FC = 8 (2 +6) = 0
formal charge for O

L+
FC = 6 (4 +2) = 0
Resonance
Resonance structures sulfur trioxide
SO 3
Sulfur Trioxide
How about structure 4 ?
S
resonance hybrid
120
All SO3 bonds are identical in length and strength

NO S-O (single) or S=O (double) bonds found
Only S ----- O bond
1
Bond Order = 1 3
Formal charge Sulfur Trioxide
Formal charge for O
Formal charge for O
Formal charge for S
L+
L+
L+
FC = 6 (4 +2) = 0
FC = 6 (0+6) = 0
0
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
Different Lewis structures for SO3
-1
-1
0
+2
+2
+2
-1
-1

-1
-1
Resonance
Resonance structures methanoate
Methanoate ion
HCOO
Resonance structures ethanoate
Ethanoate ion
CH3COO
CH3
resonance hybrid
resonance hybrid
Click here to view
All CO bonds are identical in length and strength

NO C-O (single) or C=O (double) bonds found
Only C ----- O bond
Intermediate character bet single and double bond
1
Bond Order = 1 2
Click here to view
FORMAL CHARGE (FC)
Formal Charge
L+

Formal charge methanoate ion
formal charge for O
formal charge for C
L+
L+
FC = 6 (6 +1) = -1
FC = 4 (0+4) = 0
formal charge for O

L+
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
-1
0
0

Resonance
Resonance structures thiocyanate
Thiocyanate ion
SCN
Which is acceptable
structure?
-1
Contribute the less
-1
+1
Negative formal charge on

less electronegative S atom
-2
Contribute the least
High formal charge/unstable
-1
Negative formal charge located on more electronegative N atom is

more stable than one located on a less electronegative S atom
Contribute the MOST
Formal charge thiocyanate ion
Formal charge for S
Formal charge for C
L+
Formal charge for N
L+
L- Lone pair electron C = 0
B- Bonding electron C = 8
L- Lone pair electron S = 4
B- Bonding electron S = 4
FC = 6 (4+2) = 0
FC = 4 (0+4) = 0
L+
FC = 5 (4+2) = -1
-1
Different Lewis structures for SCNClick here to view video
-1
-1

+1
-2
UV radiation
Resonance
Resonance structures ozone
strongest radiation
Ozone
O3
Ozone at stratosphere
resonance hybrid
O3
Click here on video ozone
Pale blue gas, polar, dimagnetic

Oxidizing agent
Potent respiratory hazard and pollutant at ground level
Beneficial prevent UV B/C from reaching Earth surface
Highest ozone level in stratosphere,(10 km and 50 km)
All bonds O-O are identical in length and strength

NO O-O (single) or O=O (double) bonds found
Only O ----- O bond
1
Bond Order = 1 2
FORMAL CHARGE (FC)
Formal Charge
L+

Formal charge sulfur dioxide
formal charge for O
formal charge for O
L+
L+
L - Lone pair electron O = 2
B - Bonding electron O = 6
FC = 6 (4 +2) = 0
FC = 6 (2+3) = +1
+1
0
-1
formal charge for O

L+
FC = 6 (6+1) = -1

Good Side
Ozone Good and Bad
Ozone in Strastophere
blocks UV B + C
Bad Side
Ozone in Troposphere act as

Greenhouse gas
Ozone in ground level act as

Pollutant
Photochemical
Ozone depletion
UV Exposure
Why ozone able to absorb UV B and UV C?
Click here on ozone depletion

chemicals (phaseout)
Breakdown of ozone High UV radiation

Skin cancer
- DNA mutation

Lewis Structure SO Lewis Structure SO: Which Is Acceptable?

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Lewis Structure SO Lewis Structure SO: Which Is Acceptable?

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FORMAL CHARGE (FC)

Tool/Model for comparing which Lewis structures is more acceptable

Lewis structure SO2

Lewis structure SO3

Click here video formal charges

Formula formal charge

All resonance structure contribute to electronic structure.

FORMAL CHARGE (FC)

Formula formal charge

V - valence electrons of atom

Formal charge carbon dioxide

formal charge for O

formal charge for C

formal charge for O

Lowest formal charge is preferred

Formal charge carbon dioxide

Formal charge for O

Formal charge for O

Formal charge for C

Lowest formal charge is preferred

Different Lewis structures for CO2

Lowest formal charge is preferred

Formal charge dinitrogen oxide

Formal charge for N

Formal charge for O

Formal charge for N

Lowest formal charge is preferred

Different Lewis structures for N2O

Lowest formal charge is preferred

All resonance structure contribute to electronic structure.

charge 2- delocalized into 2/3lower charge more stable

Click here on video carbonate

All bonds CO32- are identical in length and strength

FORMAL CHARGE (FC)

Formula formal charge

V - valence electrons of atom

Formal charge carbonate ion

formal charge for O

formal charge for C

formal charge for O

All resonance structure contribute to electronic structure.

charge of -1 delocalized into 1/3lower charge more stable

Click here to view video

All bonds NO3- are identical in length and strength

FORMAL CHARGE (FC)

Formula formal charge

V - valence electrons of atom

Formal charge nitrate ion

formal charge for O

formal charge for N

formal charge for O

All resonance structure contribute to electronic structure.

charge of -1 delocalized into 1/2lower charge more stable

Click here video nitrite

All bonds NO2- are identical in length and strength

FORMAL CHARGE (FC)

Formula formal charge

V - valence electrons of atom

Formal charge nitrite ion

formal charge for O

formal charge for N

formal charge for O

All resonance structure contribute to electronic structure.