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Aquatic plants - also called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes - are plants that
have adapted to living in aquatic environments.
One of the main problems facing submerged aquatic plants is their inability to o
btain oxygen. Unlike terrestrial plants, these plants cannot obtain the vital ga
s through their stomata because they are submerged in water.
Therefore, the stems, roots, and leaves of submerged aquatic plants posses aeren
chyma cells, which supply oxygen to the rest of the plants.
Aerenchyma is a parenchyma tissue with large intercellular air spaces. It stores
and transports oxygen to living tissues.
Air spaces within the tissues help to keep the aquatic plant buoyant so that its
leaves can reach the top of the pond, thus maximising the amount of sunlight it
receives.
Submerged aquatic plants utilise living in water to their fullest advantage. Sin
ce these plants are in no danger of drying out, the leaves have few or no cuticl
es on the surface of their leaves.
In addition, the stems of these plants are limp and delicate with little strengt
hening tissue because they utilise the water for support.
The leaves tend to be thin, flexible and narrow. These finely dissected leaves o
ffer little resistance to running water and can be dragged through the water wit
hout tearing.
*******
Characteristics of hydrophytes:
A thin cuticle. Cuticles primarily prevent water loss, thus most hydrophytes hav
e no need for cuticles.
Stomata that are open most of time because water is abundant and therefore there
is no need for it to be retained in the plant. This means that guard cells on t
he stomata are generally inactive.
An increased number of stomata, that can be on either side of leaves.
A less rigid structure: water pressure supports them.
Flat leaves on surface plants for floatation.
Air sacs for floatation.
Smaller roots: water can diffuse directly into leaves.
Feathery roots: no need to support the plant.
Specialized roots able to take in oxygen.
For example, some species of buttercup (genus Ranunculus) float slightly submerg
ed in water; only the flowers extend above the water. Their leaves and roots are
long and thin and almost hair-like; this helps spread the mass of the plant ove
r a wide area, making it more buoyant. Long roots and thin leaves also provide a
greater surface area for uptake of mineral solutes and oxygen.
Wide flat leaves in water lilies (family Nymphaeaceae) help distribute weight ov
er a large area, thus helping them float near surface.
Many fish keepers keep aquatic plants in their tanks to control phytoplankton an
d moss by removing metabolites.
Many species of aquatic plant are invasive species in different parts of the wor
ld. Aquatic plants make particularly good weeds because they reproduce vegetativ
ely from fragments.
Male - none.
Female - In the Fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system.
Product of fertilisation
Male - none.
Female - A diploid zygote (containing 46 chromosomes), which then develo
ps into an embryo.
What happens after sexual intercourse?
Possibility I
A sperm meets the secondary oocyte and penetrates it.
Meiosis II quickly occurs in the secondary oocyte, and an ovum and a pol
ar body is formed.
The polar body degenerates.
The nucleus of the ovum fuses with the nucleus of the sperm.
Fertilisation is successful and a diploid zygote is formed.
The female is pregnant.
Possibility II
None of the sperms meet the secondary oocyte. This could mean ovulation
has
not occurred yet;
occurred but the secondary oocyte, which can only live for 24 hours,
has died.
No fertilisation occurs.
No zygote is formed.
The female is not pregnant; she gets her next period as usual.
[Biology Form 5] The Daily Transporter
Blood plays many important roles, and one of them is transport.
It transports oxygen, enzymes, water, nutrients (glucose, vitamins, minerals, fa
tty acids, glycerol and amino acids), carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, wast
e substances, and even heat!
Transport of oxygen;
Cell involved - Red blood cell
Pigment used - Haemoglobin
Oxygen transported by the blood in the form of oxyhaemoglobin
Carbon dioxide transported in blood;
70% in the form of hydrogen carbonate ions
23% in the form of carbomino-haemoglobin
7% in the form of dissolved gas in plasma
Possible consiquences to his health if a man's erythrocyte count is below normal
;
When less oxygen reaches the cells in his body, the man may suffer from anae
mia. As a result, he may faint easily, feel tired and be unenergetic