Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
3333
Learning
g Goals
C
Classifica
ations
Airspaace Strucctures
FIR
A Flight In
nformation Region
R
is an
n airspace of
o defined
dimensions
s in which Flight Inform
mation Serv
vice (FIS)
and Alerting Service are provide
ed. In this airspace,
Countries are respons
sible for the
e provision of
o the Air
Traffic Services (ATS
S). Very oftten they match
m
the
National boundaries.
b
For practica
al reasons, countries
can delega
ate part of th
heir airspace
e to their neighbours.
CTR
Controle Zone
(Tower)
CTA
Control Area
A
(Center)
A CTA is a Controlle
ed airspace extending upwards
from a sp
pecified lim
mit above the surface of the
earth. It is
i a box of airspace
a
tha
at does not touch
t
the
surface of the earth.
TMA
AWY
Airway
ATS
Specific route
r
SID
Standard
d Instrumentt Departure
An Instru
ument Fligh
ht Rule (IFR) departure route
that links an aerodro
ome or a s
specified ru
unway of
ant point
the aerodrome with a specified significa
(normally
y) on an ATS
A
route. This is mostly
m
the
airway at which
w
the en
n-route phas
se of a flight begins.
STAR
Standard
d Instrumentt Arrival
RNAV
V
Area Nav
vigation Routte
Danger Areas
A
An Instru
ument Fligh
ht Rule (IFR
R) arrival ro
oute that
links a siignificant point, (norrmally) on an ATS
route, with
w
a po
oint from which a published
instrumen
nt
appro
oach
pro
ocedure
can
c
be
commence
ed.
An ATS ro
oute (airway
y, departure
e route, arriv
val route,
...) for aircraft that are
a
RNAV e
equipped to
o navigate
directly from waypo
oint to way
ypoint. These routes
are main
nly defined
d by interrsections, but can
also contaiin VORs & NDBs.
An airspa
ace of defined dimen
nsions within which
activities dangerous
d
to the flightt of aircraft may
m
exist
at specifie
ed times.
Restricted Areas
http://eg.ivaao.aero/
h
D
Document
: V1.3
V
An airspac
ce of define
ed dimensio
ons, above the land
areas or te
erritorial waters of a State, within which
w
the
flight of aircraft is
s restricted in accorda
ance with
certain spe
ecified cond
ditions.
Paage 1 of 9
Prohibite
ed areas
An airspa
ace of deffined dime
ensions, ab
bove the
land area
as or territo
orial waters
s of a State
e, within
which the
e flight of aircraft is prrohibited
Airspaace Classsification
ns
Class Altitude
e
Type
of
flight
Separa
ation
Contact
C
ATC
Requires A
R
ATC
clearanc
ce
Speed lim
mit
IFR
only
yes
yes
no
IFR
yes
yes
no
VFR
yes
yes
no
IFR
yes
yes
no
VFR
separation
n from
IFR but only traffic
info abou
ut VFR
yes
yes
250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100
IFR
separation
n from
IFR but only traffic
ut VFR
info abou
yes
yes
250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100
VFR
traffic info
o only
yes
yes
250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100
IFR
separation
n from
IFR only - traffic
info abou
ut VFR
yes
yes
250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100
VFR
traffic info
o only
no
no
250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100
IFR
separation
n from
IFR on
nly
yes
no
250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100
VFR
no
no
no
250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100
IFR
no
yes
no
250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100
VFR
no
no
no
250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100
1)
Fl 600
Fl 200
Fl 100
GND
4000 ft
above apt.
elev.
GND
2500 ft
above apt.
elev.
GND
Everything
g
outside
Class
ABCDFG
3000ft AGL
GND
3000ft AGL
GND
http:///www.euro
ocontrol.in
nt/airspace
e/gallery/c
content/pu
ublic/Class
sification%
%20mid
%20ap
pril%202007.pdf
Paage 2 of 9
VMC (Visual
(
M
Meteorol
logical Condition
ns)
VMC VFR
R
Flightt
visibilitty
Horizont
H
tal
fr
rom clou
uds
V
Vertical from
clouds
s 1)
Min
nimum ICA
AO
S
Standard
1)
5 km
1500 m
1000 ft
f
8 km
1500 m
1000 ft
f
5 km
1500 m
1000 ft
f
5 km
1500 m
1000 ft
f
5 km
Clea
ar of clouds during
flight
At and
d above 10
0.000ft
AMSL
Abo
ove 3000ft and
below
w 10.000ft AMSL
A
Below 3000ft
AMSL
Airsp
pace B-C
C-D-E
Below 3000ft
AMSL
Airrspace F-G
F
1) BKN and
a
OVC are
e considered ceilings. FEW and SCT not
VMC SVFR
S
(Sp
pecial VFR) 1)
Flightt
visibilitty
V
VMC
SVFR
R
Min
nimum ICA
AO
S
Standard
2
2)
1) Upon Pilots reque
est ONLY
Horizont
H
tal
fr
rom clou
uds
V
Vertical from
cloud
ds
VFR/S
SVFR allo
owed du
uring UDP
( unive
ersal daylight period: sunrise+1hr / sunset -1hr)
Flightt
visibilitty
5 km
Horizont
H
tal
fr
rom clou
uds
Clea
ar of clouds during
flight
V
Vertical from
cloud
ds
Cllear of clouds during
flight
Clouds NOT below
1500fft
Surface in sight
(terrain or water)
w
NVFR
R allowed
d during sunrise-3
30min / sunset+30
0min
extra co
onsiderations: Require
es NVFR rating and ex
xtra METEO
O care / exttra insuranc
ce /
airfield with lightin
ng / aircraftt with NAV lights and strobes, X--ponder and COMM. / extra
caution with
w precipittation... rain on windshieeld will multiply lights on ground and
d apporach which
w
makes visual navigattion very diffficult. / Clearr nights with moonlight adds
a
to visibiility on groun
nd...no
moonlight prevents seeing riverss/ above FL050 between 22h00LT and 04h59LT / Clear visual
flightplan in case NA
AVaids or insstruments fail. p.s. there is no such th
hing as SNVFFR ( special night VFR)
http://eg.ivaao.aero/
h
D
Document
: V1.3
V
Paage 3 of 9
VFR Commun
C
ication
Sta
artup
Entter FIS
Cro
oss CTR
E
Enter CT
TR
Ca
allsign
Aircrraft type
Po
osition
Ca
allsign
Aircrraft type
Po
osition
altitude
Rules (IFR/VFR))
Depa
arture +
Destiination or
inttention
-
Callsign
Airc
craft type
Po
osition
Rules (IFR/VFR)
Callsign
A
Aircraft typ
pe
Position
altitude
Rules (IFR/V
VFR)
Request
e)
crossing (route
altitude
ATIS lette
er
Request
Full sttop/touch and go
Rules (IFR/VFR)
Destination or
intention
ATIS
S letter
Re
equest
sttartup
ETA
Aircraft Classific
cation
Aiircraft
cate
egories
L
MTOW
W (kg)
Example
es
7000 or less
7001 - 136000
B737 - A
A320 - B717
7 - FA50 B757 - CRJ7 - C12
20 - LR45
Aiircraft
cate
egories
Vref
(KI
IAS)
Initia
al App
spe
eed
(KI
IAS)
less than
t
90
90--150
All helico
opters - DHC
C6 - PA28 C172 - C182 - TB2
20 - C208
90--120
120
0-170
121
1-140
160
0-220
B737 - A
A320 - B717
7 - FA50 B757 - CRJ7 - C12
20 - LR45
141
1-165
182
2-220
166
6-210
185-220
CON
Example
es
http://eg.ivaao.aero/
h
D
Document
: V1.3
V
Paage 4 of 9
Aircraft Sp
peeds
They are
e mainly indicated airspe
eeds (IAS) used
u
in a spe
ecific relation
ns.
a) TAKE
E-OFF :
V1 = tak
ke-off decisio
on speed (orr critical spe
eed). Before V1, the pilott can abort ttake-off. Afte
er V1,
the pilott MUST take off.
VR = tak
ke-off rotatio
on speed at which the pilot gently pulls the fligh
ht controls to
o rise the no
ose and
take off..
V2 = tak
ke-off safety
y speed to be
e reached be
efore passing
g 35 ft above runway alttitude.
b) CRUI
ISE :
Va = Ma
aneuvering speed,
s
max speed
s
at which flight con
ntrols can be
e fully maneuvered.
Vno = Normal
N
Opera
ation speed, max cruise speed.
Vne = Never
N
Exceed
d speed.
Vmo = Maximum
M
Op
perating spe
eed (KIAS).
Mmo = Maximum
M
Operating Spe
eed (Mach).
c) APPR
ROACH AND
D LANDING
G:
Vfe = Ma
aximum spe
eed with Flap
ps Extended..
Vlo = Ma
aximum speed for Landing gear Ope
erations (retraction and extension).
Vle = Ma
aximum speed when Lan
nding gear Extended.
E
Vs = Sta
alling speed (at max weiight).
Vso = Sttalling speed
d with gear and
a
flaps Ou
ut (at max weight).
w
Vref = Reference
R
speed (or land
ding speed) = 1.3 x Vso (Vref also known as Vatt).
d) APPR
ROACH REG
GULATION :
Minimum
m clean spee
ed = minimu
um speed witth gear/flaps
s/slats up an
nd airbrakes in, usually about
a
1.5 x Vs
so.
Minimum
m approach speed
s
= Vre
ef (see above
e), 1.3 x Vso
o.
Apprroach Classifficatio
on
Appro
oach Seg
gments:
12345-
STAR
R
Initia
al Approach
h (IAF)
Interrmediate Approach (IF
F)
Finall Approach (FAF)
Misse
ed Approac
ch
Precis
sion App
proach:
ILS with
h DH/DA an
nd RVR
Cate
egory
DH (ftt)
R
RVR
(m)
Ca
at I
200 or mo
ore
5
550
or more
Ca
at II
100 - 19
99
300-549 cat: A, B, C
350
0-549 cat D 1)
Catt IIIa
200-399
Catt IIIb
less than 50
le
ess than 200
0
Catt IIIc
no spec va
alue
no spec value
e
1)
Appen
ndix 1 to JAR
R-OPS 1.430
0, Table 6, pe
ermits the us
se of an RVR
R of 300m forr Category D aircraft
conductiing an autola
and
http://eg.ivaao.aero/
h
D
Document
: V1.3
V
Paage 5 of 9
Non-P
Precision
n Approa
ach:
VOR, VO
ORTAC, ND
DB, LLZ, ILS
S with GS out.
o
a
w be review
will
wed to show CDFA (Conttinuous Desccent Final Ap
pproach)
a. All non-precision approaches
profile an
nd minimumss.
b. In casse of CDFA only,
o
a DA(H) is shown in
nstead of the previously published
p
MD
DA(H). The missed
m
approach point is stilll shown acco
ording to sta
ate source bu
ut the missed
d approach in
nitiation arrow
w is
moved to
o the point where
w
the DA
A(H) is reache
ed.
Below DA / DH
Elem
ments of the
approac
ch light sys
stem
The
e threshold
d
The
e threshold
d
m
markings
The th
hreshold lights
The
e threshold
d
identification ligh
hts
The vis
sual glide slope
i
indicator
The touchdown zone
or tou
uchdown zo
one
m
markings
The touchdown zone
lights
Runwa
ay edge lights
Othe
er reference
es
acce
epted by the
A
Authority
at leasst 3 consecuttive
lights being
b
the cen
ntre
line of the approach
lights
Runway centre line
lights
Laterral referenc
ce
No DH needed
d
R
RVR
75m
No refe
erence needed
http://eg.ivaao.aero/
h
D
Document
: V1.3
V
Below
MDA / MDH
H
NON
prec.APP
p
CAT
TI
CAT II
I
CAT II
IIA
CAT IIIB
CAT
T IIIC
Paage 6 of 9
Hold
ding Classific
cation (ICAO
O)
Lev
vels
(1)
Helico
opters up to
o
60
000 FT
(1830m
m) inclusive
e
Up to 14.000 FT
T
ve
(4.250 m) inclusiv
Above 14.000 FT (
425
50 m) to
20.000 FT (6.100
0
m) inclusive
Above 20.000 FT (
610
00 m) to
34.000
0 FT (10.350
0
m) inclusive
Above 34.000 FT (
6100 m)
Timing
Norma
al
conditio
ons
Turbu
ulence
cond
ditions
1 min.
m
100 KT
T
(185 km//h)
1 min.
m
220-230 KT
2
T (2)
(426 km//h)
170 KT (4)
(
(315 km//h)
280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)
170 KT
(315 km/h)
1 min.
m
240 KT (5)
(
(445 km//h)
280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)
orr 0.8 Mach w
whichever is less
1 min.
m
265 KT (5)
(
(490 km//h)
280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)
orr 0.8 Mach w
whichever is less
1 min.
m
0.83 Mach
0.83
3 Mach
(1) - Tabu
ulated levels represent
r
"altittude" or corressponding "fligh
ht levels" depe
ending upon th
he altimeter setting in
use.
(2) - Whe
en the holding procedure is followed
f
by th
he initial segme
ent of on instrrument approa
ach procedure
e
promulga
ated at a highe
er speed than 230 KT (425 KM/H
K
), the ho
olding should also be promu
ulgated at this
s higher
speed wh
herever possib
ble.
(3) - The speed of 280 KT (520 KM//H) (0.8 Mach)) reserved for turbulence co
onditions shall be used for holding
h
u
the rele
evant publicattions indicate that
t
the holdin
ng area can
only afterr prior clearancce with ATC, unless
accommo
odate aircraft flying
f
at this high holding sp
peeds.
(4) - For holding
h
limited
d to CAT A and B aircraft on
nly and CAT H above 6000F
FT (1830M).
(5) - Whe
erever possible
e, 280 KT (520
0 KM/H) shou
uld be used fo
or holding proccedures assocciated with airw
way route
structuress.
http://eg.ivaao.aero/
h
D
Document
: V1.3
V
Paage 7 of 9
Hold
ding Classific
cation (FAA)
Timing
Norma
al
conditio
ons
Up to
o 6000 FT
(1830m
m) inclusive
e
1 min.
m
200 KT
T
(370 km//h)
Above
e 6000 FT
(1830 m) to
14.000 FT
ve
(4.250 m) inclusiv
1 min.
m
230 KT (2)
(
(426 km//h)
Lev
vels
(1)
14
4.001 FT
(4251 m)
m and abov
ve
1 min.
m
Turbu
ulence
cond
ditions
280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)
265 KT (5)
(
(490 km//h)
280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)
orr 0.8 Mach w
whichever is less
Proc
cedure
e turn Classif
C
fication
n
The an
ngle betwe
een you cu
urrent head
ding and the
t
course
e guidance
e
Max 10
0
on a FAF
Max 90
0
on a IAF prec
cision apprroach
Max 12
20
Circlling Ra
adii
1)
Aiircraft
cate
egories
Vref
(KI
IAS)
Radius
less than 90
1.65
1
Nm
90--120
2.66
2
Nm
121-140
4.20
4
Nm
141-165
5.28
5
Nm
166
6-210
6.94
6
NM
http://eg.ivaao.aero/
h
D
Document
: V1.3
V
Paage 8 of 9
Q-CO
ODES
QNH:
QNE:
QFE:
QFF:
Magnetic bearing
g of the runway in use
QUJ:
True be
earing to a station
QTE:
True be
earing fro
om a statiion
---- :
Relativ
ve bearing
g to a sta
ation
---- :
Relativ
ve bearing
g from a station
http://eg.ivaao.aero/
h
D
Document
: V1.3
V
Paage 9 of 9