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NON-DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT
HASSALL
-1-
I.
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE OF
The purpose
OVERCTTRRENT PROTECTION
initiate the
openlng
and
isolate only
the
normal
operatlon.
2.I
DISCRIMINATION BY
CURRENT
Dlscrlnination by current relles upon the fact that the fault current
varies wlth the position of the fault.
irnpedance
-2between
the source and the fault and the relays throughout the
system are
z.L.L
The
fault
l-eveL
to bear in
rnind when
be
e.
$ouRcE
The
at
settlng of relay at
F2 but as the
B must be such
fault level at
F2 and
2.t.2
3.
nay
DISCRIMINATION BY TIME
t,lrne delay
each overcurrent
away from
relay is
gl.ven
the source
and
measuring element
4.
is not
be
exceeded.
Due
to the llnttatlons
irnposed by
is
Thus, the
4.L
elinlnating
some
of the
disadvantages.
or
adjustments
to
be made on an inverse
ratrng.
example 5o'2oo%
or
10-402
For
secondary
t
-4rating of 5 anp, say, then a
settlng range of 2.5-10
current range of 0.5-2
5O-2OO"A
anp.
If the C.T.
anp.
had
a 1 amp secondary
rt ls convenlent to
the
500/5.
SO-ZOO%
relay is set at
Now, secondary
1O0Z
i.e. 5 amp
-5As can be seen fron the curve, with a secondary current equal-
to lO tlmes
the relay settlng, the relay will operate in 3 secs (assurning a tlne
7.e. 2.5
(TMS
anp then
= 1).
The choice
ratio
507"
to but
assuming
deslgned nor
is
above
The relay
w111
and adjustment
Ehe reJ-ay
setting. That is to say that if the relay operates in 3 secs with 10 times
Ehe
the
same
TMS
current and setting, the relay operating time would be 1.5 secs.
Sirnilarly with a TMS = 0.1 the relay operatlng tlme would be 0.3 secs.
Note
that thls direct relationship only applies at l0 tlmes the plug settlng
current. For other values of plug setting nul-tlplier t,he relationship is
-6not dlrect (although not very far out) and reference should be uade
to the publlshed characteristlcs to obtain actual operating tines.
examples,
have
been lgnored.
4.2
adJacent
number
1.
4'2'L
to
have
tLme
interval
between
the operation of
two
depends upon
of factors.
2.
3.
Errors.
4.
The
The
to
use a value
of
fault current. rt is
100 ms
now
for a short
tfune
inertia)
usualLy necessary.
rt is
common
to use a flgure of
50 ms.
-7 Note:
The overshoot
operation takes
to travel- the
p1-ace
same
Texver
7-
zf;l-----.'ll----
dvurs\d
l.ave)
tt
l..r
rolo-g d.-one1giseA
f3.n - aeiu.al otergnool f rn'tL
-Ttrw
t-e
4.2.3
subject to
some degree
of error.
The time
characteristic of either
shouLd be noted
rrof,so
100 ms Ls
margln
5.
RECOMMENDED MARGIN
In the past a fixed margln of 0.5 secs Itas consLdered adequate for
correct discrlnination. With faster modern switchgear and lower
overshoot times a flgure of 0.4 secs is qulte reasonable and under
may be
feaslble.
8However,
lt is
to deternlne the
where
tt = 0.2t * 0.25
secs
of
6.
TYPES OF RELAYS
6.1
GECM rDMT
.1
.1
NORMAL
IWERSE TIME
- CDGll
The cDGll characterlstic conforns
to BS142 and is commonry known as
che 3/10 characterrstrc i.e. At ten
tines plug setting current and
TMS of I the relay will 0perate
rn 3 secs. The relay rs fltted wrth
a slngle dr.sc contact lrhich wrll
'ake and carry for 0.5 secs, 250ovA
with rnaxina of 10A and 660v. An auxlllary
unlt can be fltted ln the
same case which has two electrLcally
separate contacts rated to make
and carry for 0.5 secs, 7500vA wlth
naxlma of 30A and
660v.
be
-10The cDGll
is wrdely
used
to all
system voltages
- as back
up
the
(b)
The
and
far
ends
of the
vary significantly.
(c)
6.I.2
CDG13
characteristic.
tlne ls approximately
doubled
seri.es.
6.1.3
11
CDG14
even
supply.
Another appllcation
6.L.4
The CDG12
CDG12
is a heavily
dauped lnductlon
resistors (which nornally have a 30 sec. rating). The relay has two
fixed settlngs of L5t ar.d 207". A tapped version Ls avaLlable with a
setting range of 80-2402 of. 5 anp and this can be applied to give a
measure of overload protectlon to motors and generators.
The relay
operating tlue at 5 tlnes current settlng ls 30 secs. for a
TMS
of l.
-12_
6.2
DEFINITE TI}M
The
GECM
OVERCURRENT RELAYS
electromechanical
phase or earth
fault relay type cAu comprises one,
two or three attracted amature
in
the
when choosing
a tine setting.
Relay thermal
12 seconds.
6.3
MCGG
MCGG
analogue-to-digltal
-13The followrng
\g
l.
Standard Inverse
2.
Very Inverse
3.
Extremely Inverse
4.
5.
6.
7.
(or
Norrnal Inverse)
system eonfiguration
with the
tine-de1_ayed
-146.4
has developed a
cannot be graded
secs.
This
after
The sensltive
vA
-157.
ln paral1er.
By using
protectlon).
recommended.
7.I
16
EFFECTIVE SETTING
The prinary
than an
For example :
Assume 3VA
relay,
At setting, relay
2OZ
(1 anp basis).
lmpedance, Z =
\IA =
?ffi
= 75
ohms
T?
Thus
a relay wlth a
t2z = t2 ls =
207t
settlng at rated
75 vA (assumlng no saturation)
the
resistanee).
Thus, as can be seen, an earth
4OZ
Current 0.1
above 20
of 1 aop
anp
( Impedance
VA burden
at t x setting current
3x
10x
I'
20x
Thus
to
pass 20 tr.nes
rr
2.3 vA
(23OJL )
= 14 VA (155 Jt- )
= 90 vA (90JL )
= 250 vA (62.atL)
carrylng prlnary current. Due to this voltage the c.T.rs wilr draw
a
nagnetlslng current the value of which wtll be dependant on
the
magnetlsing characteristic.
current ls very
exceed the
10w and
even
settlng current.
current but also the nagnet.isatlon loss for all of the connected
c.T.fs. The "effective settlng current,, in terms of secondary amps
wll1
be applied
fault condltions
many tlmes
can have
a considerable heatlng
is
due to
the fact that the lower range relay has twLce the number of turns
than the higher range. Consequently the wLre dlameter ls smaller and
TIME
GRADING
The proeedure
phase
faurt relays
current
fault
-208.
INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS
system
ls
at gradlng
procedure as appried to
rnore
complex.
thls
The
affect of
interconnected systems the fault lever does not tend to vary very
much and it nay be found inpossible to obtain correct
dlscriminatlon
problens sllghtly.
-2L9.
PROTECTION OF DELTA/STAR
TRANSFORMERS
appear
phase
lf
be
Appendtx 1.
the
there
0f
-2210.
the
when gradlng
when
and
offset
may be
peak value
rt-T2x1oo
t2
when
I1
l2
amps
57"
f.ot
tuned
sysEem angles
up to 80o. The relay which has hlgh setting ranges is used for the
This relay also has a high drop off/pick up ratio and low translent
ove
rreach.
ratio
11.
relay is applied
off/pick
up
partieularly important.
INTERLOCKED OVERCURRENT
rf it is only possible to
mount
"blind spot"
between the
complete
fault clearance
and
w111 not
;-->'
'
CtRCwr
AFFEFENrUL
P&oGffitoif.
I
EusgAp
<_
Pnjrcrotu
I
NTPLOCKEO
PnoTECltOil.
_> lrlrFPlatP
-24-
which
end.
relay
(GECM
disc relay that has its lower coll brought, out to the case terminals.
The
end.
If the C.T.fs are mounted on the busbar slde of the switchgear then
the feeder protectlon is used to initlate the lnterlocked overcurrent
relay which then operates Lnto the busbar protectLon to clear the
busbar.
-25APPENDIX
COMPARISON OF
TIIROUGH
a)
:/
A D-A
TRANSFORMER
rmlrs
i-fl rm:.rs
b)
vpntu =
vsnc
= rsuc
IDELTA = tt JT
rpntu
Isrc
rn---F+-.,
.c
Ea-t
/\-n'
..'_----_T_
--- /
*r',
---) r
----+ r
rsrc
Ed-tt
rsnc
?
I
X1
IPRIM
Eg-r't
rsrc
-Tr
=f
IDELTA =
Eg-g
2xr
-->
,/r
E6-N = 0.966I
LI J3 ISE6=
$ Efi-N=
$ Zxr
prinary and secondary currents are equal. For a A-Q fault, the
current is 0.866 the vaLue of the prinary currenL.
0.86 T
secondary
Eg-n
2xt
-26APPENDTX
(coNTINrrED)
Mn*-'34 F*'IL
level
See e
3+ Acirdrr.rc i;rlrgR.VAL
trmS, lareRvAL FoR
f-*
Tau"rS
-27APPENDIX 2
TRANSIENT OVERREACH
TYPICAL FAULT
I4IAVEFORM
D.C. T
Offser
To
flnd
how
the relay
1.
The
's
deternlned.
2)
F
B
2.
The
the R.M.S.
detemined.
The pereentage transient overreach
ls defined
as
100 (A-B)
B
-28\-
APPENDIX
2 (continued)
- zq-
Fr e,
l.
&ELAV
__+,rllcTror.rS
5 Frfls 6.trf,<,uRe.Grs?
3 hfSl
rtr-{AGcrrr
lrrr5 tetrxg;r1La
tt{Aoa ovtilcvllf}rf
r..D Slr"ttFr$?
t
C
- 3o'
X
zq
U
,.{,
o
ul
too\
FAut,J- aueeENT
(,./{"es>
I
I
I
I
I
I
t
Rai
SouBcE
aSoAAVA
tooltt
ooltA
EL.
ltooA
IP/vlT
RE
IJAY 5TTIN6S
FL
z30d\
HICrI{
4ocl6
ftl<v
F.L.
tS,oooA
STANTANEOU
S OYERcI/R.RENT
RE LAY
era.ople, tJre 11 kV A buebare are fed via tvo grid traosfoncrs rrhlcb
are connected to an EEY aysteo. [he eupply rubetetiou A le .boua feedin3
subgtatiou l, C, D ead t throngh a rgdlrl ifutrlbntLon ryrtcr. Ioeds r.n
tuppllcd fron each subctetlon, tbe sur8ted lord cnrrcntr flovbg fr tha
feeder circuits behg shova. lhe narinun fault level at ceoh rubrtrtlon 1r
eho shovn. lto date arc analysed ia TabLc 1.
Iu this
hor tbe date of furlt lcvrlr and lord orncate, suJ'tlbh onrrrnt trrnrfclrr
retloa and overcunrnt relay scttingr ere celcct d. It rbotld br notcl tbrt tL
ld crrrrrnt
prinary currest aettln6 sbouLd bc safrly lbovo tbc lerhr crtlltd
ln ordcr to allov eoEc aargln for load grovth, uncrlrotcd h{Gb lc.alr trrnrhat
ultb tL
pcak loade aad thr conplete rrsettlng of tb .rrlay eftcr tbrorr6h fultll
clrcult oarrTing the oarbnr prospcctlvr load, currrnt.
Overcu-rraut relaya are lntended to provlde e dlacrirstlvc prottotloa rerlt|tt
tyatcr faulto, aad do not gl.vt preclse ovcrload protectloa. trrvrrthrbrrt
tbr rcartrn of overload protectlon vblch 1r obtrlned ls oftcn tlougbt to ba
of valuc ln protectrng eablee agalnst rbaorrel loadLng. It 1s for thlr
ree^aon the,t tbe pr{ner.17 relay acttln6a arc not rraurtly redc r h{Ch r. rould
bc posalble lf only feult cunsnta viaDt cor,sldcred.
Sterting vlth the rclay la gubetatlon D fartbcat fro tba Porls rouroor tbr
rcleif plugl sctttng oultlpllar la cslcnlatcd frol a loovlcdtr of t[ Hrlrrr
farlt currcat flovlog t.broub thls polat aDd the rclay sranrat rettin3f
Subetetioa
C! ratlo 1@/5L
8,elay
CDC11
cott{'6 - 1M
b,sban - 1;t:
A tt-le
follove:
il
o
a
o\
6
q\)
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1<
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o
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t-
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ru
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o
a
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th
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t/.
s=
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v!
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Y6
3r
v)o
3[{)
oU
6Y
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tn
tv)
(s
90
|4
v)
Fl-
{-Jd. t-,i
i 'i5
z
o
F
\J
;J
-J
r<
Subetatlon
CT
ratio
Reley
ZAO/jL
CDG11
(etandard
10016
-2OOA
C
vltb D -
1rg5
i$H"i;l;I.r.
"tZ.its
-irc;il
prrry
acttrry
rd
of tbr
t.o !t8
lbs
f-lt r.'.r,
llr**
0.14722.6 r
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