A panchang is a Hindu calendar and almanac, which follows traditional units of Indian

timekeeping, and presents important dates and their calculations in a tabulated form
A typical Panchngam may state tabulations of positions of Sun, Moon, and other planets for every
day of the year on a fixed place (longitude, latitude) and time of day (in 24-hour format IST). The users
calculate the remaining data using the their relative difference from this fixed place and time.
There are several panchngas that contain information for more than one year. There is one
Vishvavijaya Panchngam that is for 100 years.
Thus, the Government of India has prepared the National Panchnga or the Indian national calendar in
1957 (was proposed by Saha and Lahiri in 1952), which is used in predictive astrology. The Lahiris
Ephemeris published annually is the most widely used English almanac in Vedic astrology apart from
the many Panchngas published in local languages, which are mostly based on the National
Panchnga.
n Vedic timekeeping, a tithi (also spelled thithi) is a lunar day, or the time it takes for
the longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sunto increase by 12. Tithis begin at varying times
of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours

There are 30 tithis in each lunar month, named as : Tithi plays an important role along
with nakshatra in Hindu's daily as well as special activities in selecting the muhurta. There are
good tithisas well as bad tithis.
There are 30 tithis in each lunar month, named as :

Sl.No

Krishnapaksha
(dark fortnight)

Shukla paksha
(bright
fortnight)

Deity and properties[citation needed]

Prathama

Prathama

The presiding deity of the first lunar day is Agni and it is good for all
types of auspicious and religious ceremonies

Dwitiya

Dwitiya

Vidhatr or Bramha rules this lunar day and is good for the laying of
foundations for buildings and other things of a permanent nature.

Tritiya

Tritiya

Gauri is the lord of this day and is good for the cuttings of one's hair
and nails and shaving.

Chaturthi

Chaturthi

Yama/Ganapati is lord of the 4th lunar day, which is good for the
destruction of one's enemies, the removal of obstacles, and acts of
combat.

Panchami

Panchami

The Naaga or Serpents rules this day, which is favourable for

administering medicine, the purging of poisons, and surgery.

Shashthi

Shashthi

Karttikeya presides over this day and is favourable for coronations,

meeting new friends, festivities, and enjoyment.

Saptami

Saptami

The 7th lunar day is ruled by Surya; one may begin a journey, buy
conveyances, and deal with other such things as a movable nature.

Ashtami

Ashtami

The Rudra rule this day, which is good for taking up arms, building of
one's defenses, and fortification.

Navami

Navami

The Ambikaa rules this day, which is suitable for killing enemies, acts
of destruction, and violence. Inauspicious for ceremonies and journeys.

10

Dasami

Dashami

The day is ruled by Dharmaraja and is auspicious for acts of virtue,

religious functions, spiritual practices, and other pious activities.

11

Ekadasi

Ekadashi

Rudra rule this day; fasting, devotional activities, and remembrance of

the Supreme Lord are very favourable.This day has special religious
significance in Hinduism and Jainismusually observed byfasting

12

Dvadasi

Dwadashi

The Vishnu or Aditya rules this day, which is auspicious for religious
ceremonies the lighting of the sacred fire, and the performance of one's
duties.

13

Trayodasi

Thrayodashi

The day is ruled by Cupid and is good for forming friendships, sensual
pleasures, and festivities.

14

Chaturdashi

Chaturdashi

Kali rules this day suitable for administering poison and calling of
elementals and spirits.

15

Amavasya
(new moon)

Purnima or
Paurnami
(full moon)

The Pitru-devas rule the New Moon suitable for the propitiation of the
Manes and performance of austerities.Purnima is ruled by Moon and
suitable for merry making,fire sacrifice

EM of asterism of the day, that is, the stellar mansion in which Moon is located for an observer at the
center of the Earth. One Nakshatra equals 13 degrees:20 minutes. There are 27 Nakshatra in 360
degrees.

Nakshatra (Sanskrit: , IAST: Naksatra) is the term for lunar mansion in Hindu astrology. A
nakshatra is one of 27 (sometimes also 28) sectors along the ecliptic. Their names are related to the
most prominent asterisms in the respective sectors.
The starting point for the nakshatras is the point on the ecliptic directly opposite to the
star Spica called Chitr in Sanskrit (other slightly different definitions exist). It is called Meshdi or the
"start of Aries".[citation needed] The ecliptic is divided into each of thenakshatras eastwards starting from this
point. The number of nakshatras reflects the number of days in a sidereal month (modern value: 27.32
days), the width of a nakshatra traversed by the Moon in about one day. Each nakshatra is further
subdivided into four quarters (or padas). These play a role in popular Hindu astrology, where
each pada is associated with a syllable, conventionally chosen as the first syllable of the given nameof
a child born when the Moon was in the corresponding pada.
The nakshatras of traditional bhartiya astronomy are based on a list of 28 asterisms found in
the Atharvaveda (AV 19.7) and also in the Shatapatha Brahmana.[citation needed] The first astronomical text
that lists them is the Vedanga Jyotisha.
In classical Hindu mythology (Mahabharata, Harivamsa), the creation of the nakshatras is attributed
to Daksha. They are personified as daughters of the deity and as mythological wives of Chandra, the
Moon god, or alternatively the daughters of Kashyapa, the brother of Daksha.[1]
Each of the nakshatras is governed as 'lord' by one of the nine graha in the following
sequence: Ketu (South Lunar Node), Shukra (Venus), Ravi
orSurya (Sun), Chandra (Moon), Mangala (Mars), Rahu (North Lunar Node), Guru
or Brihaspati (Jupiter), Shani (Saturn) and Budha (Mercury). This cycle repeats itself three times to
cover all 27 nakshatras. The lord of each nakshatra determines the planetary period known as
the dasha, which is considered of major importance in forecasting the life path of the individual in
Hindu astrology.
In Vedic Sanskrit, the term nks atra may refer to any heavenly body, or to "the stars" collectively. The
classical sense of "lunar mansion" is first found in the Atharvaveda, and becomes the primary meaning
of the term in Classical Sanskrit.
The following list of nakshatras gives the corresponding regions of sky, following Basham. [4]
No.

Name

Associated stars

Description

Ashvayuja

and Arietis

Lord: Ketu (South lunar

node)
Symbol : Horse's head
Deity : Ashvins, the horseheaded twins who are physicians
to the gods
Indian zodiac: 0 - 1320'
Mesha
Western zodiac 26 Aries 920' Taurus

Image

Apabharani
2; 7
"the bearer"

35, 39, and 41Arietis

Krittika
an old name of the
Pleiades; personified as Pleiades
the nurses of Krttikeya,
a son of Shiva.

Rohini
"the red one", a name
4; 9
of Aldebaran. Also
known as brhm

Mrigashrsha
5; 3 "the deer's head". Also
known asgrahyan

Aldebaran

, Orionis

Western zodiac 9 20' - 22

40' Taurus

Lord: Surya (Sun)

Symbol: Knife or spear
Deity : Agni, god of fire
Indian zodiac:
2640' Mesha - 10 Vrishabha

Western zodiac 22 40'

Taurus - 6 Gemini

Lord: Chandra (Moon)

Symbol: Cart
or chariot, temple, banyan tree
Deity : Prajapati, the Creator
Indian zodiac: 10 - 2320'
Vrishabha

Western zodiac 6 - 1920'

Gemini

Lord: Mangala (Mars)

Symbol: Deer's head
Deity: Soma, Chandra, the
Moon god
Indian zodiac: 23 20'
Vrishabha - 6 40' Mithuna

Western zodiac: 1920'

Gemini - 240' Cancer

Lord: Rahu (North lunar

node)
Symbol: Teardrop, diamond,
a human head
Deity : Rudra, the storm god
Indian zodiac: 6 40' - 20
Mithuna

6; 4

Ardra
"the moist one"

Betelgeuse

Lord: Shukra (Venus)

Symbol: Yoni, the female
organ of reproduction
Deity: Yama, god of
death or Dharma
Indian zodiac: 13 20' 2640' Mesha

Western zodiac: 2 40' - 16

Cancer

Punarvasu (dual)
"the two restorers of
7; 5 goods", also known
asyamakau "the two
chariots"

Castor and Pollux

Tishya
8; 6 "the nourisher", also
, and Cancri
known as sidhya ortis ya

9; 7

shlesh
"the embrace"

Lord: Guru (Jupiter)

Symbol : Bow and quiver
Deity : Aditi, mother of the
gods
Indian zodiac: 20 Mithuna 320' Karka

Western zodiac 16 - 2920'

Cancer

Lord: Shani (Saturn)

Symbol : Cow's udder, lotus,
arrow and circle
Deity : Br haspati, priest of
the gods
Indian zodiac: 320'
-1640' Karka

Western zodiac 2920'

Cancer - 1240'Leo

Lord: Budha (Mercury)

Symbol: Serpent
Deity : Sarpas or Nagas,
deified snakes
Indian zodiac: 1640' - 30
Karka

, , , , and Hydrae

Western zodiac 1240' - 26

Leo

10; Magh
15 "the bountiful"

Regulus

Western zodiac 26 Leo 920' Virgo

Lord: Shukra (Venus)

Symbol : Front legs of bed,
hammock, fig tree
Deity : Aryaman, god of
patronage and favours
Indian zodiac: 1320' 2640' Simha

11

Prva Phalgun
"first reddish one"

and Leonis

Lord: Ketu (south lunar

node)
Symbol : Royal Throne
Deity : Pitrs, 'The Fathers',
family ancestors
Indian zodiac: 0 - 1320'
Simha

Western zodiac 920' 2240' Virgo

12

13

14

15

Uttara Phalgun
"second reddish one"

Hasta
"the hand"

Denebola

, , , and Corvi

Chitra
"the bright one", a name Spica
of Spica

Svti
"Su-Ati (sanskrit) Very Arcturus
good" name of Arcturus

Lord: Surya (Sun)

Symbol: Four legs of bed,
hammock
Deity : Bhaga, god of
marital bliss and prosperity
Indian zodiac: 2640'
Simha- 10 Kanya

Western zodiac 2240' Virgo

- 6 Libra

Lord: Chandra (Moon)

Symbol: Hand or fist
Deity : Savitr, the Sun god
Indian zodiac: 10 - 2320'
Kanya

Western zodiac 6 - 1920'

Libra

Lord: Mangala (Mars)

Symbol: Bright jewel or
pearl
Deity : Indra, chief of the
gods
Indian zodiac: 2320' Kanya
- 640' Tula

Western zodiac: 1920' Libra

- 240' Scorpio

Lord: Rahu (north lunar

node)
Symbol: Shoot of plant, coral
Deity : Vayu, the Wind god
Indian zodiac: 640' - 20
Tula

Western zodiac 240' - 16

Scorpio

Literal meaning of the word Yoga is addition; and Nithya Yoga is derived from addition of
sun and moon position in Zodiac and these specify some characteristic of the persona.
There are 27 Yogas, and this is the reason that their length is 13 degrees and 20
Minutes each, just like Nakshatras.

Vishakumbha

Triumphant - (achievements over others, victorious over enemies, gets

the property, wealthy)

Preeti:

Happy- (well liked, fascinated to the opposite gender, enjoys life with
serenity.)
Aayushman:

well-rooted-(good well-being and long life, enthusiastic.)

Saubhagya:

Good Wealth-(enjoys a contented life full of prospects, happy)

Shobhana

Beautiful-(radiant body and behavior sensualist, passionate with sex.)

Atiganda:

Danger-(problematic life due to many difficulties and accidents;

unforgiving and annoyed)
Sukarma:

Plentiful-(performs honorable activities, generous and benevolent,

prosperous.)
Dhriti:

Enjoyment-(enjoys the prosperity, goods and life-partners of others;

pampers in the friendliness of others.)
Shoola:

Argumentative-(argumentative and conflicting, argumentative, angry.)

Ganda:

Worrying-(imperfect ethics or principles, worrying personality)

Vriddhi:

Perspicacity-(intellectual, unscrupulous and discriminating; life

constantly progresses with age.)
Dhruva:

Persistent, Dependable-(stable personality, able to focus and

persevere, rich) etc.
Panchang Karana is based upon the Lunar Day or Tithi. Actually, a Karan is just half of a
Tithi. Technically, a Karan is said to be completed when the difference between the
location of the Moon and Sun crosses multiple of six degrees.(11 in no.).
Bav Karana

Individuals born in Bav Karana in Asdivology are spiritual and like to be

involved in holy activities. They are divuthful and have faith in giving
their best to any work thats given to them.
Baalav Karana

Like the earlier Karana, Baalav Karana also gives a spiritual nature to

the person. People born in Balav Karana may do pilgrimage and spend
more time of their life doing spiritual activities.
Kaulav Karana

A person born in the Kaulav Karana is very friendly. This Karana gives
its people some of the best talents like love and caring.
Taitil Karana

Persons born in Taitil Karana are very lucky. They have a wealthy life
and become a possessor of buildings and properties. Love has an
important role in their life and maybe this is the reason they diveat
people open-mindedly.
vedic and Puranic texts describe units of Kala measurements, from Paramanu (about
17 microseconds) to Maha-Manvantara (311.04 trillion years). According to these texts, the creation
and destruction of the universe is a cyclic process, which repeats itself forever. Each cycle starts with
the birth and expansion (lifetime) of the universe equaling 311.04 trillion years, followed by its complete
annihilation (which also prevails for the same duration). The current Universe was created in Padma
kalpa, the last day Kalpa of 50th year of Brahma. This is 10.51 billion years ago. This figure is close to
the modern estimated age of the universe in 13.79 billion years.
Various units of time are used across the Vedas, Puranas, Mahabharata, Suryasidhanta etc. [citation
needed]

Especially, Nimesha's multiple, it varies to 3, 10, 15, 18, 20, 27, 30, 45, 48, 60. At the lower end,

these are pretty consistent. The Complete Hindu metrics of time (KlaVyavahra) can be summarised
as below.

Sidereal metrics[edit]
Unit

Definition

Equivalence (Approx.)

Truti

Renu

60 Truti

1.86 s

Lava

60 Renu

0.11 ms

Lks aka

60 Lava

6.696 ms

Lipta

60 Leekshaka

0.401 s

60 Lipta

24.1056 s

Vipala

Pala

0.031 s

Vighat i

Vind

Ghat i

Nd

Danda

Muhrta

Naks a tra Ahortram (Sidereal

Day)

60 Vighat i

24 min

2 Ghat i

48 min

60 Ghat

24 h

30 Muhrta

24 h

Alternate system

Unit

Definition

Truti

Equivalence (Approx.)

35.5 s

Tatpara

100 Truti

3.55 ms

Nimesha

30 Tatpara

106.7 ms

Ks t h

30 Nimesha

3.2 s

Kal

Muhrta

Naks atra Ahortram (Sidereal

Day)

30 Ks t h

1.6 min

30 Kal

48 min

30 Muhrta

24 h

Small units of time used in the Vedas[edit]

Unit

Definition

Paramn u

Equivalence (Approx.)

26.3 s

An u

2 Paramn u

57.7 s

Trasaren u

3 An u

158 s

Truti

3 Trasaren u

474 s

Vedha

100 Trut i

47.4 ms

Lava

3 Vedha

0.14 s

Nimesa

3 Lava

0.43 s

Ksan
a

3 Nimesha

1.28 s

Kst h

5 Ks an a

6.4 s

Laghu

15 Ks t h

1.6 min

Danda

15 Laghu

24 min

Muhrta

2 Danda

48 min

Ahortram (Day)

30 Muhrta

24 h

Masa (Month)

30 Ahortram

30 days

Ritu (Season)

2 Masa

2 months

Ayana

3 Rutu

6 months

Samvatsara (Year)
2 Ayana

360 days

Ahortram of Deva

Reckoning of time among other entities[edit]

Among the Pitr s (forefather)[edit]

1 human fortnight (15 days) = 1 day (light) or night of the Pitr s.

1 human month (30 days) = 1 day (light) and night of the Pitr s.

30 days of the Pitr s = 1 month of the Pitr s = (30 30 = 900 human days).
12 months of the Pitr s = 1 year of the Pitr s = (12 months of Pitr s 900 human days = 10800
human days).
The lifespan of the Pitr s is 100 years of the Pitr s (= 36,000 Pitr days = 1,080,000 human
days = 3000 human years)[citation needed]
1 day of the Devas = 1 human year
1 month of the Devas = 30 days of the Devas
1 year of the Devas (1 divine year) = 12 months of the Devas

Among the Devas[edit]

The life span of any Hindu deva spans nearly (or more than) 4.5 million years. Statistically, we can also
look it as:

12000 Deva Years = Life Span of Devas = 1 Mah-Yuga.

The Visn u
Purna Time measurement section of the Visn u
Purna Book I Chapter III explains the
above as follows:

2 Ayanas (6-month periods, see above) = 1 human year or 1 day of the devas

4,000 + 400 + 400 = 4,800 divine years (= 1,728,000 human years) = 1 Satya Yuga

3,000 + 300 + 300 = 3,600 divine years (= 1,296,000 human years) = 1 Tret Yuga
2,000 + 200 + 200 = 2,400 divine years (= 864,000 human years) = 1 Dvpara Yuga
1,000 + 100 + 100 = 1,200 divine years (= 432,000 human years) = 1 Kali Yuga
12,000 divine year = 4 Yugas (= 4,320,000 human years) = 1 Mah-Yuga (also is equaled to
12000 Daiva (divine) Yuga)
[2*12,000 = 24,000 divine year = 12000 revolutions of sun around its dual]