CHAPTER 1 :

GEOMETRIC

MECHANICAL ENG DEPARTMENT

POLYTECHNIC PORT DICKSON

Introduction of
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
To improve quality of drawings need to
standardize.
1935 American Standards Association published
During wartime production (Worl War II), high
scrap rates due to parts that would not assemble
properly.This was cause by weakness in
plus/minus sytem of coordinate dimensioning.
British innovated and standardize in 1944.
Now Geometric Dimensioning (G.D) and
Tolerancing (T) uses by 70%-80% of all major
camponies.

What is Geometric Dimensioning and

Tolerancing ??
Two purpose :
1. A set of standard symbols which are used to
define part features and their tolerance zones.
2. Is a philosophy of defining a part based on how
it functions

Advantages
1. Saving money for company
2. Improve communications by reducing
controversy and assumption. Design,
production, and inspection all work to the same
language.
3. Better product designs - based on part
function
4. Production tolerances increased

FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONING
Two term used extensively
features :- applied to a physical portion of a
part such as surface, hole, or slot.
features-of-size :- one cylinderical or spherical
surface or a set of parallel surface which each
is associated with a size dimension.

Location Dimension
Is a dimension which locates a centerline or centerplane of a

part features relative to another part features, centerline or

centerplane
Example : Determine

features-of-size
When a features-of-sizes contains the most amount of

material, it is in Maximum Material Condition (MMC).

When contain the minimum amount of material it is in Least
Material Condition (LMC).
Example : For External features-of-size.

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS

13 geometric symbols
use in language of
G.D & T
5 categories :
1. Form
2. Orientation
3. Location
4. Runout
5. Profile

MODIFYING SYMBOLS
5 modifying symbols used in G.D & T

FEATURES CONTROL FRAME

Is a rectangle which is divided into compartments within

which the geometric characteristic symbol, tolerance

value, modifier and datum references are placed.

APPLICATIONS
A features control frame can be applied to
either a feature or feature-of-size.
Applies to
the surface

Applies to
the axis of
diameter

BASIC DIMENSION
A basic dimension is a numerical value used to describe theoretically

exact characteristic of a features or datum target.

Geometric tolerance must be added to specify how much tolerance

is permissible from the exact location described by the basic

dimension.

BONUS TOLERANCE
The bonus tolerance values come from the features-of-

size tolerance. It is equal to the amount that the

features-of-size departs from MMC

Rule #1 perfect form

at MMC

VIRTUAL CONDITION
When analyzing part that assemble with other part it

essential to be able to calculate a theoretical extreme

boundary for part features
Virtual condition is the theoretical boundary of a featureof-size generated by the collective effect of MMC

Figure : Virtual condition as established by rule #1

FORM CONTROL
When discussing the form of an object, one is discussing the

flatness of its surface, the straightness of its line elements,

the roundness of circular section or how cylindrical the
object is. On engineering drawing, these condition are
covered by four symbols. They are :

FLATNESS
A flatness is a condition which all surface
element are in one plane.
On such surface, all elements in two or more

direction are straight.

A flatness symbol and tolerance are applied to a
line representing the surface of part by a
features control frame.
Useful for controlling relatively thin parts which
may be subject to bending or dishing.

Fig. Controlling flatness on two or

more surface

Fig : Flatness on an MMC basis

STRAIGHTNESS
Straightness is a condition where each line element of a

features is a theoretical straight line.

The distance between the line is the tolerance value
specified in the features control frame.

Fig : Straightness of a feature/

Fig : Virtual size and condition

Fig : Straightness RFS

Fig : Straightness MMC

CIRCULARITY
Circularity is a condition where at any radial section

perpendicular to a common axis.

Error of circularity (out of roundness) in a circular feature
may occur as ovality, lobing or irregularity.
The geometric characteristic symbol for circularity is a
circle.

Fig : Circularity tolerance

CYLINDRICITY
Cylindricity is the condition of a surface forming a
cylinder where the surface elements in cross
section parallel to the axis are straight and
parallel and in cross section perpendicular to the
axis are round.

Fig : Cylindricity tolerance

Directed toward either view

Fig : Possible form

Fig : Cylindricity on MMC

What is Datum??
Datum is a point, line, plane or other geometrical

surface from which dimensions are measured or

to which geometrical tolerance are referenced.
A datum has an exact form and represents as
exact or fixed location for purpose of manufacture
or measurement.

Purpose Of Datum ?
Datum are used primarily to locate a part in a repeatable manner for

checking geometric and tolerance related to datum features.

Communicate functional design information about the part.

What is a Datum features ??

A datum features is a part features which contacts or is
used to establish a datum.

Fig: Referencing Datum

DATUM FOR GEOMETRICAL

TOLERANCING
Datum are exact geometrical points, line, or
surface, each based on one or more datum
features of the part.
Surface are usually either flat or cylindrical and
other shape are use when necessary.

Primary Datum
If the primary datum features is a flat surface, it
could be laid on a suitable plane surface, such as
the surface of a gauge, which would then
become a primary datum.

Secondary Datum
If the part is brought into contact with a
secondary plane while lying on the primary
plane, it will theoretically touch at a minimum of
two point.

Tertiary Datum
The part Can be slid along while maintaining contact with

both the primary and secondary planes until it contacts a

third plane.
This plane then becomes the tertiary datum and the part
will in theory touch it at only one point.

Datumidentifying symbol

Combine Feature Control and Datum Identifying Symbol

ORIENTATION CONTROL :

PERPENDICULARITY
Perpendicularity is the condition of a surface, or
centerplane being exactly 90 to a datum.

Fig : Perpendicularity at MMC

ANGULARITY
Angularity is the condition of a surface,
centerplane or axis being exactly at specified
angle from a datum.

LOCATION CONTROL