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Contribution to Education
John Locke and the Tabula Rasa
They never lived at the same time, but history always put Locke and Kant on a
dust up.
A famed German thinker, Kant (17241804) was anadvocate of public education and of learning
by doing, a process we call training. As he reasons that these are two vastly different things.
He postulated Above all things, obedience is an essential feature in the character of a
child. As opposed to Locke, he surmises that children should always obey and learn the virtue of duty,
because childrens inclination to earn or do something is something unreliable. And transgressions
should always be dealt with punishment, thus enforcing obedience.
Also, he theorized that man, naturally, has a radical evil in their nature. And learning and duty can erase
this.
Plato said that each individual is born with skills appropriate to different castes,
or functions of society. ThoughRousseau (1712-1778), a Genevan intellect and writer, paid respects to
the ancient philosopher, he rejected this thinking. He believed that there was one developmental
procedure common to man; it was a built-in, natural process which the main behavioral manifestation is
curiosity.
On his book, Emile, Rousseau outlines the process of an ideal education through a hypothetical boy of
the titular name, from twelve years of age to the time he marries a woman. Critics said this work of his
foreshadowed most modern system of education we have now.
American philosopher, classicist, and academic Allan David Bloom (19301992) is notable for his criticism of contemporary American higher education in his bestselling 1987
book, The Closing of the American Mind.
He stresses how higher education has failed democracy and impoverished the souls of todays students.
For him, this failure of contemporary liberal education lead to impotent social and sexual habits of
todays students and that commercial pursuits had become more highly regarded than love, the
philosophic quest for truth, or the civilized pursuits of honor and glory.
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APPROACH OF REDUCING NATURE INTO TWO SIMPLE THINGS: EMPTY SPACE AND ATOMS
EPICURUS BELIEVED IN THE ENJOYMENT OF THE SIMPLE RHYTHM EXISTING IN THE LIFE
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EXPONENTS OF NATURALISM
SPENCER
ENGLAND
DEWEY
ORATA
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UNITED STATES
PHILIPPINES
THOMAS HOOBES
EUROPE
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU MAIN EXPONENT OF ROMANTIC NATURALISM
HIS BOOKS EMILE HE EMPHASIZED THAT EVERYTHING IS GOOD AS IT COMES IN THE HAND OF
MAN.
REALISM BELIEVES THAT EDUCATION SHOULD TRANSMIT CULTURE, DEVELOP, HUMAN NATURE,
AND PROVIDE MAN WITH THE BASIC EDUCATION NEEDED FOR HIS SURVIVAL.
ARISTOTLE IN HIS PHYSICS, HE STATED THE NATURE IS THE STARTING POINT FOR
PHILOSOPHIZING AND DOES NOT NEED TO HAVE ITS OWN EXISTENCE PROVEN.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS BELIEVED IN THE REALITY OF MATTER AS DESCRIBED IN HIS SUMMA
CONTRA GENTILES
THE PHYSICAL WORLD IS REAL.
JOHN AMOS COMENIUS THE MIND OF MAN IS LIKE A SPHERICAL MIRROR SUSPENDED IN AROOM
WHICH REFLECTS IMAGES OF ALL THINGS AROUND IT.
BARUCH SPINOZA THERE IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH EXISTS ETERNALLY AND INFINITELY, IS
ESTENDED IN TIME AND SPACE AND THERE IS NO THOUGHT APART FROM IT.
JOHN LOCKE - AT BIRTH,THE MIND MAY BE COMPARED TO A BLANK SHEET OF PAPER UPONEDS
TO WHICH THE WORLD THEN PROCEEDS TO WRITE ITS IMPRESSIONS (TABULA RASA)
IMMANUEL KANT BELIEVED THAT OUR SENSORY EXPERIENCES AND PERCEPTIONS ARE
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE EXTERNAL WORLD AND NOT DIRECT PRESENTATIONS OF IT.
JOHANN FRIEDRICH HERBART MIND IS NOT AN ACTIVE AGENT WHICH PRODUCES CHANGES IN
THE WORLD SURROUNDING IT.
WILLIAM JAMES A PLURALIST, HE BELIEVED THAT THERE ARE ALL KINDS OF QUALITIES
SUBSTANCES OR ESSENCES WHICH EXIST IN TIME AND SPACE.
JOHN DEWEY HIS PHILOSOPHY HAS BEEN LABELED PRAGMATIC BECAUSE IT S HOLDS THAT THE
CRITERION OF THE TRUTH AND GOODNESS OF A THING IS ITS WORKABILITY ACCORDING TO A
GIVEN PURPOSE.
EDUCATION IS LIFE
EDUCATION IS GROWTH
EDUCATION IS A SOCIAL PROCESS
EDUCATION IS A RECONSTRUCTION OF HUMAN EXPERIENCES.
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FORMS OF NATURALISM
BIOLOGICAL NATURALISM
PSYCHOLOGICAL NATURALISM
SOCIOLOGICAL NATURALISM
ROMANTIC NATURALISM
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PRAGMATISM
MUST APPROACH EDUCATION AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON.
PROGRESSIVISM
IS AN EQUALLY NEW APPROACH TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION LIKE PRAGMATISM, IT
CLAIMS THAT THE CHILDS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AS AN INDIVIDUAL DEPEND ON HIS
EXPERIENCES AND SELF ACTIVITY.
DRAWS FROM A WEALTH OF PROVEN RESEARCH AND CONCEPTS FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD
PROFESSIONALS
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EMERGENT CURRICULUM
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SPIRAL APPROACH
MULTIPLE APPROACH
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CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROACH
ntroduction
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Ancient Era
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During the Medieval period, the idea of Perennialism was first formulated by St.
Thomas Aquinas in his work "De Magistro". Perennialism holds that one should teach
those things deemed to be of everlasting importance to all people everywhere,
namely principles and reasoning, not just facts (which are apt to change over time),
and that one should teach first aboutpeople, not machines or techniques. It was
originally religious in nature, and it was only much later that a theory of secular
perennialism developed.
Modern Era
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During the Renaissance, the French skeptic Michel de Montaigne (1533 - 1592) was
one of the first to critically look at education. Unusually for his time, Montaigne was
willing to question the conventional wisdom of the period, calling into question the
whole edifice of the educational system, and the implicit assumption that universityeducated philosophers were necessarily wiser than uneducated farm workers, for
example.
In the late 17th Century, John Locke produced his influential "Some Thoughts
Concerning Education", in which he claimed that a child's mind is a tabula rasa (or
"blank slate") and does not contain any innate ideas. According to Locke, the mind is to
be educated by a three-pronged approach: the development of a healthy body; the
formation of a virtuous character; and the choice of an appropriate academic
curriculum. He maintained that a person is to a large extent a product of his
education, and also pointed out that knowledge and attitudes acquired in a child's
early formative years are disproportionately influential and have important
and lasting consequences.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in the 18th Century, held that there is one developmental
process, common to all humans, driven by natural curiosity which drives the child to
learn and adapt to its surroundings. He believed that all children are born ready to
learn from their surroundings so as to grow into virtuous adults, but due to the malign
influence of corrupt society, they often fail to do so. To counter this, he
advocated removing the child from society during education. He also believed that
human nature could be infinitely developed through a well-thought pedagogy.
John Dewey was an important progressive educational reformer in the early part of
the 20th Century. For Dewey, it was vitally important that education should not be the
teaching of mere dead fact, but that the skills and knowledge which students learn
beintegrated fully into their lives as persons, citizens and human beings, hence his
advocacy of "learning-by-doing" and the incorporation of the student's past
experiences into the classroom.
Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) was another very influential educational reformer, and
his Waldorf Education model emphasizes a balance of developing the intellect (or
head), feeling and artistic life (or heart) and practical skills (or hands), with a view to
producing free individuals who would in turn bring about a new, freer social order.
Other important philosophers of education during the 20th Century include the
Italian Maria Montessori (1870 - 1952), the SwissJean Piaget (1896 - 1980) and the
American Neil Postman (1931 - 2003).
LESSON 6.
THE TWENTIETH CENTTURY FILIPINO THINKERS AND EDUCATORS
MANUEL L. QUEZON QUEZONS PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION IS ESSENTIALLY LOCAL
OR PHILIPPINE IN ORIENTATION. ACCORDING TO HIM THERE ARE TWO OBJECTIVES OF
PHIL. EDUC.
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HAVE FAITH IN GOD WHO GUIDES THE DESTINIES OF MEN AND NATIONS;
LOVE, DEFEND, AND BE READY TO SACRIFICE YOURSELF FOR YOUR COUNTRY;
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MAJORITY;
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LOVE AND RESPECT YOUR PARENTS;
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USE AND DEVELOP WISELY OUR NATURAL RESOURCES AND DO NOT ALLOW
YOUR CITIZENSHIP TO BE EXPLOITED BY OTHERS.