Principles of Learning (Horne and Pine, 1990 in Corpuz and Salandanan, 2007)

In the professional education part of LET, most of the questions are situational.
And one of the common mistakes about the LET is that it is said to be "easy". The
reason behind this is that all the choices seemed correct, and yet there really is one
correct answer. But how will one know that the choice is the correct and best
answer? This is where the principles come in. In answering the questions that are
situational, keep in mind the principles of teaching and learning. These will guide
us to choose the "best" answer among the choices. Actually, there are a lot of
principles of teaching/learning. I just would like to present these, shall I say,
principles discussed from one of the current textbooks used nowadays. Hope you
will learn a lot...
1. Learning is an experience which occurs inside the learner and is activated by the
learner. This means that learning will not take place unless the learner her/himself
allows it to happen in his/her mind. It is not primarily controlled by the teacher,
rather on the learners' wants, interests and motivation to learn. In real classroom
setting, the teacher must engage learners in activities that are connected to their
lives.
2. Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning and relevance of ideas. This is
somewhat the same with principle number one. Learners can easily understand
concepts if these are relevant to their needs and problems. Hence, as teachers, we
must relate the lesson to the learners' needs, interests and problems.
3. Learning is a consequence of experience. In short, use experiential learning as
much as possible period. Hehehe...
4. Learning is a cooperative and collaborative process. Learners will learn more if
they are given chances to work together and share ideas. Make use of group
activities.
5. Learning is an evolutionary process. Learning especially if this means a change
in behavior, does not happen in a click. This requires time and diligence. So as
teachers, be patient. Be patient. Be patient. Be patient.
6. Learning is sometimes a painful process. This means that learning requires
sacrifice, hardwork, study time. Let the learners realize this okay?
7. One of the richest resources for learning is the learner him/herself. Let's not be

too "centered" upon ourselves. Let's draw the discussion not only on our own
experiences as teachers but on the learners' experiences as well. Listen and let the
learners share their prior knowledge, stories, information, etc that can enrich the
learning process. Encourage free sharing inside the classroom.
8. The process of learning is emotional as well as intellectual. Learners can't learn
that much if they have something that is bothering their minds. These can be
problems and worries they have either in or out of the classroom. Thus, as teachers,
let us be sensitive to our students' problems. We can't teach learners with empty
stomachs remember?
9. The process of problem solving and learning are highly unique and individual.
Make use of different teaching strategies that can cater multiple intelligences and
learning styles.
THE LEARNER
As an embodied spirit
Has the power to see, hear, touch, smell and taste, perceive, imagine, retaian, recognize past
mental acts, conceive ideas, make judgment, reason out, feel and choose
Has also a spiritual nature
The Fundamental Equipment of the Learner
COGNITIVE FACULTIES
Five Senses for effective and efficient learning, it is important that his/her senses function
normally.
Instinct the word instinct comes from the Latin word instinctus which means impulse. This
means that the learner has a natural or inherent capacity to respond to environmental stimuli
such as danger signs of survival.
Imagination it is the ability to form a mental image of something that is not perceived through
senses.
Memory this is the cognitive faculty of retaining and recalling past experience.
Intellect by his/her intellect, the learner can engage in cognitive processes such as forming
ideas or concepts, reasoning out and making judgment.
APPETITIVE FACULTIES
Feelings and emotions positive feelings and emotions make the teaching-learning process an
exciting and joyful, fruitful affair while negative feelings and emotions make the same process a
burden.
Will it is this will that makes the learner free to choose or not to choose to do the good as
presented by his/her intellect.
Factors That Contribute To the Differences among Learners
Ability determines the learners capacity to understand and assimilate information for their own

use and application.

Aptitude refers to the learners innate talent or gift.
Interests the learners cognitive faculties of sensorial experiences, memory, imagination,
concept formation, reasoning and judgment are at their height when learners interests are also
at its peak.
Family and Cultural Background students who come from different socioeconomic background
manifest a wide range of behavior due to differences in upbringing practices.
Attitudes and Values A positive attitude will enhance the maximum and optimum use of the
learners cognitive and affective faculties for learning.
Howard Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic ability to effectively use different languages to express oneself
Logical Mathematical in Gardners word, it is the ability to detect patterns, reason
deductively and think logically.
Musical involves skills in performance, composition and appreciation of musical patterns.
Bodily - Kinesthetic ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements.
Visual - Spatial refers to the skills involving spatial configurations with the u8se of patterns of
wide space and confined areas.
Interpersonal concerned with the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations of other
people.
Intrapersonal capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate ones feelings, fears and
motivations.
Naturalist enables human beings to recognize, categorize and draw upon certain features of
the environment. It is the understanding of nature based on Gardner.
Existential concerned with ultimate issues.
Types Of Learners
Visual Learners those who learn by data and info presented to them visually.
Auditory Learners learn by listening and verbalizing data.
Read-Write Learners learn by silent reading and writing their notes repeatedly

Report ng group 2 sa principles of teaching

THE TEACHER
*Professional teacher- is the licensed professional who possess dignity and reputation with high
moral values as well as technical and professional comptence, he/she adheres to observes and
practices a set of ethic and moral principles standards and values.
*Professional attributes - a professional teacher perceives himself/herself as someone who can
effect change or learning, (sense of efficacy) because he/she (subject matter knowledge) and in
how he/she reaches (pedagogical knowledge PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES
*personality - is the sum of ones personal characteristics. personalities may be described as
authoritarian, weak, dynamic or magnetic
Some Outstanding Personal Qualities:

*passion- passion for a teaching is a compelling force that emerges from teachers love for the
children.
*humor- teachers humor connects them with their students like a magnet.
*values and attitudes- teachers are models of a values.
-open mindedness is basic in promoting respect and trust between teachers and students.
-fairness and impartially in treating students eliminate discrimination.
-sincerity and honesty are values exhibited im words and actions.
-professiinalism is highly treasured in the teaching profession.
*patience- in teaching, refers to a teachers uncomplaining nature, self control and persistence.
- patient teachers can forego momentous frustrations and disappointments.
-remembering how their teachers felt when they as young students committed similar mistake,
they are able to alleviate such misbehavior with coolness and equanimity.
*enthusiasm - synonymous to eagerness and excitement.
-enthusiastic teachers are full of energy and dynamism.
-enthusiasm is a gift.it is a contagious and can instantly affect children's mood and attitudes.
*commitment- is a solemn promise to perfo the duties and responsibilities mandated by the laws
and code of ethics of the profession.
-committed teachers are caring and dedicated.
-dedication to the teaching job is the true essence of professionalism.
Here are some research findings on effective teachers compiled by Strong (2012)
* caring teachers who know their students create a relationships that enhance the learning
process.
*effective teachers practice gender, racial and ethnic fairness.
*effective teachers consistently behave in a friendly and personal manner while maintaning
appropriate teacher student role structure.
*high levels of motivation in teachers relate to high levels of achievement in students.
*effective teachers exude positivs attitudes about life and teaching.
*teachers whose students have high achievement rates continually mention reflection on their
work as an important part of improving their teaching.

Ito na po yung sa Report ng GROUP 3 sa nanghihingi.

THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
To heredity, the child owes his possibilities. However, to environment, he owes the realization
of these possibilities."

INTRODUCTION: The learning environment consists of the physical environment as well as the
psychological atmosphere or the socio-emotional climate which is mainly a product of the
interaction and relationship between teacher and students and among the students.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The physical environment includes the physical condition of the
classroom, the arrangement of furniture, seating arrangement, the classroom temperature and
lightning.
We enjoy learning in a neat, tidy, orderly, spacious, well lighted, well ventilated and quiet
classroom. We cant learn in dirty, topsy-turvy, warm, poorly ventilated and noisy classrooms.
How should the environment be structured for effective teaching and learning?
Classroom
School Library
School Laboratory
Comfort Room
School Clinic
School Canteen
PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE
Let us not forget that equally important, if not more important, is the psychological atmosphere
or climate that reigns in the classroom. Researchers agree that in addition to conducive physical
environment, the favorable school climate includes:
1. safety (e.g. rules and norms; physical safety; social emotional safety) 2. relationship (e.g.
respect for diversity; school connectedness/engagement; social support-adults; social support
students; leadership)
3. teaching and learning (e.g. social, emotional, ethical and civic learning; support for learning;
professional relationship)
PINE AND HORNE (1990) DESCRIBED A FACILITATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
FOR LEARNING
1) Which encourage people to be active- A psychological classroom environment which is
supportive of learning engages the learners in the learning process.
2) Which promotes and facilitates the individuals discovery of the personal meaning of idea
Meaning is not imposed by teacher .This is personally arrived at by the learners considering the
uniqueness of their experiences.
3) Which emphasizes the uniquely personal and subjective nature of learning Every learner is
unique.
4) In which difference is good and desirable There is respect for diversity. To be different does
not mean to be deficient.
5) Which consistently recognizes peoples right to make mistakes Learners feel at ease and
learn best when mistakes are welcome because they are recognized as part and parcel of the
learning process. 6) Which tolerates ambiguity This leads to openness to ideas and prevents
teacher an learners alike to be judgmental.
7) In which evaluation is a cooperative process with emphasis on self-evaluation This makes

evaluation less threatening. The learner is not alone when he evaluates learning, he is with a
group. His/her progress is seen against his/her targets not against the performance of his/her
classmate.
8) Which encourages openness of self rather than concealment of self People feel at ease and
so arent afraid to be transparent.
9) In which people are encouraged to trust in themselves as well as in external sources There is
a strong social support and it is not difficult to trust others.
10) In which people feel they are respected Everyone is convinced of the inner worth/dignity of
each individual and so it is easy to respect everyone
11) In which people feel they are respected There is a sense of belongingness.
12) Which permits confrontation Since learners feel at ease and feel they are accepted, they are
not afraid to confront themselves.
13) A conducive learning environment is necessary in the full development of the cognitive and
appetitive faculties of the learner His senses, instincts imagination, memory, feelings, emotions
and will.
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
LEARNING
acquisition of knowledge -base used with fluency to make sense of the world, solve problems
and to make decisions.
INERT IDEAS
These are the ideas that are merely received by the mind without being utilized, or tested, or
thrown into fresh combination.
Is memorizing without understanding considered learning?
LEARNING PRINCIPLES Horne and Pine (1990)
Learning is an experience which occurs inside the learner and is activated by the learner.
Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning and relevance of ideas.
Learning (behavioral change) is a consequence of experience.
Learning is a cooperative and collaborative process.
Learning is an evolutionary process.
Learning is sometimes a painful process.
One of the richest resources for learning is the learner himself.
The process of learning is emotional as well as intellectual.
The process of problem solving and learning are highly unique and individual, No one teaches
anyone anything of significance People learn what they want to learn, they see what they want
to see, and hear what they want to hear