DIGITAL MODULATION

Prof. Dr. Mohammad Tariqul Islam

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Elektronik & Sistem
Universiti Kebangsaaan Malaysia
43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Email: tariqul@ukm.edu.my

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

Lecture Frame
Introduction

ASK-

Amplitude Shift Keying

FSK- Frequency Shift Keying
PSK- Phase Shift Keying
QAM- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
CPM- Continous Phase Modulation
MSK- Minimum Shift Keying
Application of Digital Modulation

Introduction

The analog signal transmission which modulated

digitally between two communication systems, or
can be called digital radio system.
The trend today: The analog modulation system
(e.g AM, FM) is replaced by modern digital
modulation system that has many advantages as
compared to analog modulation.

Introduction
Basic Digital Modulation:
ASK- Amplitude Shift Keying
FSK- Frequency Shift Keying
PSK- Phase Shift Keying
The Important parameter for digital modulation:
Capacity
Bit rate : number of data bits transmitted in one second in a
communication system.
Bits
Bit rate/ Baud rate Baud rate: number of times a signal in a communications
channel changes state or varies.
Bandwidth
Bps = baud per second x number of bit per baud

1. ASK- Amplitude Shift Keying

The easiest digital modulation system compare to

other modulation scheme.
Also can be called as DAM.
ASK signal can be represent as:
vask(t) = [ 1 + vm(t) ] [ (A/2)*cos(ct) ]
Where
vask(t)
vm(t)
A/2
c

= ASK wave
= Digital modulating signal (Voltage)
= Unmodulation carrier/Amplitude (Voltage)
= Analog carrier (radians per sec, 2fct)

1. ASK- Amplitude Shift Keying

amplitude change

Modulating Signal

Modulated Signal

ASK binary baseband represent signal

2. FSK- Frequency Shift Keying

Digital modulation with low performance level. Similar with

FM concept.
Can also be called as BFSK (Binary FSK)
Representing by
vfsk(t) = vc cos { 2 [ fc + vm(t)f ]*t) }
Where
vfsk(t) = FSK wave
vc
= Analog peak carrier amplitude (Voltage)
fc
= Analog carrier frequenc (Hertz)
vm(t) = Binary input signal (Voltage)
f
= Analog carrier peak frequency range (Voltage)

2. FSK- Frequency Shift Keying

(continue)...

f = | fm fs | / 2
fm = mark frequency
fs = space freuency.
Bandwidth FSK, B = 2 ( f + fb )
where
fb = Input bit rate

Teknik Pemodulasi Digit

2. FSK- Frequency Shift Keying

fs fm

fs

fm fs

fs

fm

fs fm

fs

FSK wave represent in time domain, where

fc= 4 kHz

FSK- Frequency Shift Keying

Binary Input

Output
Frequency

Space ( fs )

Mark ( fm )

Truth table for FSK

Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying

A special case of FSK called Gaussian Minimum-Shift
Keying (GMSK) is used in the GSM cellular radio and
PCS systems to be described later. In a minimum shift
system, the mark and space frequencies are separated
by half the bit rate, that is,

f m f s 0.5 fb
Here,

f m Frequency transmitted for mark (binary 1)

f s Frequency transmitted for space (binary 0)
fb Bit rate

If we use the conventional FM terminology (refer to FM slides),

we see that GMSK has a deviation each way from the center
(carrier) frequency of,

0.25 fb
Which corresponds to modulation index of

mf

fm
0.25 fb

fb

0.25

Example: The GSM cellular radio system uses GMSK in a 100 kHz
channel, with a channel data rate of 170 kb/s. Calculate:
(a) The frequency shift between mark and space
(b) The transmitted frequencies if the carrier (center) frequency is
exactly 880 MHz
(c) The bandwidth efficiency of the scheme in b/s/Hz.

Answer:
(a) The frequency shift is

f m f s 0.5 fb 0.5 170kHz 85kHz

(b) The shift each way from the carrier frequency is half that found in (a),
so the maximum frequency is

f max fc 0.25 fb 880MHz 0.25 170kHz 922.5MHz

And the minimum frequency is

f min fc 0.25 fb 880MHz 0.25 170kHz 837.5MHz

(c) The GSM system has a bandwidth efficiency of
170/100=1.7 b/s/Hz, comfortably under the theoretical maximum of 2
b/s/Hz for a two-level code.

Shannon-Hartley Theorem
There is a theoretical limit to the maximum data rate that
can be transmitted in a channel with a given bandwidth.
The Shannon-Hartley theorem states:

C 2B log 2 M
Here,
C=information capacity in bits per second
B=bandwidth n hertz
M=number of possible states per symbol

Shannon Limit
The information capacity of a channel cannot be increased
without limit by increasing the number of states because
noise makes it difficult to distinguish between signal
states. The ultimate limit is called the Shannon limit:

C B log 2 (1 S / N )
Here,
C=information capacity in bits per second
B=bandwidth n hertz
S/N=signal to noise ratio (as a power ratio, not in decibels)

Example: A radio channel has a bandwidth of 12 kHz and a signal to

noise ratio of 20 dB. What is the maximum data rate that can be
transmitted:
(a) Using any system?
(b) Using a code with four possible states?
Answer:
(a) We need the signal to noise ratio as a power ratio.
We can convert the given decibel value as follows:

S
1 20
log
N
10

100

Using equation for shannon limit:

C B log 2 (1 S / N )
12 103 log 2 1 100
12 103 6.658211
79.89kb / s
(b) We can use the equation derived for Shannon-Hartley theorem, to
find the maximum possible bit rate given the specified code and
bandwidth. (a). From the Shannon-Hartley equation:

C 2B log 2 M
2 12 103 log 2 4
2 12 103 2
48kb / s

We will then have to compare this answer with that of part

Since this is less than the maximum possible for this channel, it
should be possible to transmit over this channel, with a four-level
scheme, at 48 kb/s. A more elaborate modulation scheme would be
required to attain the maximum data rate of 79.89 kb/s for the
channel.

Example: A typical dial-up telephone connection has a bandwidth of 2 kHz

and a signal to noise ratio of 20 dB. Calculate the Shannon limit.
Answer:
We need the signal to noise ratio as a power ratio. We
can convert the given decibel value as follows:

S
1 20
log
N
10
100
C B log 2 (1 S / N )

2 103 log 2 101

13.316kb / s

3. PSK- Phase Shift Keying

One of the angle modulation form, the amplitude is

fixed but in term of binary representation.
Is used when the FSK modulation cannot be
accommodate for high data rate in limited band
channel.
Is one of M-ary digital modulation scheme, similar to
phase modulation. The different at input PSK, which is
binary digital signal and limited output phase.
M-ary encoding:
N = log2 M,
where
N = required number of bit
M = possible number of level, condition or combination with bit
N.

3. PSK- Phase Shift Keying

BPSK is the easiest form of PSK, where N = 1 and M =

2.
Therefore, BPSK only has 2 phase at carrier, which are
logic 1 phase and logic 0 phase.
Can be called as Phase Reversal Keying (PRK) and
Biphase Modulation
Advantages: Improvement of the BER performance
Disadvantages: Spectral is not efficient due to rapid
phase with the presence of bit 1

3. PSK- Phase Shift Keying

Rising point and every 1

Phase different

BPSK wave representation in time domain

3. PSK- Phase Shift Keying

The

others PSK types:

Delta-Phase Shift Keying, DPSK

Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying, QPSK or
DQPSK
Offset QPSK
/4 Delta-Phase Shift Keying
8-Phase Shift Keying
16-Phase Shift Keying

M-ary Modulation/BPSK
Signals of this type are called quaternary/quadrature PSK
(QPSK) signals. They are a special case of multi-PSK (MPSK)
signals. Binary PSK signals are often labeled as BPSK.
BPSK (M=2)
2 (t)

8PSK (M=8)

s1

s2

Eb

Eb

(t)
1

010
s

s3

2(t)

011

QPSK (M=4)

s 01

(t)
2

00

s1

10

s000
1

s5

1 (t )

111
(t
)
1

11

110

Es

s3

001
2

s4

100

s6

s8
101s 7

4. QAM- Quadrature Amplitude

Modulation

Similar to PSK, additional on carrier amplitude.

The technique is used to obtain high data rate
in a band limited channel.
The elements position in constellation diagram
is optimized so that:

The distance between element is maximized

(dynamic range increased)
Low error possibility

4. QAM- Quadrature Amplitude

Modulation

Advantage: High data rate and more

bandwidth efficient as compared to FSK or
QPSK
Disadvantage: Easier to be influenced by
noise and the amplitude is always changing.
Types of QAM:

4-QAM
8-QAM
16-QAM
....

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

More general types of multi-symbol signaling schemes may be
generated by letting ai and bi take on multiple values themselves.
The resultant signals are QAM signals. Therefore QAM is a
combined multi-phase/multi-amplitude signaling scheme.
16-QAM
0000

s1

1000

s5

2 (t)

0001

s2

1001

s6

-3

-1

s9

s10

1100

s13

0100

1101

s14
0101

0011

s3

0010

1011

1010

s7

s4

s8
3

12
11
-1
1111 1110
15
16
-3
0111 0110

1 (t)

QAM- Quadrature Amplitude

Modulation

16-QAM

Constellation diagram of QAM symbol,

for M= 4,16 dan 64

QPSK: Without Pulse Shaping

Data

Data

Data

00

01

10

11

180o

M-ary Modulation/ Error

M-ary Modulation: Error Performance

M=2
M=4
M=8
M=16

PE
Note!
The same average symbol
energy for different sizes of
signal space

Eb /N 0 dB
Probability of symbol error for M-PSK

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

As the number of constellation size increases, the phase spacing

between signals reduces correspondingly.
The channel noise and phase jitter makes it more difficult to
distinguish individual points in a constellation as the number of
point increases. This will produce more errors at the receiver.

There is a limit on the number of QAM states that may be used.

Shannon channel capacity theorem:
S

C = B log 2 1+
N

C = channel capacity (bits/s)

5. CPM- Continuous Phase

Modulation

The phase of carrier signal is continously

modulated.
The signal power is mostly homogeneous;
advantages of CPM as compared to other
digital modulation schemes.
Memory phase; phase for every signal is
determined by total of cumulative phase of the
prior signal.

5. CPM- Continuous Phase

Modulation

No Phase Change for Continuous bit

Transmitted CPM signal-memory types transmission

Minimum-Shift-Keying (MSK)
MSK: wider mainlobe, but
better energy compaction,
hence more bandwidth
efficient
QPSK: energy spreading out,
hence not bandwidth efficient

MSK: lower sidelobes

6. MSK- Minimum Shift Keying

MSK

encoding bit is implemented with

bits alternating between quadrature
components & every bit is coded to half
sinuisoidal wave reduce the distortion.
Represented by

MSK- Minimum Shift Keying

continue...

Where
Therefore, s(t) can be coded as

MSK- Minimum Shift Keying

Application of Digital Modulation

Modem in telephone line system use 3 technique
of modulation: FSK, PSK and QAM
The good features of Modem:
High immunity to noise
low bandwidth consumption
Low power consumption
Low cost

Application of Digital Modulation

Dual

tone multi frequency (DTMF) use

the MFSK technique
16/64-Q digital terrestrial television
modulation in AM is used for UK and
64/256-QAM in US for digital cable

Application of Digital Modulation

Standard Wireless LAN, IEEE 802.11x use

various of PSK method depends to the
required data rate.
Example, QPSK technique is used to obtain
data rate 11 Mbit/s for IEEE 802.11b.

Application of Digital Modulation

uses /4-DQPSK at low data
rate 2 Mbits/s, and 8-DPSK at high data
rate 3 Mbits/s.
BPSK is used for RFID which utilized for
biometric passport & credit card
Bluetooth

Application of Digital Modulation