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In the early days of computing, each time an information system was needed it was
'tailor made' - built as a one-off solution for a particular problem. However, it soon
became apparent that many of the problems information systems set out to solve shared
certain characteristics. Consequently, people attempted to try to build a single system
that would solve a whole range of similar problems. However, they soon realized that in
order to do this, it was first necessary to be able to define how and where the information
system would be used and why it was needed. It was then that the search for a way to
classify information systems accurately began.
How do you identify the different types of information system in an
organization?
The different types of information system that can be found are identified through a
process of classification. Classification is simply a method by which things can be
categorized or classified together so that they can be treated as if they were a single
unit. There is a long history of classification of things in the natural world such as plants
or animals, however, Information systems are not part of the 'natural' world; they are
created and acquired by man to deal with particular tasks and problems. The
classification of information systems into different types is a useful technique for
designing systems and discussing their application; it not however a fixed definition
governed by some natural law. A 'type' or category of information system is simply a
concept, an abstraction, which has been created as a way to simplify a complex problem
through identifying areas of commonality between different things. One of the oldest and
most widely used systems for classifying information systems is known as the pyramid
model; this is described in more detail below.
How many different kinds of Information System are there?
As can be seen above, there is not a simple answer to this. Depending on how you create
your classification, you can find almost any number of different types of information
system. However, it is important to remember that different kinds of systems found in
organizations exist to deal with the particular problems and tasks that are found in
organizations. Consequently, most attempts to classify Information systems into different
types rely on the way in which task and responsibilities are divided within an
organization. As most organizations are hierarchical, the way in which the different
classes of information systems are categorized tends to follow the hierarchy. This is often
described as "the pyramid model" because the way in which the systems are arranged
mirrors the nature of the tasks found at various different levels in the organization.
For example, this is a three level pyramid model based on the type of decisions taken at
different levels in the organization.
Three level pyramid model based on the type of decisions taken at different levels in the
organization
Similarly, by changing our criteria to the differnt types of date / information / knowledge
that are processed at different levels in the organization, we can create a five level
model.
Five level pyramid model based on the processing requirement of different levels in the
organization
What are the most common types of information system in an organization?
While there are several different versions of the pyramid model, the most common is
probably a four level model based on the people who use the systems. Basing the
classification on the people who use the information system means that many of the
other characteristics such as the nature of the task and informational requirements, are
taken into account more or less automatically.
Four level pyramid model based on the different levels of hierarchy in the organization
A comparison of different kinds of Information Systems
Using the four level pyramid model above, we can now compare how the information
systems in our model differ from each other.
1. Transaction Processing Systems
What is a Transaction Processing System?
Transaction Processing System are operational-level systems at the bottom of the
pyramid. They are usually operated directly by shop floor workers or front line
staff, which provide the key data required to support the management of
operations. This data is usually obtained through the automated or semiautomated tracking of low-level activities and basic transactions.
Functions of a TPS
TPS are ultimately little more than simple data processing systems.
Functions of a TPS in terms of data
processing requirements
Inputs
Processing
Validation
Sorting
Transactions Listing
Events
Merging
Updating
Calculation
Outputs
Lists
Detail reports
Action reports
Summary
reports?
Payroll systems
Reservation systems
Efficiency oriented
Processing
Outputs
Internal
Sorting
Transactions
Merging
Internal
Files Summarizin
Structured data g
Summary
reports
Action
reports
Detailed
reports
Budgeting systems
Deals with the past and present rather than the future
Efficiency oriented?
Processing
Internal
Modelling
Transactions Simulation
Internal Files Analysis
External
Summarizin
Information? g
Some examples of DSS
Outputs
Summary
reports
Forecasts
Graphs /
Plots
Logistics systems
Spreadsheet Models?
Processing
Outputs
Summary
External Data Summarizing
reports
Internal Files Simulation
Forecasts
Pre-defined
"Drilling
Graphs
models
Down"
Plots