~ A

~ then B = BA; If B
~ A
~ then B =
Faradays Law of = ddtB ; B = BA sin(t); = t; If B//
0
d
d

B
induction
BA cos 90 = 0; If other then B = BA cos
= dt BA cos ; I = R
dt

Flux through the

turns of coil
Lenzs Law

= N ddtB ; A = r2 ; dA = Lvdt; Careful with the sign (decrease -; increase +)

~ B;
~ P = F v; =
= BLv; F~ = I L
N BA
The direction of any magnetic induction; Use
RHR

emf

~ F = |q| vB;
= vBL; F~ = q~v B;
v = L; d = vBdL = BLdL; Vab =
Va Vb = EL = vBL =

Motion
emf
(closed conduction loop)
Faradays Law
(Stationary integration path)

H
~ ~
~ ~
= (~v X B)d
H l; d = (~v B)dl; d =
vBdl; = vBdr; v = r

Displacement
current in the
region (between
plates or parallel
plates)

iD =  ddtE ; q = Cv; C = 0dA ; v = Ed;

q = Cv = EA = E ; E = EA;
; iC = dq
=  ddtE ; dE
=
jD = iAD =  dE
dt
dt
dt
L
IC dE
dT P
( ); R = A ; E0 = JC = A ; dt =
dt A
E0

Motion
~ B)
~
(v L

~ ~l = db = ; (E
~ is around the
Ed
H dt
~ ~l = EC = E2r)
loop then Ed

~ =E
~c + E
~n
Total Electrical E
field

H
R
H
~ ~l = 0 0 d Ed
~ A;
~
~ ~l =
Maxwells equaBd
Ed
dt
R
~ A;
~ ic = 0; Qencl = 0; E =
tions in empty d Bd
dt
R
space (no charge R Ed
~ A;
~ B = Bd
~ A
~
or
conduction
current)

~ + ~v B)
~
Interms of the F~ = q(E
forces

Mutually
duced emf

Mutual
tance

in-

2 = M didt1 ; 1 = M didt2

= N1i2 B1 ; B1 = 0 n1 i1 =
0 N1 i1
; B2 = B1 A = 0 Nl1 i1 A ; M =
l
N2 N1 0 i1 A
; n1 = Nl1
i1 l

induc- M =

Self-Inductance

L=

N2 B2
i1

N B
;
i

B = BA =

0 N iA
2r

di
di
Self-Inductance
= L dt
; N di B = L dt
emf
RI
Energy stored in U = L 0 idi = 21 LI 2 ; L =
an inductor

Magnetic energy u =
density in vacuum

B2
;
20

Magnetic energy u =
density in a material

B2
;
2

u=

U
V

U
2rA

2U
I2

2 2

N I
= 21 0 (2r)
2

= K m 0

L
Time constant = R
; i = R (1 e( L )t ) = I0 e( L )t ;
for
an
R-L L = ln Rt
; = IR
(1 iR )
circuit

Fraction of the U = U0 e2( L )t ; U =

original energy 1 LI0 e2( RL )t ; U0 = 1 LI02 ;
2
2
constant

1
Li2
2

= How long after closing the switch will the current

(or energy) through the inductor reach one-half
of its maximum value. (energy u = Umax
=
2
1
imax
t
t

1e = 2 ; current i = 2 = 1e = 21 )

1
Angular
fre- =
= 2f ; f = 2
; T = f1 ; The charge is maximum at t = 0 so q = Q cos t
LC
quency of oscil- q = Q cos(t + ); i = Q sin t; where = 0
lation in an L-C Q = C;
circuit

InductorCapacitor
Circuit

Magnetic Energy= 12 Li2 ; Electric Magnetic Energy = 0 when t = 0; q = Q when

q2 1
q2
Q2
Energy= 2C
; Li2 + 2C
= 2C
= 12 CV 2 ; i = 0; q = 0 when i = imax
q p2
1
1
Q2 q 2 ; i = dq
; = LC
;
i = LC
dt
q = Q cos(t + )

Under-damped
=
L-R-C
series
circuit

1
LC

R2
;
4L2

R=

A
sinusoidal
voltage

v = V cos t; = 2f

A
sinusoidal
current (instantaneous)

i = I cos t

Rectified average
value of a sinusoidal current

Irav = 2 I

Root-meanIrms =
square
value
of a sinusoidal
current

I ;
2

Root-meanVrms =
square
value
of a sinusoidal
voltage

Irms =

4L
C

p
(i2 )av

One-half the undamped frequency = 12 ;

Potential across capacitor Cq ; potential across
R
di
inductor L dt
; Amplitude A(t) = A0 e 2L t

Amplitude
of VR = IR; vR = iR = (IR) cos(t)
voltage
across
a resistor, ac
circuit

di
Amplitude
of VL = IXL ; XL = L; vL = L dt
=
d
voltage
across L dt (I cos t) =
IL sin(t); vL =
an inductor, ac IL cos t + 2
circuit

Amplitude
of VC = IXC ; XC =
voltage
across q = CvC ; vC
=
I
cos t 2
a capacitor, ac C
circuit

1
; q = I sin(t);
C
I
sin(t); vC =
C

p
Amplitude
of V = p
IZ; V =
VR2 + (VL VC )2 ;
voltage
across V = I R2 + (XL XC )2
an ac circuit (in
series)

p
Impedance of an Z
=
R2 + (XL XC )2
q
L-R-C series cir1 2
R2 + (L C
)
cuit

Phase angle of an tan =

L-R-C series circuit

1
L C
R

VL VC
VR

Average Power Pav = 12 V I = V2 I2 = Vrms Irms ;

2
in a resistor
Vrms = Irms R; Pav = Irms
R
Power in a resis- P (t) = iV = i2 R = I 2 R cos2 (t); V = = 0 cos = 1
tor
iR

Average Power av = 0
in an Inductor

di
Power in an In- P (t)
=
iv
=
iL dt
= = 900 cos = 0
d
ductor
IL sin(t) cos(t); v = L dt I cos(t)

Average Power Pav = 0

in a Capacitor

= 900 cos = 0

Average power Pav = 12 V I cos = Vrms Irms cos

into a general ac
circuit

cos is power factor

Instantaneous
Psource = vi = V cos(t + )I cos(t);
power
(from Psourceave = IV2 cos = Vrms Irms cos
source)

The maximum
instantaneous
power in resistance

P = V I cos2 (t); Pmax = V I = 2Pav

1
L-R-C series cir- XL = XC ; 0 L = 01C ; 0 = LC
; max I min Z; XL = XC at resonace; Z = R at
p
V
cuit at resonace I =
; Z =
R2 + (XL XC )2 ; resonance
Z
0
Vrms
f0 = 2 ; Irms = Z ; VRrms = Irms R;
VLrms = Irms XL ; VCrms = Irms XC

2
=N
; 1 = N1 ddtB ; 2 = N2 ddtB ; N2 > N1 V2 > V1 step-up; N2 < N1 V2 <
N1
1
2
V1 step-down
=N
; V2 = V1 ( N
)
N2
N1

Terminal voltage
of transformer
primary
and
secondary

V2
V1
1
2

Current in transformer primary

and secondary

V1 N1 = V2 N2 ; I2 =
Pin = Pout ;

N1
N2

I2
;
I1

V2
; VI11
R

Rof f =

R
;
N
( N2 ) 2

R
N
( N2 ) 2
1

V
; Pdelivered to load
Rint +Rload
V 2 Rload
2
I Rload = (Rint +Rload )2 ; Rload = Rint

Series Resistance I

Filters and the

Low-Pass

func-

1
R = XC
=
; Vout
=
C
VC cos(t + C ) where C
=

I
;
VC
=
IXC
=
;
2
C
Vsignal =
VS cos(t + S ) where


S = tan

Transfer
tion

VC
VS

XC
R

q 1
R2 +

1
= tan 1( RC
)

1
2 C 2

1
1+ 2 R2 C 2

Find the ratio; V2 is standard source; V1 is operate

(open); To get from V1 to V2

Gausss Law for

electric field

~ A
~=
Ed

Gausss Law for

magnetism

~ A
~=0
Bd

Amperes Law

~ ~l = 0 (ic + 0 dE )encl
Bd
dt

Faradays Law

~ ~l =
Ed

The speed of
the waves from
the wavelengthfrequency

v = c = f ;

Speed of electro- c =
magnetic waves
in vacuum

Electromagnetic
wave in vacuum

Qencl
0

dB
dt

c = 3 108 m/s

1
0 0

H
~ ~l = Ea; dB = 1) Transverse, E
~ B,
~ direction E
~ B;
~ 2) E = cB,
E = cB;
Ed
dt
H
~ B
~ are in phase; 3) In vacuum, definite and un~ ~l = 0 0 dE ; E
Bac; B = 0 0 cE; Bd
dt
H
changing speed c; 4) Polarization, electromagnetic
~ ~l = Ba; dE = Eac
Bd
dt
wave require no medium

~ y (x, t)
jEmax cos(kx t);
=
Sinusoidal Elec- E
max cos(kx t)
~ z (x, y) = kB
tromagnetic
B
waves

Electromagnetic
wave in vacuum

Emax = cBmax

Speed of wave

c = f

Sinusoidal elec- Ey (x, t)

=
tromagnetic
Bz (x, t)
=
plane
wave, = fc ; = ck
propagating in
-x direction

Electromagnetic
waves in different materials

c
f

= fv ; v =

Emax cos(kx + t);

Bmax cos(kx + t);

c
KKm

Remember to identify the wavelength of which

materials

Energy density u = 12 0 E 2 + 21 0 B 2 ; B =
in electric and u = 0 E 2
magnetic fields

E
c

0 0 E;

~ = 1E
~ B;
~ S = 0 cE 2 ; c =
Poynting vector S
0
in vacuum (mag- S = EB
0
nitude/rate
of
energy flow)

1 ;
0 0

Bmax
Intensity of a si- I = Sav = Emax
= E2max
=
2
0
0c
q
nusoidal wave in 1 0 E 2 = 1  cE 2 ; I = P ; A =
max
2
0 max
2 0
A
vacuum
2
2r

=
Flow rate of elec- A1 dp
dt
tromagnetic mo- I
mentum

S
C

EB dp
;
0 c dt

Radiation Pres- Prad = Scav =

sure
(average Prad = 2Scav =
force per unit ma; m = V
area due to the
wave)

Wave functions
for the superposition of two
waves

I
;
c
2I
;
c

EB
0 c2

S
;
c2

Sav =

wave reflected Standing Electromagnetic wave reflected wave

F = Prad A; F =

Ey (x, t) = Emax [cos(kx + t)

cos(kx t)];
Bz (x, t)
=
Bmax [ cos(kx + t) cos(kx t)];
cos(A B)
=
cos A cos B
sin A sin B;
Ey (x, t)
=
2Emax sin kx sin t;
Bz (x, t)
=
2Bmax cos kx cos t

Nodal planes of x = 0, 2 , , ...

~
E
Nodal planes of x = 4 , 3
, 5
, ...
4
4
~
B
Wavelengths
n =
(depending on n
value)

2L
n

where n = 1, 2, 3, ..

Frequencies (de- fn =
pending on n
value)

c
n

nc
2L

where n = 1, 2, 3, ..