REVIEW KEY CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION TERMS

REVIEW TERMS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Terms
Definitions
investigate
latin, vestigare: track down or

trace, a derivation easily
related to police investigation
criminal investigation
the process of discovering,

collecting, preparing,
identifying and presenting
evidence to determine what
happened and who is
responsible
deductive reasoning
a logical process in which a

conclusion follows from
specific facts
criminalistics
specialists trained in
recording, identifying, and
interpreting the minute
details of physical evidence
criminalist
searches for, collects, and

preserves physical evidence
in investigations of crime and
suspected criminals
forensic science
a broad field encompassing

the application of science to
the law
crime
an act in violation of penal

law and an offense against
the state
felony
a serious crime, punishable

dy death or imprisonment of
more than a year
misdemeanor
a crime or offense that is

punishable by a fine or
imprisonment of as long as
one year in an institution
other than a penitentiary
criminal statute
a legislative act relating to a

crime and its punishment
ordinance
an act of the legislative body

of a municipality or county
relating to all the rules
governing the municipality or
county, including
misdemeanors
elements of the crime
specific conditions that must

occur for an act to be called a
specific kind of crime
criminal intent
purposely performing an
unlawful act or knowing an
act to be illegal
modus operandi; MO
how criminals usually operate
leads
avenues bearing clues or

potential sources of
information relevant to
solving the crime
culturally adroit
skilled in interacting across

gender, ethnic, generational,
social and political group lines
inductive reasoning
going from the generalization

and establishing it by
gathering specific facts
intuition
a sudden knowing without

conscious reasoning or
apparent logic
Locard's principle of exchange
a basic forensic theory tha

objects that come in contact
with each other always
transfer material, however
minute, to each other
res gestae statements
spontaneous statementv
made at the time of a crime
concerning and closely
related to actions involved in

the crime. They are often
considered more truthful than
later, planned responses
crime mapping
changes the focus from the

criminal to the location of the
crimes
hot spots
where most crimes occur
data mining
sifting through the mountains

of available information to
find the data that pertain to
their case
community policing
a philosophy, a belief that

working together, the police
and the community can
accomplish what neither can
do alone
exculpatory evidence
evidence favorable to the

accused
immersive imaging
360-degree photographic
view
resolution
the fineness of image detail

captured with a camera,
displayed on a monitor or
printed on paper
pixel
the smallest unit of a digital

image
megapixel
about a million dots
PPI
pixels per inch
marker
anything used in a
photograph to show accurate
or relative size
overlapping
photographing the scene

clockwise and taking the first
picture with a specific object

on the right. For the second
photo, making suer taht the
same object is on the left side
of the photograph, etc
forensic photogrammetry
the techniqueo f
extrapolating threedimensional measurements
from 2d photographs
trap photography
surveillance photography;
can prove that an incident
occurred and can help
identify suspects and
weapons
Pictometry
a unique, patented computer

technology that integrates
various aerial shot sof a landbased artifact taken straight
down and from numerous
angles
microphotography
pictures taken through a

microscope, can help identify
minute particles of evidence
such as hairs or fibers
macrophotography
enlarges a subject; such as a

fingerprint
laser-beam photography
can reveal evidence

indiscernible to the naked
eye, ex, footprint in a carpet
ultraviolet-light photography
uses the low end of the color

spectrum, which is invisible to
human sight to make visible
impressions of bruises and
injuries long after their
actually occurrence
mug shots
used to identify criminals
rogues' galery
groups of mug shots
backing
writing on the back of the

photo your initials, the date
the photo was taken, what
the photo depicts, and the
direction of north
material photograph
relates to a specific case and

subject
relevant photograph
helps explain testimony
competent photograph
accurately represents what it

purports to represent, is
properly identified and is
properly placed in the chain
of evidence and secured until
court presentation
sketch
assists in interviewing and

interrogating people,
preparing the investigative
report and presenting the
case in court
rough sketch
the first pencil-drawn outline

of a scene and the location of
objects and evidence within
this scene
scale
take the longest

measurement at the scene
and dividing it by the longest
measurement of the paper
used for sketching
rectangular-coordinate method
uses two adjacent walls as

liked points from which
distances are measured at
right angles
baseline method
establishes a straight line

from one fixed point to
another, from which
measurements are taken at
right angles
triangulation
straight-line measures from

two fixed objects to the
evidence to create a triangle
with the evidence in the angle
formed by the two straight
lines
compass-point method
uses a protractor to measure

the angle formed by two lines
cross-projection sketch
presents the floor and walls

as though they were one
surface
legend
contains the case number,

type of crime, name of the
victim or complainant,
location, date, time,
investigator, anyone
assisting, scale of sketch,
direction of north and name
of the person making the
sketch
finished scale drawing
done in ink on a good grade

of paper and is drawn to scale
disposition
how the case is disposed of
chronological order
beginning with the response

to the call and concluding
with the end of the
investigation
narrative
the story of the case in

chronological order
content
what is said
form
how it is written
conclusionary language
inferences, such as the man

could not walk a straight line.
Say, "the man did not walk a
straight line."

objective
non-opinionated, fair and

impartial
denotative
words with little emotional

effect
connotative
words with emotional effect
slanting
including only one side of a

story or only facts that tend
to prove or support the
officer's theory
concise
making every word count

without leaving out important
facts
mechanics
spelling, capitalization,
punctuation
past tense
write in this tense
first person
write in this person
active voice
write in this voice
Terms
Definitions
Agnello v. United States
Officers may search the place

where the arrest is made in order to
find and seize things connected with
the crime as its fruits or as the
means by which it was committed,
as well as weapons and other things
to effect an escape from custody.
Alabama v. White
Under the totality of the

circumstances, the anonymous tip,
as corroborated, exhibited sufficient
indicia of reliability to justify an
investigatory stop of respondent's
car based on reasonable suspicion.
Reasonable suspicion can be
established with less, lower quality

and less reliable information than
probable cause.
Alderman v. United States
Rejected the target theory of

standing and stated that 4th
Amendment rights are personal
rights which may not be vicariously
asserted.
Andreson v. Maryland
Police investigating real estate

fraud provided an extensive list and
ended with the phrase "other
[evidence] of the crime at this time
unknown" was fine as a catch-all.
Arizona v. Evans
Cops relied on an arrest warrant

that turned out to be a mistake.
Court held that the evidence seized
during a search incident to the
mistaken arrest was admissible.
Arizona v. Fulminante
If the government informant uses

threats, Perkins doesn't apply, i.e.
the confession is involuntary. Here,
an FBI informant pretended to be an
organized crime figure and offered
to protect the suspect if he
confessed to the crime.
Arizona v. Gant
The 4th Amendment requires law

enforcement to demonstrate an
actual and continuing threat to their
safety posed by an arrestee (i.e. that
they are actually within reaching
distance of the vehicle) or a need to
preserve evidence related to the
crime of arrest, in order to justify a
warrantless vehicle search incident
to arrest after the vehicle's
occupants have been arrested and
secured.

Arizona v. Hicks
Criminality of an object must be

plainly apparent. No touching or
moving of the object is permissible
without probable cause. Plain view
requires more than reasonable
suspicion.
Arizona v. Mauro
Husbands recorded confession to

his wife after police discouraged it
was okay because the police didn't
intend him to make such statements,
they were not foreseeable, and they
did not set up the encounter in order
to get him to talk. Police officers
can exploit a circumstance but not
create one.
Arizona v. Roberson
Defendant invoked his right to

counsel and questioning ceased.
Three days later he was interrogated
about a different burglary and
confessed. The Court held this to
violate his right to counsel under
Edwards.
Arkansas v. Sanders
The exigency of mobility must be

assessed after the police have seized
the object and have it secured
within their control.
Ashcroft v. al-Kidd
Court held that the Attorney

General could not be personally
sued for his involvement in the
detention of Muslim-Americans in
the wake of 9/11. Court declined to
analyze the case based on Whren.
Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
If an officer has probable cause to

believe that an individual has
committed even a very minor
(nonjailable) criminal offense, he

may, without violating the 4th
Amendment, arrest the offender.
Berghuis v. Thompkins
Reverses the presumption from

Miranda that the cops can't
interrogate you until you waive.
Now, cops can interrogate you until
you invoke.
Berkemer v. McCarty
Court held that a traffic stop was

not custody under Miranda because
two features mitigated the danger of
compulsion: 1) detention is
presumptively temporary and brief
and 2) circumstances associated
with the typical traffic stop are not
such that the subject feels
completely at the mercy of the
police
Bond v. United States
Applied Dickerson to luggage

holding that police may not
physically manipulate items without
a warrant without violating the 4th
Amendment (i.e. it was a search).
Bram v. United States
Found a confession involuntary

based on the detectives reliance on
"hopes and fears" i.e. promises and
scare tactics.
Brendlin v. California
All occupants of a vehicle are

seized for 4th Amendment purposes
during a traffic stop, not just the
driver, as they have submitted to a
show of authority by not running
away.
Brewer v. Williams
Evidence suppressed based on a

violation of 6th Amendment right to
counsel. Defendant was denied

counsel during an interrogation
envirmonment and did not waive it.
Brigham City v. Stuart
Warrantless entry is justified when

the police have an objectively
reasonable basis to believe that an
occupant is seriously injured or
imminently threatened with serious
injury. Motivation doesn't matter.
Police had an objectively
reasonable basis for believing that
the "injured adult might need help
and the violence in the kitchen was
just beginning."
Brinegar v. United States
Probable cause exists where the

facts and circumstances known by
the officer and supported by
reasonably trustworthy information
lead to the reasonable belief that: a
specifically described item subject
to seizure will be found in the place
searched or the person being
arrested (seizure) has committed or
is committing a criminal offense.
Brower v. Inyo County
Seizure requires intentional

application of force. There is no
such thing as an inadvertent seizure.
Brown v. Mississippi
Defendant's involuntary confession

extracted by police violence is
inadmissible under the DPC - led
police to restort to psychological
tactics.
California v. Acevedo
The 4th Amendment does not

require a warrant to search a
container in a vehicle if there is
probable cause to search the
container. This applies even if there

is no probable cause to search the
entire vehicle but the scope is
limited to locating the container.
Probable cause to search the car
generally gives probable cause to
search the container.
California v. Ciraolo
Warrantless aerial observation from

a height of 1,000 feet does not
consitute a search (or violate the 4th
Amendment) because "in an age
where private and commercial flight
in teh public airways is routine, it is
unreasonable for respondent to
expect his marijauna plants were
constitutionally protected from such
obersavtion." [Interesting because
this is in the curtilage and the
defendant had 10 foot walls.]
California v. Greenwood
An expectation of privacy does not

give rise to 4th Amendment
protection unless society is prepared
to recognize that expectation as
reasonable. What a person
knowingly exposes to the public,
even in his home or office, is not
subject to 4th Amendment
protection.
California v. Hodari D.
An arrest (seizure) occurs when

physical force has been applied to a
person, or when a person submits to
the assertion of authority.
Mendenhall test that a person has
been seized only if a reasonable
person would believe he is not free
to leave, states a necessary but not a
sufficient condition for seizure, i.e.
a person running from the police is
not seized until he has been caught
or surrenders.

Camreta v. Green
Court implied that it is not

appropriate to reach the merits of
the issue when they are not germane
to the case. Could have huge
implications for the good faith
exception and the development of
4th Amendment law.
Carroll v. United States
Upheld the warrantless search of an

automobile under the automobile
exception. A vehicle could be
searched without a search warrant if
there was probable cause to believe
that evidence was present in the
vehicle, coupled with exigent
circumstances to believe that the
vehicle could be removed from the
area before a warrant could be
obtained. Police may seize whatever
is found upon the arrestee's person
or in his control which is unlawful
for him to have adn which may be
used to prove the offense.
Chambers v. Maroney
Allows a car to be searched if

police had probable cause that it
contained contraband. There was no
exigency, but the search was
reasonable.
Chicago v. Morales
A law that directly prohibited gangs

from loitering would not violate the
DPC but where an ordinance fails to
provide notice as to what behavior
is prohibited or authorizes arbitrary
and discriminatory enforcement
may be invalid as constitutionally
vague.
Chimel v. California
An arresting officer may search the

arrestee's person and the area in his
immediatae control for weapons

and destructible evidence. Rationale
is officer safety and evidence
preservation. Can impound the
house and go get a warrant.
Colorado v. Spring
Miranda warning valid even though

officers did not inform the
defendant of every crime they
intended to question him about mere silence about the subject
matter of an interrogation is not
sufficient trickerty to invalidate a
suspect's waiver of his rights.
Connally v. Georgia
Court refused to uphold a warrant

process in which the magistrate
received a fee for issuing warrants
but not for refusing them
Connecticut v. Barrett
Defendant agreed to talk to the

police but refused to make a written
statement without counsel present.
According to the Court, this did not
amount to a generalized assertion of
counsel sufficient to invoke.
Coolidge v. New Hampshire
A neutral and detached magistrate

cannot be involved in conducting
the investigation
County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
A defendant arrested without a

warrant and held in custody must
receive determination of whether
his arrest met the probable cause
standard within 48 hours. Known as
a Gerstein hearing.
Davis v. United States
When police conduct a search in

objectively reasonable reliance on
binding appellate precedent, the
exclusionary rule does not apply,

regardless of the fact that a 4th
Amendment violation occureed.
[This goes against ordinary
retroactivity rules].
Delaware v. Prouse
Court declined to permit random,

suspicionless police stops of
automobiles to check drivers'
liceneses and registration.
Dickerson v. United States
Miranda is a constitutional decision

and cannot be ovveruled by
Congress as it creates a
constitutional minimum.
Draper v. United States
Probable cause exists where the

known facts and circumstances
would cause a reasonable person to
believe that an offense has been, or
is being, committed. A prior correct
informant's innocent facts, when
predictive and corroborated, support
probable cause.
Dunaway v. New Yrok
Defendant taken into custody

without probable cause and
although he was not told that he was
under arrest, he would have been
physically restrained had he tried to
leave. Court refused to extend
Terry's balancing test to cover all
seizures short of a technical arrest.
Edwards v. Arizona
Once a defendant invokes his Fifth

Amendment right to counsel police
must cease custodial interrogation.
Re-interrogation is only permissible
once defendant's counsel has been
made available to him, or he
inititates furher communication

Escobedo v. Illinois
The right to counsel attaches when

the suspect becomes an accused - at
the time of arrest, rather than at the
time of the indictment.
Fare v. Michael C.
Juvenile requests probation officer,

then makes incriminating
statements. Court found the
statements admissible on the
grounds that Miranda had not been
adequately invoked.
Florence v. Burlington Co.
If you put an individual into the

general prison population for
pretrial detention, that individual
can be strip-searched, including for
non-jailable offenses.
Florida v. Bostick
A seizure does not occur so long as

a reasonable person would feel free
to disregard the police and go about
his business.
Florida v. J.L.
Reasonable suspicion developed

solely from an anonymous tip
requires the tip to exchibit sufficient
indicia of reliability in its assertion
of illegality, not just in its tendency
to identify a determinant person.
Court implies that a tip of a more
dangerous weapon (like a bomb)
might require less than reasonable
suspicion.
Florida v. Jimeno
The standard for measuring the

scope of a suspect's consent under
the 4th Amendment is that of
objective reasonableness. A suspect
may limit the scope of the search
but if the consent is reasonably
understood to extend to a particular

container, the 4th Amendment does
not require more explicit
authorization.
Florida v. Riley
No 4th Amendment violation or

search when police flew in a
helicopter 400 feet over defendant's
greenhouse and observed marijuana
with the naked eye. Court
emphasized that a member of the
public could have similarly situated
himself and that although
precautions were taken to limit
observation, the flight was legal, did
not interfere with normal use of the
greenhouse by way of undue noise,
wind, dust, or threat of injury, and
did not reveal any intimate details
connected with the use of the home.
Floriday v. Royer
Court ruled that drugs recovered

from a luggage search should have
been suppressed because the seizure
had escalated beyond a Terry stop.
Police moved the suspect and made
him wait. Court's ruling based in
part on police not using the most
expeditious methods of
investigation.
Franks v. Delaware
Negligent or innocent falsehoods

will not invalidate a warrant but
statements made in reckless
disregard of their truth, and
provided the affidavit's remaining
content is not sufficient to establish
probable cause, will result in the
warrant being void and the fruits of
the excluded.
Georgia v. Randolph
A co-inhabitant's express refusal of

consent at the door makes a

warrantless search based on the
consent of another co-inhabitant
unreasonable.
Go-Bart Importing Co. v. United States
Court held that the search of a desk,

safe, and other parts of an office
was unlawful in part because the
arresting officer had an abundance
of information and time by which to
obtain a search warrant.
Griffin v. Wisconsin
Probation officers may search their

probationers homes on "reasonable
grounds" (less than probable cause)
that contraband is present.
Harris v. United States
Police arrested the defendnat in the

living room of his apartment, on a
forgery charge, and proceeded to
search the entire apartment for
forged checks. Court upheld the
search as incident to arrest.
Herring v. United States
The good-faith exception to the

exclusionary rule applies when a
police officer makes an arrest based
on an outstanding warrant in
another jurisdiction, and the
information is later found to be
incorect because of a negligent error
by that agency. To trigger exclusion,
police conduct must be sufficiently
deliberate that exclusion can
meaningfully deter it, and
sufficiently culpable that deterrence
is worth the cost.
Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
The 4th Amendment cannot require

a suspect to disclose his identity or
answer questions but states may
require a suspect to disclose his

name in the course of a Terry stop.
Howes v. Fields
A person in prison is not per se in

custody. Rather it depends on
whether a reasonable person would
think their movement was restricted
and whether the environment
represented the same coercive
pressure as in Miranda.
Hudson v. Michigan
The exclusionary rule does not

apply where causation is too
attenuated (special meaning) in that
1) the causal connection is too
remote or 2) the interst protected by
the constitutional guarantee that has
been violated would not be served
by the suppression of teh evidence,
even with a direct causal
connection. Evidence seized as a
result of an improperly intiated
search (i.e. a violation of knock and
announce) does not have to be
suppressed (exclusionary rule does
not apply) as civil and other
remedies are sufficent. The knockand-announce rule is intended to
protect life/limb, privacy, and
destruction of property.
Illinois v. Caballes
Use of a well-trained narcotics dog,

one that does not expose noncontraband items that would
otherwise remain hidden from
public view, during a lawful traffic
stop generally does not implicate
privacy interests as long as it does
not extend the length of the
detention and is to the exterior of
the car.
Illinois v. Gates
Determining probable cause is a

totality of the circumstances test
form the police perspective which
does not necessarily require both
prongs of the Spinelli test to be
satisfied. A deficiency in one prong
can be compensated for by the
strength of the other.
Determinations of probable cause
require no more than a finding that
there is a substantial basis that the
search will uncover evidence of
wrongdoing. When a court decides
whether to issue a search warrant,
the element's of the informant's
reliability and basis of knowledge
are to be guides when considering
the totality of the circumstances and
are not exclusive requirements.
Illinois v. James
Havens applies only to criminal

defendants, not to other witnesses in
a criminal trial. The threat of
subsequent criminal prosecution for
perjury is more likely to deter a
witness from lying on a defendant's
behalf than to deter a defendant
from lying on his own behalf.
Illinois v. Krull
Court applied the good-faith

exception to a search pursuant to an
unconstitutional state statute on the
theory that the police should not be
penalized for the legislature's
mistake.
Illinois v. Lidster
Roadblocks for informationseeking purposes are permissible

but not presumptively
constitutional. Here the stop was
brief and the questions were not
likely to elicit self-incriminating
behavior.

Illinois v. Perkins
Miranda warnings are not required

when the suspect is unaware that he
is speaking to a police officer and
gives a voluntary statement.
Illinois v. Rodriguez
Consent from a third party who

police reasonably believe to possess
common authority is valid, even if
no such authority actually exists.
Sixth Amendment right to counsel
didn't apply because he had not
been charged at the time.
Illinois v. Wardlow
Evasive behavior is a pertinent

factor, along with location in a high
crime area, which is relevant in
determining reasonable suspicion.
Lower courts have turned this into a
bright-line rule that unprovoked
flight from an officer in a high
crime neighborhood is enough for
reasonable suspicion.
Indianapolis v. Edmond
Police must have individualized

suspicion when they seek to employ
a checkpoint primarily for the
ordinary purpose of investigating
crimes.
J.D.B. v. North Carolina
Court held that age is relevant in

determining police custody for
purposes of Miranda but that the
test remains an objective one.
Jones v. United States
"Target theory" of standing by

which a defendant could seek
exclusion of evidence if the search
or seizure was directed at him even
if the search took place in someone
else's home.

Kansas v. Ventris
Statements obtained in violation of

Massiah and its progeny can be
used in trial for impeachment
purposes.
Katz v. United States
Ended the 4th Amendment's strict

reliance on property notions and
held that physical trespass is not
necessary for an unlawful search
(4th Am. protects people, not
places). What a person knowingly
exposes to the public, even in his
home or office, is not subject to 4th
Amendment protection. Harlan's
concurrence offered a two pronged
test: (1) Has the individual
exhibited a subjective expectation
of privacy and (2) Is society
prepared to recognize that
expectation as objectively
reasonable?
Kentucky v. King
Warrantless searches conducted in

exigent circumstances do not
violate the Fourth Amendment so
long as the police did not create the
exigency by violating or threatening
to violate the Fourth Amendment.
Knowles v. Iowa
No such thing as search incident to

citation.
Kuhlmann v. Wilson
Police informant who merely

listened and never solicited
information (entirely passive) was
not a 4th Amendment violation.
Rather, the defendant must
demonstrate that the police did
something beyond mere listening
that was designed to elicit
incriminating remarks.

Kyllo v. United States
Obtaining, by sense-enhancing
technology, any information
regarding the interior of a home,
that could not otherwise be obtained
without physical intrusion into a
constitutionally protected area,
constitutes a search. At least where,
as here, the technology in question
is not in general public use.
[Decision appears to adopt
O'Connor's empirical analysis from
Riley]. Not clear if this holding is
restricted to houses.
Maine v. Moulton
Any information obtained may be

used in the prosecution for those
offenses for which an indictment
has not been returned at the time the
incriminating statements were
made.
Mapp v. Ohio
Court held that violation of a state

defendant's right against
unreasonable search required the
same remedy as was mandated in
federal prosecutions, namely
suppression of the evidence
obtained from the search, i.e. the
exclusionary rule.
Marron v. United States
Search-incident authority extends to

all parts of the premises used for the
lawful purpose.
Maryland v. Bouie
Officers may, as a precautionary

measure and without probable cause
or reasonable suspicion, look in
closets and other spaces
immediately adjoining the place of
arrest from which an attack could
be immediately launched. To look
in places not immediately adjoining,

there must be articulable suspicion
that the area swept harbors an
individual posing a danger to those
present.
Maryland v. Garrison
If police search the wrong house,

the validity of the search depends
on whether the officer's failure to
realize the over-breadth of the
warrant was objectively reasonable.
Maryland v. Pringle
When it is reasonable for the officer

to infer a common enterprise among
the passengers, individualized
suspicion is not required.
Distinguished Ybarra which
occurred in a bar and thus where
patrons are less likely to be engaged
in a common enterprise.
Maryland v. Shatzer
Police may re-open questioning of a

suspect who has asked for counsel
if there has been a 14-day or more
break in Miranda custody.
Maryland v. Wilson
Once a traffic stop is made, the

police can require the passengers to
exit the car in addition to the driver.
Massiah v. United States
Extended the 6th Amendment right

to counsel to include any time after
indictment.
Michigan Dept. of State Police v. Sitz
Court held that suspicionless

roadblock stops to check for drunk
drivers were permissible due to the
magnitude of the problem and the
state's interst in eradicating it.
Unlike in Prouse, all the cars were
stopped. Plus it was a car-related
crime.

Michigan v. Long
If the police officer has reasonable

suspicion that there is a weapon in
the car, they can "frisk" the car.
Michigan v. Mosley
Whether statements made after the

subject has invoked his right to
remain silent are admissible
depends on whether his right to cut
off questioning was scrupulously
honored.
Michigan v. Summers
Officers executing a search warrant

for contraband have the authority to
detain the occupants of the premises
while a proper search is conducted.
Such detentions prevent flight,
minimize the risk of harm to the
offices, and facilitate the orderly
carrying out of the search.
Michigan v. Tucker
Miranda warnings are not

themselves protected by the
constitution. Instead, they are
measures to ensure that the right
against compulsory selfincrimination is protected.
Mincey v. Arizona
Warrantless searches are strictly

circumscribed by the exigencies
that justify them. The search must
end when the exigency ends. The
homicide exception created by the
lower cour is inconsistent with the
4th Amendment. Police could look
for other victims or the killer but
not do a full search.
Minnesota v. Carter
To claim the protection of the 4th

Amendment, a defendant must
prove that he personally had an
expectation of privacy in the place

searched and that his expectation
was reasonable. Distinguishes
houseguests from social guests.
Minnesota v. Dickerson
If a police officer pats down a

suspect's outer clothing and feels an
object whose identity as contraband
is immediately apparent, there has
been no invasion of the suspect's
privacy under the plain feel
doctrine. However, physical
manipulation of an object was
unconstitutional.
Minnesota v. Murphy
A probationer who was required to

appear in front of his probation
officer was not in custody so the 5th
Amendment was not self-executing
and the government was under no
requirement to warn him about his
rights.
Minnick v. Mississippi
Edwards is violated when a suspect

invokes his right to counsel, is
allowed to consult with counsel,
and then is interrogated without
counsel present.
Miranda v. Arizona
The prosecution may not use any

statements stemming from custodial
interrogation of the defendnat
unless it demonstrates the use of
procedural safeguards effective to
protect the privilege against selfincrimination.
Missouri v. Seibert
Second post-Miranda confession is

not admissible when a prior
confession has been given unless
the Miranda warning and
accompanying break are sufficient

to give the defendant the reasonable
belief that she can decide not to
speak with the police.
Montejo v. Lousiana
Sixth Amendment right to counsel

attachs when adversarial
proceedings begin (i.e. at
arraignment). The defendant does
not need to invoke his 6th
Amendment right to counsel.
Moran v. Burbine
Events that the suspect is entirely

unaware of cannot have any bearing
on his capacity to comprehend and
knowingly relinquish a
constiutional right. Miranda does
not require the police to notify the
suspect of the presence of counsel.
Muehler v. Mena
Two-three hour detention in

handcuffs was constitutionally
reasonable given that the warrant
being executed authorized a search
for both weapons and a wanted
gang member - inherently
dangerous situation.
Murray v. United States
The independent source doctrine

applies to evidence initially
discovered during, or as a
consequence of, an unlawful search,
but later obtained independently
from activities untainted by the
initial illegality. The ultimate
question is whether the source was
genuinely independent.
Nathanson v. United States
Probable cause cannot be based on

a police officer's mere suspicion or
belief. You must have facts to
present to the magistrate.

New Jersey v. T.L.O.
The legality of a search of a student

(here by a vice principal) should
depend simply on reasonableness
under all the circumstances. It
requires neither a warrant nor
probable cause.
New York v. Belton
When a policeman makes a lawful

custodial arrest of an occupant in a
car, he may, as a contemporaneous
incident of that arrets, search the
passenger compartment of that
automobile, including examining
the contents of the containers found
there.
New York v. Harris
Where the police have probable

cause to arrest a suspect, the
exclusionary rule does not bar the
state's use of a statemetn made by
the defendant outside of his home,
even though the statement is taken
after an arrest made in the home in
violation of Payton.
New York v. Quarles
Created a somewhat vague public

saftey exception under Miranda here the suspect was fleeing on foot
through a supermarket and police
asked where the gun was.
North Carolina v. Butler
An express written or oral

statement of waiver of the right to
remain silen or the right to counsel
is strong proof of waiver but it is
not necessary.
O'Connor v. Ortega
Test for whether a public

employer's work-related search of
its employee's office, desk, or file
cabinet comports with the Fourth

Amendment should be simply the
reasonableness of the search, under
all the circumstances .
Ohio v. Robinette

require that a suspect be advised
that he is free to leave before his
consent to search will be recognized
as voluntary.
Oliver v. United States
An individual may not lgitimately

demand privacy for activities
conducted out of doors in fiels,
except in the area immediately
surrounding the home. The asserted
expectation of privacy in open
fields is not one which society
recognizes as reasonable as there is
no societal interest in protecting the
privacy of activities that occur in
fields.
Oregon v. Bradshaw
An accused re-initiates questioning

by addressing the police in a way
that is more than a bare inquiry or
routine request (such as for a drink
or to use the restroom).
Oregon v. Elstead
A suspect who has once responded

to unwarned but uncoercive
questioning is not thereby disabled
from waiving his rights and
confesing after he has been given
the requisite Miranda warnings.
Ornelas v. United States
Probable cause to do a warrantless

search should be reviewed de novo
on appeal. If it is a warrant search
use Gates (substantial basis).
Payton v. New York
An arrest warrant is required to

enter the defendant's home and
arrest them (not a search warrant).
Pennsylvania v. Mimms
Additional intrusion of asking

someone who has been pulled over
to step out of their vehicle is de
minimus when balanced against
officer safety.
Pennsylvania v. Muniz
Established a routine booking

exception to Miranda under which
biographical data necessary to
complete booking feel but not
questions designed to elicit
incriminatory admissions.
Rakas v. Illinois
A person who is aggrieved by an

illegal search or seizure only
because of the introduction of
damaging evidence has not had any
4th Amendment rights infringed.
Rejected Jones and held that a
defendant may only seek to exclude
evidence based on an illegal search
if teh search infringed his own
reasonable expectation of privacy.
Rhode Island v. Innis
An interrogation, for Fifth

Amendment purposes, should be
defined to include only words or
conduct that the police should have
known would reasonably influence
an individual to respond.
Richards v. Wisconsin
In order to justify a no-knock entry,

the police must have a reasonable
suspicion that knocking and
announcing their presence would be
dangerous or futile or that it would
inhibit the effective investigation of
the crime by allowing the

destruction of evidence.
Robbins v. California
Fourth Amendment violation when

police unwrapped closed, opaque
containers which were
indistinguishable from a footlocker
or luggage.
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
Totality of the circumstances test to

determine whether a subject has
voluntarily consented includes
knowledge of the right to refuse as a
factor but it is not dispositive.
Smith v. Illinois
An accused's responses to further

interrogation after his request for
counsel may not be used to cast
retrospective doubt on the clarity of
the initial request itself.
Smith v. Maryland
Telephone company's installation of

a pen register to record numbers
dialed by the defendant's telephone
did not raise any Fourth
Amendment concerns because the
individuals voluntarily convey that
information to the telephone
company.
Stansbury v. California
The presence or absence of custody

does not depend on the intent of the
police.
Steagald v. United States
To search the home of a third party

to serve an arrest warrant, both an
arrest warrant and a search warrant
are needed.
Steele v. United States
With respect to the place searched,

the Supreme Court has said that the

description should be particular
enough to permit an officer with
reasonable effort to ascertain and
identify the place intended.
Spinelli v. United States
A tip will only support probable

cause when police explain its
reliability and the basis for the
informant's knowledge. The tip
must include underlying statements
which describe the circumstances
which give rise to the assertions of
illegality.
Terry v. Ohio
An officer can stop an individual if

they have reasonable suspicion that
crime is afoot and they can frisk a
stopped individual if they have
reason to believe that they are
armed and dangerous. No more onoff switch for the 4th Amendment.
Thornton v. United States
The search of a vehicle incident to

arrest applies even when the officer
does not make contact with the
arrestee until he or she has left the
vehicle. If Belton searches are
justifiable, it is not because the
arrestee might grab a weapon but
rather because the car might contain
evidence relevant to the crime.
Trupiano v. United States
Court found a 4th Amendment

violation when police officers
arrested a bootlegger in the act of
distilling illegal liquor, and proceed
to see the still without a warrant.
United Sates v. Havens
Defendant's statements made in

response to cross-examination
reasonably suggested by the

defendant's direct examination are
subject to impeachment by the
government, which can then use
evidence illegally obtained, even if
that evidence is inadmissible in the
government's direct case.
United States v. Arvizu
Determination of reasonable
suspicion is a totality of the
circumstances analysis to see
whether the detaining officer has a
particularized and objective basis
for suspecting legal wrongdoing.
Example of the Ornelas standard de novo with deference.
United States v. Banks
Officer's entry after 15-20 seconds

was constitutionally permissible
because a reasonable suspicion of
exigency had ripened. It is not the
time it takes to get to the door but
rather the time it takes for the
imminent disposal of drugs (when
the warrant is to search for drugs).
United States v. Ceccolini
It is easier to sever the taint and get

in fruit of a poisonous tree when the
fruit is a witness as witnesses are
likely to come forward of their own
volition.
United States v. Chadwick
The automobile extension does not

apply to luggage, since the
exception is based in part on the
inherent mobility of a vehicle and in
part of the diminished expectation
of privacy that surrounds a car.
United States v. Di Re
Searches of a passenger's clothing

were not included within a lawful
car search.

United States v. Drayton

require police officers to advise bus
passengers of their right not to
cooperate and to refuse consent to
searches. Arrest of one person does
not mean that everyone around him
has been seized by the police.
Reaffirmed Bostick and held that it
is a totality of the circumstances
inquiry as to whether a reasonable
person would feel free to leave.
Real question is whether the police
did anything extra.
United States v. Dunn
Court distinguishes between open

fields and curtilage, which gets the
same protection as a house. 4
factors: (1) how close is it to the
house; (2) is it fenced in with the
house; (3) what kind of uses is it put
to; and (4) what steps did you take
to make the area private. [If it is
close to the house, it matters what
you did to try to protect it.]
United States v. Flores-Montano
Border stop and disassembly of a

gas tank w/o individualized
suspicion was fine because it was at
the border and applied in a nondiscriminatory manner.
United States v. Havens
A defendant's statements made in

response to proper crossexamination reasonably suggested
by the defedant's direct examination
are subject to impeachment by the
government, which can then use
evidence illegally obtained.
United States v. Henry
Once formal proceedings have

begun, the government may not
deliberately elicit information from

a suspect without first obtaining a
waiver of rights. The police knew,
or should have known, that this
situation would result in
incriminating statements.
United States v. Jones
Katz reasonable expectation of

privacy test has been added to, not
substituted for, the common law
trespassory test. Installation of the
GPS device and use of the device to
monitor the vehicle's movements
constituted a search. Sotomayor is
the swing.
United States v. Karo
Monitoring a beeper in a location

not open to visual surveillance is a
search.
United States v. Knotts
No reasonable expectation of
privacy when traveling a public
roadway.
United States v. Lefkowitz
Court invalidated the warrantless

search of desk drawers and a
cabinet, despite the fact that the
search was conducted pursuant to a
valid arrest.
United States v. Leon

require exclusion of evidence seized
in reasonable, good-faith reliance
on a search warrant later held to be
defective.
United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
Suspicionless stop of vehicles at the

Mexican border is fine. They were
done in a non-discriminatory
manner, the need to do the
checkpoint stops is great and the
intrusion is limied, and the border is

a special place where requiring
individualized stops would be too
onerous. Plus the crime is carrelated.
United States v. Matlock
Co-inhabitants who mutually use

property and have joint access or
control for most purposes have the
right to consent to an inspection of
the shared common area. Each party
assuems the risk that the other will
permit the area to be searched.
United States v. Mendenhall
Stewart gives examples of factors

which might suggest a seizure:
threatening presence of several
officers, display of a weapon,
physical touching of the person of
the citizen, use of language or tone
of voice indicating that compliance
with the officer's request might be
compelled.
United States v. Miller
Bank depositor had no protectable

Fourth Amendment interest in the
banks microfilms of his checks,
deposit slips, and other financial
records because he had taken the
risk, in revealing the information to
another, that it would be conveyed
by that person to the Government.
United States v. Montoya de Hernandez
Although the suspect's detentoin

exceeded any other based on
reasonable suspicion alone, it was
acceptable in part because the
defendant herself had contributed to
the time period by attempting to
avoid a bowell movement.
United States v. Patane
Physical evidence obtained based

on statements given in violation of
Miranda (so long as they are not
coerced) are admissible even if the
statements themselves are not.
United States v. Payner
Court found that the defendant

lacked standing because the hotel
room, briefcase, and documents
belonged to the bank officer and not
to him.
United States v. Place
To retain luggage long enough to

sniff it requires reasonable
suspicion under Terry.
United States v. Rabinowitz
Basic rule was that you got to

search every area in which the
arrestee had possession and control,
i.e. the entire house if you owned it.
United States v. Ramirez
Reasonable suspicion standard is

sufficient to justify an unannounced
entry even when the officers must
damage property to make the entry.
United States v. Robinson
Any time that you arrest someone,

you get to do a full search of the
body, including opening any
packages. A search incident to arrest
is per se permissible as an exception
to the warrant requirement in two
distinct propositions: search of the
arrestee's person and search of the
area within the control of the
arrestee.
United States v. Ross
Probable cause to search an entire

vehicle allows cops to saerch closed
containers. A warrantless search of
the trunk was lawful because the
probable cause extended to the

entire car rather than to a particular
container that happened to be
located in the car.
United States v. Sharpe
Court held that a prolonged Terry

stop (greater than 20 min) was
reasonable under the circumstances.
All that is required is for police to
diligently seek to dispel their
suspicions by minimally intrusive
means.
United States v. Watson
Officers can arrest solely on

probable cause and without a
warrant for all felonies and any
misdemeanors that the cops see
being committed.
United States v. White
Secret, simultaneous electronic

recording of conversations between
an individual and a government
agent, without a warrant, does not
violate the 4th Amendment (i.e. is
not a search) because one
contemplating illegal activities must
realize and risk that his companions
may be reporting to the police.
Reframed the discourse to be from a
criminal's perspective and rather
than what the public might hear, it
is what the police might hear.
Virginia v. Moore
When officers violate state law

requiring them to cite-and-release
an individual instead of arrest, this
provides no basis for concluding
that the Fourth Amendment has
been violated and for excluding
evidence obtained as a result of the
search-incident-to-arrest.

Warden v. Hayden
Fourth Amendment does not

require police officers to delay in
the course of an investigation if to
do so would gravely endanger their
lives or the lives of others.
Watts v. Indiana
Court suggests intoducing attorneys

when police engage in interrogation
but Justice Jackson claims that it
would inhibit confessions
Weeks v. United States
Officers may search the person of

the accused legally when arrested to
discover and seize fruits or evidence
of the crime.
Welsh v. Wisconsin
Exigent circumstances exception

cannot justify warrantless entry into
the home to prevent the destruction
of evidence of a minor (i.e. nonjailable) crime. Unclear whether
this extends to hot pursuit or public
safety.
Whiteley v. Warden
Facially insufficient affidavits

cannot be rehabilitated by testimony
concerning information possessed
by the affiant when he sought the
warrant but not disclosed to the
issuing magistrate.
Whren v. United States
A police officer's motivation for

making a traffic stop and
accompanying brief detention does
not affect the constitutionality of the
stop, so long as there was probable
cause to believe that the traffic
violation had occurred. Court held
that the EPC, not the 4th
Amendment, should be used to
attack racial profiling.

Wilson v. Arkansas
Absent some law enforcement

interest requiring the reasonableness
of an unannounced intrusion, the
Fourth Amendment requires police
to knock and announce themsevles
before entering premises to execute
a warrant.
Wilson v. Layne
It is a violation of the 4th

Amendment for the police to bring
members of the media or other third
parties into a home during the
execution of a wrrant when the
presence of the third party is not an
aid in the execution.
Wong Sun v. United States
Verbal evidence is no less the fruit

of official illegality than the more
common tangible fruits of the
unwarranted intrusion. However,
statements made to police after the
individual was ROR'd and
voluntarily returned were not
tainted due to the intervening acts
of free will.
Wyoming v. Houghton
Police with probable cause to

search a car may inspect a
passenger's belongings found in the
car which are capable of concealing
the object of the search.
Wyrick v. Fields
By initiating and consenting to a

polygraph examination, the
defendant re-initiated interrogation.
Sets a relaxed waiver standard.
ess than 200 years
How long has policing as we know

it been in existence?
London Metropolitan Police
When policing was formed in this

country, who was it modeled after?
When the community responded as one to deal with
problems in the community(the power and force of the
community to enforce the law)
What is the posse comitatus?
The local sheriff
If an offender was caught for a

crime, they had to be turned over to
whom?
To take and hold the prisoners for an eventual hearing

before a disinterested third party.(typically the lord or
magistrate)
One of the sheriff's duties was?
Where the family of the offender would retaliate against

the victim or the victim's family to get even.
What are blood-feuds or vendettas?
The Statute of Winchester
What was it called when towns

were required to have men on the
streets after dark to provide safety
to travelers and the people of the
town?
The Constable
Who supervised these men or

watchmen?
He served a voluntary one year term as part of his civic

duty.
How long did a constable serve as a

supervisor?
He had to bring any arrested offenders before the

magistrate the next morning.
What additional duties did the

constable have?
Gave the "hue and cry"
The Statute of Winchester also

required citizens to come to the aid
of the night watchmen whenever
they did, what?
They could be considered as an accomplice to the crime

and punished.
What happened to the citizen if

they did not respond and assist?

between ages 15 and 60
The statute required males to keep

arms for the purpose of rendering
aid to the constable and subduing
the offenders What was the age of
the males?
Offered rewards for the conviction of crimes such as

robbery, burglary and counterfeiting.
What did parliament do in 1689 to

address the issue of following up on
crimes,to determine who was
responsible for them?
ging crimes for the purpose of solving them.Thief-Takers
What people were motivated by the

reward money and confiscated
property from the criminals and
even suspected of encoura
A novelist, play-writer and attorney, he was named the

magistrate for the Bow Street Court. He organized
constables and thief takers to conduct investigations and
bring suspects to trial
Who was Henry Fielding and what

did he do?
He was Henry Firlding's brotgher and he took over for

him after he died in 1754. He organized a mounted patrol
to protect the highways from robbers and he instituted
foot patrol on the city streets.
Who was John Fielding?
To encourage victims to report crimes to his court and to

publish information about criminal activity, names and
descriptions of wanted criminals and stolen property.
The purpose of the Police Gazette?
25 years
How long did John Fielding serve

on the Bow Street court?
Modern Policing Detective
John was considered the father of

what?
Modern Policing
Robert Peel was considered to be

the father of.

The British Home Secretary
What position did Robert Peel

hold?
It was used in reference to Robert Peel and a term of

respect and appreciation.
What is meant by"bobbies"?
Prime Minister,knighted
Robert Peel also became the

______ _____ of England and was
______ for his service.
Were politicians extorted money from people and

companies that wanted to do business with the city.
What was the "spoils system"?
In order to become a police officer,an applicant had to

have political friends.
Under the "spoils system" what is

patronage?
To maintain order which consisted of arresting vagrants,

those under the influence of alcohol and those involved in
disturbances of the peace.
The emphasis of early policing was

what?
August Vollmer
One of the chief advocates of

reforming the police and was chief
of police in Berkeley,California
from 1905-1932
policing should serve the community on a non-partisan

basis, politics should be eliminated from policing, hiring
standards and training should be raised and agencies
should create specialized units(traffic,juvenile and vice)
Name some things that Vollmer

advocated.
the system where police applicants and those seeking to

promote would have to take a written test and those that
passed the test would be placed on a list to hire from.
What is the Civil Sevice System?
the father of modern policing in America.
Vollmer was considered to be the

father of what?
the Great Depression.
What major social event had a

tremendous impact on moving

policing towards professionalism?
the exception rather than the rule
Corruption is considered what in

today's policing?
the use of science to answer legal questions
What is forensics?
Criminalistics
What is the application of scientific

techniques in collecting and
analysing physical evidence?
Mathieu Orfila(1787-1853)
Who established forensic

toxicology and was considered to be
the father of forensic toxicology?
Hans Gross(1848-1915)
Who was the earlies advocate of

criminal investigation?
Alphonse Bertillon(1853-1914)
Developed the first means of

human identification known as
anthropometry
Francis Galton(1822-1911)
Provided the first definitive study

of fingerprints.
Albert S. Osborn(1858-1946)
In 1910, he authored the first

significant text in the field of
questioned document.
Edmond Locard(1877-1966)
Known today for his exchange

principle and believe that when a
criminal came in contact with
another person, a cross transfer
occurs.
Leone Lattes(1887-1954)
Expanded on the discovery that

blood can be grouped into 4
different categories.

Calvin Goddard(1891-1955)
Who was responsible for the

determination of whether a fired
bullet originated from the suspect's
weapon.
Alec Jeffreys(1950-)
He conducted an investigation into

the structure of the human gene that
led to the discovery of
DNA(deoxyribonucleic.
Patrol, Traffic and Detective functions.
What 3 broad areas did city police

departments typically provide law
enforcement services in?
Marshal's Service
This agency provide security for the

federal court system and serve as
bailiffs in federal courts.
The Postal Inspection Service
An agency which investigates theft

of mail and mail frauds. They have
jurisdiction over crimes that occur
on postal property(burglary,robbery
and homicide).
Secret Service
Was created to suppress the

counterfeiting of U.S. currency. It
also is responsible for protecting the
president and immediate family,
major presidential candidates; the
vice president and former
presidents.
FBI
The agency that investigate crimes

involving
banking;bakruptcy;naturalization
antitrust and land fraud. It is also
responsible for national security
such as counterterrorism; counterintelligenc; cyber crimes, public
corruption; civil rights; organized
crime; white collar crimes and

major thefts.
ATF
This agency is responsible for tax

collecting, alcohol,tobacco,
explosives and firearm laws. It also
investigates commercial arson
nationwide.
DEA
This agency also has concurrent

jurisdiction with the FBI and
basically investigate illegal drugs
and also coordinating these
investigation here and abroad.
The connection between a fact offered in evidence and the

issue to be proved.
What is relevance?
If it is important or substantial,(capable of properly

influencing the outcome of the trial)
When is an item of evidence

considered material?
When it is so unimportant compared to other easily

available evidence that the court should not waste time
admitting it.
What does evidence become

immaterial?
Unreasonable searches and seizures by all governmental

officials.
What does the Fourth Amendment

provide protections against?
a written outline containing probable cause; describes the

place to be search; and person or things to be seized
What must an investigator do to

obtain a search warrant?
When enough facts lead a reasonable and prudent person

to believe that criminal activity is fairly probable.
What is probable cause?
Oath or Affirmation
What must an application for a

search warrant be supported by?
Yes.
Can a search warrant be obtained

over the phone?

10 days
Within how many days must a

warrant be executed?
Consent, Stop and Frisk, Plain View, search Incident to

Arrest, Motor Vehicle Stop,Open Fields and Exigent
Circumstances.
Name the types of warrantless

searches?
yes
Can evidence found as a result of

consent search be admissible in
court?
Obtain the consent in writing to substantiate the

voluntariness of the consent.
What should the investigator do if a

person agrees to a consent search?
Reasonable Suspicion
The U.S. Supreme Court has held

that a police officer may
temporarily detain a person for
questioning if the officer has what.
On facts that can be articulated in court that criminal

activity is occuring , about to occur or has occurred
What must the reasonable suspicion

detention be based on?
It must be fairly short and only long enough to clarify the

reasons for the detention.
How long can a person be detained,

while under temporary detention
It permits the officers to seize evidence without a warrant

if the officer is lawfully in a position to view an object in
plain view and the incriminating character is immediately
apparent.
What is the plain view exception?
Effecting an arrest, executing a search warrant, pursuing a

fleeing suspect and responding to an emergency.
Describe some circumstances that

the plain view exception may
apply?
It includes the person, a wallet or purse that is associated

with the person being arrested, the area into which the
arrestee could immediately be reached.
What is the scope of the search

limited to when a search incident to
a lawful arrest has been conducted?
Voluntary or consensual stop; stop and fisk and the arrest
name 3 categories of police

encounters.
Mathieu Orfila
-father of forensic toxicology

(study of the effects of poisons)
Hans Gross
-earliest advocate of criminal

investigation as a science
-credit for developing a system of
investigation
-greatest contribution, advocacy of
a parallel system of inquiry based
on the crime scene
Alphonse Betrillon
-developed the first means of

human identification, known as
anthropometry
-system of taking eleven
measurements of various parts of
the body
Francis Galton
-first definitive study of fingerprints
Albert Osborn
-questioned documents
Edmond Locard
-founder and director of the

Institute of Criminalistics at the
University of Lyons
-best known for his exchange
principle
Leone Lattes
-discovery that blood can be

grouped into four categories (A, B,
AB, and O)
Calvin Goddard
-determing whether a bullet was

fired from a suspect's weapon,
through the use of a comparison
microscope

Alec Jeffreys
-discovered DNA, giving the

scientific community a means to
link biological evidence (blood,
semen, hair, and tissue) to a single
individual
12,600 Police 3,000 Sheriff
How many police departments and

sheriff departments are in the US?
73%
What is the percentage of all sworn

officers in the US, that are
employed by police departments?
Patrol, Traffic, and Detective
What three broad areas of law

enforcement services do city police
departments typically provide?
Posse Comitatus
-the power or force of the

community to enforce the law
-The Statute of Winchester of 1285
required all available citizens to
respond to protect the community
under what principle
200 Years
-policing as we know it has only

been in existence for less than....
Statute of Winchester
-1285
-required all towns to have men on
the streets after dark to provide for
safety of travelers and the town's
inhabitants
-required citizens to come to the aid
of night watchmen whenever they
gave the "hue and cry" for
assistance
-required all males between the ages
of 15 and 60 to keep arms for the
purpose of rendering aid and
subduing offenders

Constable
-a private citizen, who served a

voluntary one year term in this
position as part of his civic duty
Night Watchmen
-able-bodied men were required to

serve on a rotational basis and
without pay
-manned the village gates and
patrolled the streets while on the
lookout for disturbances of the
peace, crimes in progress, and other
threats such as fires
Thief Takers
-often criminals themselves,

suspected of encouraging crimes for
the purpose of solving them, in
order to obtain the reward money
Marshal's Service
-created in 1789 (claims to be the

oldest)
-provide federal court security, and
serve as their bailiffs
-enforce federal court orders
(guarded the first African American
students to be enrolled at Ole Miss
in 1962)
-assumed responsibility of the
Witness Protection Program in 1971
Postal Inspection Service
-started in 1830 with the creation of

the Office of Instructions and Mail
Depredations
-investigates mail theft, fraud, and
the shipment of obscene materials
in the mail
-in 1880 the title of Special Agent
was changed to Post Office
Inspector by Congress, and changed
again in 1954 to Postal Inspector
-have jurisdiction of crimes that
occur on postal property, including
burglary, robbery, and homicide

-in 1984 the service was given the
responsibility of investigating the
use of mail to distribute child porn
-key component in the multi-agency
task force that investigated the
Unabomber case
Secret Service
-created in 1856 to supress the

counterfeiting of US currency
-expanded to include investigation
of frauds against the government
(investigated the KKK,
nonconforming distillers,
smugglers, mail robbers, land
frauds, and a number of others)
-1902, Congress assigned
responsibility of Presidential
protection after the assassination of
President McKinley
-protection for major presidential
candidates, president-elect,
president's immediate family, vice
president, and former presidents
-in 1984, Congress made the use of
fraudulent credit and debit cards a
federal crime and assigned it to
Secret Service along with federalinterest computer fraud, and
fraudulent identification
Federal Bureau of Investigation
-created in 1908 with just 34 agents

investigating crimes involving
national banking, bankruptcy,
naturalization, anti-trust, and land
fraud
-1910, major expansion became
responsible for enforcement of the
Mann Act
-investigation and enforcement of
the Espionage Act, Selective
Service Act, and the Sabotage Act
-J. Edgar Hoover was director from
1924 to his death in 1972

-1932, established it's crime lab
-1935, agency changed it's name
from Bureau of Investigation to FBI
-resposibilities include national
security priorities such as
counterterrorism,
counterintelligence, and cyber
crime, and criminal priorities such
as public corruption, civil rights,
organized crime, white collar crime,
and major thefts
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Exposives
-tax collecting, enforcement, and

regulatory arm of the US
Department of Treasury
-separated from the IRS in 1972
-responsible for commercial arson
nationanwide
-they have their own crime lab, and
run IBIS (Integrated Ballistic
Identification System)
Drug Enforcement Administration
-created by President Nixon

through an Executive Order that
merged several agencied into a
unified command to combat the
global war on drugs
-sole responsibility for coordinating
these investigations abroad
-87 foreign offices in 63 countries
Relevant, Material, and Obtained Lawfully
-for evidence to be admissible in

court, it must be..
Fourth Amendment
-intended to provide a means of

balancing society's need to deal
with criminals and criminal activity
with the need to protect individual
rights
-right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable

searches and seizures
Probable Cause
-exists when enough facts lead a

reasonable and prudent person to
believe that criminal activity is
fairly probable
Search Warrant by phone
-in emergency situations

-made available in the magistrate's
court the following business day
Exceptions to the warrant requirement
-consent searches
-stop and frisks
-plain view exceptions
-searches incident to a lawful arrest
-motor vehicle stops
-open fields
-emergency circumstances
Stop and Frisk
-an officer may temporarily detain a

person for questioning if the officer
has reasonable suspicion that
criminal activity may be involved.
The person may als be patted down
for weapons if the officer has
additional reasonable suspicion that
the pat down was necessary for
officer safety. Such a detention is
not considered an arrest.
Motor Vehicle Exception
-requiring the existence of probable

cause, vehicle may be searched
without a warrant, due to their
mobility, use as transportation from
one crime scene to another, and use
in transporting, weapons, stolen
goods, and contraband. Locked
containers may be searched without
a warrant, as long as it is within the
scope of the search, and probable
cause still exists.

Curtilage
-the are immediately surrounding a

dwelling, and not included in the
open field exception to the warrant
requirement.
Extigent Circumstances
-reasonable belief that the evidence

may be immediately destroyed, hot
pursuit of a suspect whom the
investigators reasonably believe is
in the area to be searched,
immediate need to preserve or
protect life, threat to the safety of
officers conducting a protective
sweep of the premises.
Exclusionary Rule
-applies when an officer violates a

person's constitutional rights by
conduction an unlawful search or
seizure. (Fruit of the Poisoness
Tree)
Three Typical Encounters With Police
-consensual
-investigative detention or stop
-arrest
Arrest Warrants are necessary when.....
-the person to be arrested is

unavailable or his or her identity is
not known at the time.
Arrest Warrants must contain...
-describe the offense charged and

contain the name of the accused, or
a description
-indicate the time of issuance, city
or county and state where it was
issued, and the duty of the arresting
officer to bring the defendant before
a magistrate
-it is directed to, and must be acted
on, any peace officer in the
jurisdiction
-valid until recalled by the court

Broadcast Alarms
-orders to pick up a suspect, which

alert other police units to the recent
crime, usually is done first by radio,
then by fax, or computer
The objective of broadcasting facts as soon as they are

available....
-provide searching police with

enough identification to pick out a
fleeing person or vehicle with some
certainty that person or vehicle
being stopped is the subject of the
alarm
Wanted Notice
-should provide full information

about the fugitive and about the
areas in which he or she is likely to
be found
Basic content of a wanted notice....
-phohtgraph or sketch of the

fugitive, his or her fingerprints, and
an extensive personal description
Four purposes of a wanted modern wanted notice...
-provide sufficent identifying

characteristics
-alert other LEOs to the nature an
character of the fugitive, criminal
history, and if armed and dangerous
-deliniate the crime in sufficent
detail to alert arresting officers to
potential legally signifigant
evidence available at the time of the
arrest
Organization
Case Preparation is...
Case Preparation
-orderly array of information

collected during an investigation;
all the reports, documents, and
exhibits in a case.
Case Synopsis
-no more than a summary of the

package contents
Accusatory Pleading
-pretrial statement supprting the

evidence structure, made by the
accused person, and is oriented
toward providing the identity of the
person responsible for the crime
allege in the indictment
Corpus Delecti
-affirmative evidence
-"body of crime"
-time and date of the crime and the
jurisdiction where it occurred
-name of the accused
-elements of the offense
-specification of the criminal
agency (method) used to commit
the crime, and the name of the
victim
Negative Evidence
-evidence, explanations, and

reasons used as counter defenses to
the crime charged
Major Areas of Case Preparation
-Defendant and Corpus Delecti

-Negative Evidence
-Lawful Procedures (securing
evidence)
An investigation is succesful when...
-the crime under investigation is

promptly solved and the case is
closed.
Cases cleared by arrest are....
-a statistical measure of the

efficiency of the criminal
investigation function of any police
unit.
Criminal investigation function can be terminated...
-Results have obtained in full; the

case is cleared by arrest or

exceptional clearance.
-Results have been obtained in part,
and no further results can be
obtained.
-No results can be obtained.
Pursuing Truth
-main objective in an investigation
Sir John Fielding
-father of the modern police

detective
Sir Robert Peel
-father of modern policing
August Vollmer
-father of modern policing in

America
Patronage
-system of hiring police based on

their political connections rather
than their ability to be a good police
officer
Toxicology
-the study of the effects of poisons

on the human body
Criminology
-the use of science to answer legal

questions
Consent Search
-a serach where a person

voluntarily waives their
constitutional protection from
unreasonable searches and seizures,
and allow an investigator to search
their home, person, and property.
Plain View Search
-permits investigators to observe

and seize evidence without a
warrant if the officer is lawfully in a
position from which an object and
the incriminating character of the

object are immediately apparent
Extraditions
-when a fugitive is apprehended in

another state, the fugitive has a right
to a legal hearing in which the
prosecution must demonstrate the
probable cause for the return of the
fugitive to the state where the crime
occurred.
Prosecutor
-The decision to charge a suspect

with a crime is the duty of which
person in the criminal justice
system?
Criminal Investigation
-a lawful search for people and

things useful in reconstructing an
illegal act or omission and analysis
of the mental state accompanying it.
Scene of the Crime
For many crimes, the investigation

process begins at the...
-Responding officers rendering the scene safe and secure

-Crime scene investigators conducting a search for
evidence and prepare documentation of the scene
-Search for witnesses
The successful management of a

crime scene involves what three
major functions?
Alert to any suspects or witnesses leaving the scene
When notified that a crime has

occurred, the responding officers
should be....
Neutralize
It is the first responder's

responsibility to _________ the
crime scene, making it safe for
personnel to enter the area.
Arrest of any suspects and the elimination of any hazards

that might present a threat
Neutralization of the scene

includes...

Preliminary investigation
The crime scene is the focus of

the...
-Alert in their approach

-Safety of the scene
-Medical attention for the injured parties
-Search for witnesses
What responsibilities do the police

have when responding to a crime
that has just occurred?
Destruction of evidence
The possibility of saving a life

takes precedence over the possible...
Identify possible potential witnesses and separate them as

soon as possible.
The first officer at the scene should

do what in regards to witnesses?
Retroactive Inference
-When witnesses discuss the crime

or overhear others talking about the
crime, they tend to adopt some of
this information as their own or
alter their recollections to fit with
those of other witnesses. This
process is normal and is known as...
"A long, hard look."
The first step in processing a crime

scene for clues and evidence is to
make an accurate survey of the
surroundings and carefully evaluate
the situation, or....
Effective protection of the crime scene
A search for evidence starts with...
Chronological log
Officers guarding the perimeter of

the crime scene are responsible for
preparing a _____________ of
events as they occur at the scene.
1/3
Recent studies have shown that

crime reporting make up ___ of all
coverage in local television
newscasts.

-Type of crime committed, including a brief description of Usually the following information
what happened, where, and when
can be released to the media...
-Identity of the victim (usually not released if the victim is
deceased or a victim of sexual assault)
-Facts concerning the arrest of the suspect (name, age,
time, place, resistance, and waepons involved)
-Prior criminal charges or convictions or comments
regarding the reputation, character, guilt or innocence of
the suspects
-Identification of juvenile suspects
-Comment on any admission or confession
-Identity of any possible witnesses
-Precise description of the amount of money or other
items taken
Information that should not be

released to the media...
Systematic
Typically the tasks to be performed

by the crime scene investigation
team start with the ____ search for
evidence.
Evidence; Selective
The main purpose of a search is to

look for ___ of what happened
during the crime. It is not a random
grouping but rather a ____ looking
for objects and materials.
Single-officer search
Staffing problems in police units, as

well as problems associated with
the proffering of evidence in court,
have brought about the
development of the _______. The
goal is to limit the number of
officers in possession of crime
scene evidence to the officer
searching the scene.
Crime Scene
A _______ is the place of the

crime, including any adjoining entry
or exit area.

-point-to-point movement
-ever-widening circle
-ever narrowing circle
-zone or sector search
-strip or grid search
Traditionally, systematic searching

has utilized the following methods...
grid search
The _____ begins after the strip

search is completed.
Locard's exchange principle
-states suspects will bring items of

evidence into the crime scene and
will take items with them when they
leave.
Chain of Custody
Continuity of possession,
________, must be established
when evidence is offered in court as
an exhibit.
Packaged
Evidence must be ________ to

avoid breakage, loss, or
contamination in transit.
Criminalistics
________________ includes the

identification of physical evidence
and the finding of its origin.
known standard of evidence
Individualization of evidence often

requires that physical evidence
collected at the crime scene be
matched with a _____ _____ of
_____ or a control.
Schmerber
Since the ______ case, it is lawful

to take a sample from an arrested
person charged with a crime in
which blood collected as evidence
requires a known sample for
comparative analysis.

The Fifth Amendment
The recovery of blood, clothing,

and hair without consent is not
prohibited by ____ ___ because
these are all considered "real or
physical evidence" and thus are
subject to the controls of the right
privacy and search and seizure
clauses of the fourth amendment,
rather than to self-incrimination.
Mispelled
______ words can contribute to the

physical match between sample and
questioned writing.
Fifth Amendment
Requiring a suspect to give

handwritten exemplars is not
considered to be a request for
communications that fall within the
protection of the ____ ____.
Investigator
It is the responsibility of the

_______ to seek known standards
until such time as he or she is
informed that they are not required.
Investigator
Transporting physical evidence to

laboratory, to a place of storage, or
to the prosecutor's office or to the
courtroom is the responsibility of
the ________ who found the
evidence.
Prosecutor
At no time should an investigator

return any part of evidence to its
rightful claimant without the
authority of the ______.
Case
When the ____ is completed, the

prosecutor has the authority to
release the evidence.

Disposable gloves
The first line of defense against

infectious disease is to wear ____
____.
Final survey
The ___ ___ ensures that all the

evidence has been identified and
collected and that the scene has
been properly processed prior to
release.
Field notes
_____ _____ made during the

search of a crime scene are the basic
record of the search and the
evidence discovered.
Crime scene sketches and photographs
________ usually are offered in

evidence as exhibits that are more
realistic than words or that can
assist jurors in understanding the
case, or both.
Memoranda
Field notes are ________ made by

the investigator during an
investigation.
Preliminary investigation report
The place and time to obtain data

for a ___________ are at the crime
scene during the initial
investigation.
Record, transmit
The offense report originates at the

operational level, and it's basic
purpose is to _____ and ______
information.
Corpus Delecti
Essential elements of the offense.
Size
The use of a measurement marker

is neccessary to put the ____ of the
item in the photograph in

perspective.
Accurate measurments
When a graphic illustration is

meant to clarify a written report,
_____ ______ are needed.
Discovery
Request by the defense counsel to

the prosecutor before trial for
disclosure of the police case against
his or her client.
First officer
It is the duty of the ___ ____ at the

scene of a suspected crime to
"contain" it.
Revenge
When looking for a suspect, one of

the most powerful motivations for
people to talk, is ____.
Elimination of unnecessary detail
The advantage of a sketch over a

photograph is the ________.
Strip
The crime scene search pattern that

starts at one end of the scene and in
which searchers work back and
forth until the entire area is
searched is known as what type of
search?
Broadcast alarm
The brief contact with the victim

and witnesses for the purpose of
gathering suspect information is
done for what purpose?
Direct evidence and Circumstantial evidence
What two kinds of proof are used

during a criminal trial to answer the
question of guilt or innocence?
Direct evidence
-Involves eyewitnesses who have,

through one or more of their five
senses, experienced something
relative to the crime in question or
it's circumstances.
Circumstantial evidence
-inference from which an inference

can be drawn and which includes
items such as physical evidence.
Major of types of circumstantial evidence
Weapons, blood, imprints or

impressions, tool marks, hair, fibers,
glass, paint, and questioned
documents
Class evidence and individual evidence
Physical evidence can be divided

into what two broad categories?
Class evidence
What type of evidence cannot be

linked to a particular person or an
object, but onlt to a class of objects?
Types of class evidence
What type of evidence includes

glass, paint, shoe prints, ballistics,
fibers, and tool marks?
Individual evidence
What type of evidence can be

linked to a specific person?
(Example: fingerprints)
Individual evidence
What type of evidence includes

palm prints, sole prints, voice
prints, bite marks, and even ear and
lip prints?
Ballistics
What is the identification of

firearms, bullets, cartridges, and
shotgun shells?
Interior ballistics
What refers to the functioning of

firearsm through the firing cycle?
Exterior ballistics
What is the study of projectiles in

flight?
Proof marks
What are emblems and symbols

that indicate tests performed to
prove the strength of the chamber of
a firearm by actual firing with
maximum loads.
Caliber and gauge
What are identifying characteristics

of firearms and shotguns?
Postmortem forensic science
When the victim is dead and an

autopsy is performed, what is one
type of procedure that is the
removal of spent bullets without
damage to their original condition?
GSR Gunshot Residue Examination
What is the examination used to

search the presence of the major
components in a center cartridge?
Exothermic Reaction
What process occurs when

compounds and elements of a fired
cartridge undergo a rapid increase
in temperature, followed by a sharp
decrease?
Blood
What trace can divulge a great deal

of information about the criminal,
the victim, and what happened
during a crime?
Kastle-Meyer color test
What is the test based on the

reaction with the enzymes in the
blood which causes the test strip to
turm a deep pink color?

Hemastix
What is the trade name for the

Kastle-Meyer color test?
Luminol
What presumptive test produces

light rather than color as it reacts
with blood?
Bluestar
What is the trademark name of the

relatively new product that
produces a faint blue glow when it
reacts with blood?
Precipitin Test
What test determines whether blood

is human or animal, usually by
injecting rabbits with blood, to see
if antibodies form to neutralize
human blood?
Gel Diffusion
What test takes advantage of the

fact that antibodies and antigens
diffuse or moved to one another on
a plate coated with a gel medium
made from a polymer called agar?
Bloodstains
_________ which have been dried

for ten to fifteen years and longer
may still give a positive precipitin
reaction.
Imprints
What are markings left on a surface

by protruding parts of a person or
vehicle, such as bloody handprints,
bloody footprints, or tire tread
marks?
Impressions
What are made by a person or an

object in a material softer than the
item of evidence making the
impression, such as footprints or
tire tracks left in the snow?

Photographing
Impressions are collected as

evidence by first ___________ and
then casting the impression.
Fingerprints
What can be found at a crime scene

as either imprints or impressions?
Contaminated Prints
Bloody fingerprints left on weapons

or at the scene of a crime are called
what?
Plastic Prints
What are fingerprint impressions

that are left when a person comes
into contact with soft glazier's putty
around the edges of a window?
Latent Prints
What usually cannot be seen with

the naked eye, and need to be
developed to be seen?
Iodine Fuming or Ninhydrin Process
Latent fingerprints on porous

surfaces such as paper are
developed in the laboratory through
what process or processes?
Cyanoacrylate Fuming Process
Fingerprints on slippery surfaces

such as plastic bags, which are
resistant to the dusting process, can
be developed using a common glue
product that is heated in a covered
tank, and the resulting fumes settle
on the print. What is this process
known as?
AFIS - Automated Fingerprint Identification System
What computer technology allows

for a fingerprint to be collected
electronically?
55
The FBI's database contains how

many millions sets of fingerprints?

2
The automated system has reduced

the FBI's criminal ten-print
processing time from forty-five
days with the inked card system, to
less than how many hours?
Root Bulb
A DNA analysis can be performed

on hair if what is attached?
Microscopic Analysis
Without DNA analysis the crime

laboratory would conduct what kind
of analysis of the hair to determine
the origin, racial origin, age and
sex, forcible removal, and hair
comparison?
Caucasian
What kind of hair oval to round in

shape?
African
What kind of hair is flat to oval in

shape?
Natural
Cotton fibers, which is a plant

material, and wool fibers, which are
from sheep, are what types of
common fibers?
Synthetic
Manufactured fibers found in

nylon, polyesters, and acrylics are
examples of what kind of fibers?
Comparison Microscope
What is essentially two

microscopes connected together
side by side that allows two samples
to be viewed simultaneously by the
operator?
Microspectrophotometer
The visible-light _______ is a

reliable method for analysts to
compare the colors of fibers through

spectral patterns.
Radial and Concentric
What two types of fractures that

form a pattern similar to a spider's
web, will result when an object
breaks a pane of glass?
Radial Fracture
What type of glass fracture starts at

the point of impact and runs
outward in a star-shaped pattern?
Concentric Fracture
What type of glass fracture forms

concentric circles around the point
of impact?
Glass
Density, refractive index, thickness,

color, and chemical composition are
some of the common characteristics
examined to differentiate what
material?
Paint
What evidence is usually found in

the form of smears or chips?
Questioned Document
In cases involving checks, the

check itself is a what?
Charred
What kind of paper must be

sprayed with a preservative and
requires special packaging and
transport to the place of
examination?
Age/Sex
The crime laboratory can conduct

an analysis of human hair. What
cannot be determined with certainty
from this analysis?
Dusting Process
Fingerprints left on smooth,

nonporous surfaces such as glass
can be developed by using which
process?
Trustworthiness
What quality of an investigator is

important to the net worth of the
entire investigation?
Forensic Science Laboratory
A crime laboratory in which

physical evidence obtained by
police in the course of an
investigation is examined may now
be known as what?
Forensic Scientists
Laboratory technicians are often

identified as what?
Criminalistics
What is the profession and

scientific discipline directed to the
recognition, identification,
individualization, and evaluation of
physical evidence by application of
the natural sciences in the matters
of law and science?
Set Theory
Identification in criminalistics is
aligned with the logic of what? This
states that all objects can be divided
and subdivided onto various sets on
the basis of their properties.
Ciminalistics
What is a subsystem in the

administration of justice that studies
the effect of a criminal upon a crime
scene (and other sites of criminal
activity) and vice versa?
DNA
Each molecule of what, the primary

carrier of genetic information in
living organisms, consists of a long

spiral strusture that has been likened
to a twisted ladder?
Base Pair
Each rung of the "DNA ladder"

consists of what?
Nucleotides
A base pair is two of four varieties

of nucleic acid, and are combined in
pairs called what?
Sequence
The ______ of these base pairs

constitutes the genetic coding of
DNA.
Red Blood Cells
DNA in humans is found in all cells

that contain a nucleus, except what?
Genome
Each nucleated cell usually

contains the full complement of an
individual's DNA, that is unvarying
from cell to cell, is known as what?
Alleles
What is referred to as the person-toperson differences within a

particular segment of DNA
sequence?
Contaminated
Many of the frequently encountered

specimens found at crime scenes are
either _____, degraded, or small in
quanity.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
What involves extracting DNA

from a small evidence sample and
then replicating it through a
complex operation of repeated
heated and cooling cycles and
exposure to an enzyme?

STR (short tandem repeats)
The FBI has selected thirteen _____

_____ _____ loci to serve as a
standard battery of core loci, each
of which contains a short region
where a sequence of three, four, or
five nucleotides is repeated a
different number of times in
different people.
Allele
When comparing DNA samples

from known individuals with
evidence samples, a difference in a
single ____ can exclude somone as
the donor of that evidence sample.
DNA
What is found in all body tissues

and fluids?
CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)
What is the FBI's national database

that links state databases, that
networks to link DNA typing results
from unsolved criminal cases in
multiple jurisdictions and to alert
investigators to similarities among
unsolved crimes?
Human
What kind of cells contain two

types of DNA, nuclear and
mitochondrial?
23
How many chromosomes does

nuclear DNA contain?
Mother
Mitochondrail DNA (mtDNA) is

found outside the nucleus and is
inherited solely from the ______.
90
Mitochondria are cell structures

found in all human cells and they
provide about __ percent of the

energy.
One
There are hundreds to thousands of

mitochondria copies in a human cell
compared to just ___ nuclear DNA
located in the same cell.
Criminalist
The work of whom, concerns the

physical and biological science
laboratories, examination of
substances involved with crimes
and suspects, and the use of selected
equipment normally associated with
scientific techniques in such
disciplines?
Spectrography
In what, the radiation from an

incandescent gas or vapor is
concentrated in certain discrete
wavelengths?
Spectrum
What is the unique and

characteristic pattern of
wavelengths?
Chromatography
What is a method of separating

compounds to identify components?
X-ray crystallography
What is useful for the identification

of any crystalline solid or
compound from which a crystalline
solid derivative can be made?
X-ray diffraction
What is of use in the processing

very small samples, in examing
samples with noncrystalline
impurities, and in identifying
inorganic and mineral substances?
NAA (neutron activation analysis)
What is a technique that can

analyze samples one hundred too
small for ordinary spectrographic
techniques, and can determine if a
suspect or victim recently fired a
handgun? It involves bombarding
the sample with neutrons in a
nuclear reactor, which causes the
different elements to come
radioactive, and make it possible to
identify the different radioactive
elements present, and determine the
quantity of each.
Gamma-Ray Spectrometer
What is the very sophisticated

apparatus that is used to measure
the distinctive radioactive gammaray emissions and thereby to
identify the elements from which
the rays originate?
TMDT (Trace Metel Detection Technique)
Distinctive "signatures'" of
handguns, tools, and other metal
objects are now available to
investigators through what
innovative technique?
Ultrasonic Cavitation
What method of etching may

replace chemical, electrolytic, and
magnetic particle methods of
restoring obliterated serial numbers
on firearms and other metal objects?
Lasers
What are widely used in the

detection of fingerprints, and have
been recently been found to be
useful in the examination of
questioned documents for alteration
or obliteration cases?
Voiceprinting
What is the graphical identification

of voices?

Voicepring Identification
What is based on the physical

characteristics of each individual's
vocal cavities (the throat, mouth,
nose, and sinuses) and the manner
of manipulating the lips, teeth,
tongue, soft palate, and jaw
muscles?
Cryptography
What is the use of simple ciphers

and codes to protect the security of
messages?
Substitution Ciphers
What is the most common cipher in

use by criminals, in which a
symbol, letter, or digit stands for
another symbol, letter, or digit?
Transposition Ciphers
Ciphers that are characterized by a

change in the order in the
enciphered material?
NIBIN (National Integrated Ballistic Information

Network)
What is the database of fired

cartridge casings and bullets
images, maintained by the Bureau
of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and
Explosives (ATF)?
International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query
What is the database developed and

maintained by the Forensic
Laboratory Services of the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police that
contains chemical and color
information pertaining to original
(factory) automotive paint, and can
determine the make, model year,
and the assembly plant on more
than 13,000 vehicles? Contributors
to the database include the United
States, Canada, and twenty-one
other countries.

Shoeprint Image Capture and Retrieval (SICAR)
What is a commercially available

database that includes more than
three hundred shoe manufacturers,
with more than eight thousand sole
patterns?
Spectrograph
Which piece of laboratory

equipment would be used to
determine the elements contained
within mineral samples?
Criminalist
What is the professional name for

employees in a forensic laboratory
who conduct the scientific
examination?
Known Identity and Unknown Identity
What two categories does a case

fall into when the perpetrator is not
promptly arrested, and effects the
direction of the investigation?
Victim
Who offers the initial basic lead?
Field Contact
What kind of reports of interviews

by patrol officers at and about the
time and place of the crime offer
data about suspects and sometimes
vehicles?
Latent Prints and other Trace Evidence
What things found at crime scenes

confirm that a suspect has been at
the scene and indicate opportunity?
Developing Leads
What is a combination of knowhow, the cognitive process, and the

ability to work rapidly?
The Investigation
What should continue until all

evidence, positive or negative, is
gathered to prove the crime; to

identify the perpetrator; and to
disprove, when possible, defenses
such as justification, excuse, lack of
specific intent, lack of malice,
diminished capacity, intoxication,
ignorance, error, insanity, and the
alike?
Active Information
What leads to the establishment of

a group of suspects?
Passive information
What is associative evidence that

can only be of use if a group of
suspects has been developed?
Benefit
The question of who might ____

from a crime provides an excellent
focus for making inquiry.
Opportunity
Searching for and identifying

persons with the _____ to commit a
crime is a valid basic lead.
Alibi
What is a claim of being elsewhere?
Knowledge
Possession of the _____ needed to

commit a crime suggests possession
also of the skill and capacity to have
done it.
Field Contact Reports
What are records of the stop-andfrisk interviews with the persons

stopped in their cars or on foot
because of their suspicious
appearance or actions?
Vehicle
There is no better clue to the

identity of a criminal than the
identification of a what?

Stolen Vehicles
Enterprising detectives scan what

kind of reports for similarities with
the descriptions of cars used in a
crime?
Perpetrators of the Crime
Fingerprints found at crime scenes

have a very high potential for
identifying who, once the imprints
of the victim and other nonsuspects
are screened out?
Identifiable Items
A search for stolen property is a

search for what?
Recovery
No assumptions should be made in

regard to describing identifying
characteristics of stolen property.
_____ depends on identification.
Modus Operandi
What is the choice of a particular

crime to commit and the selection
of a method of committing it?
Signature
The modus operandi of a criminal

is his or her ____.
1994
What year did Congress pass the

Jacob Wettrling Crimes Against
Children and Sexually Violent
Offender Registration Act? (In
honor of 11 year old Jacob
Wetterling who was kidnapped
while riding his bicycle in
Minnesota.)
Ten
When an offender commits a

criminal sexual act against a minor
or commits any sexually violent
offense, they must register for how
many years from the date of their

release from custody or
supervision?
FBI
In 1996 the Jacob Wettrling Crimes

Against Children and Sexually
Violent Offender Registration Act
was amended by establishing a
national sex offender database, that
is maintained by whom?
California
What state was the first to pass an

offender registration law in 1947,
that requires convicted arsonists,
drug offenders, and sex offenders to
register?
Amber Alert system
What nationwide system is a law

enforcement tool for combating
sexual predators?
Mug Shots
What are photographs made of

suspects at the time of arrest?
Identi-Kit
What is another visual means of

identification through the
cooperation of victims and
witnesses, that consists of hundreds
of slides that contains photo
reproductions of one small portion
of the human face?
- Neighborhood Friendships
- Juvenile Hall and Prison Contacts
- Family Relationships
- Coethnic Contacts
- Buyer-Seller Interactions
- Lovers
What are six types of relationships

that form strong personal linkages
between persons engaged in
criminal activity?
- Hatred
- Revenge
What are some of the more

common motivations for snitching?

- Jealousy
- Greed
Participant Informant
What type of informant acts as a

go-between: to identify the drug
seller and to introduce the
undercover investigator as a
potential buyer, or to "instigate" the
transaction in some fashion?
Shills
What role requires the informant to

sell property to the police playing
the role of buyers in order to lure
real burglars and thieves to do
likewise?
Covert Informants
What type of informant, known as

"moles", report information about
terrorist or other criminal
organizations, from a postion of
trust and confidence within the
group?
Accomplice Witness
What type of witness is liable to the

prosecution for the identical offense
charged against the defendant or
defendants in a pending trial?
Surveillance
What is the observation of people

and places by investigators to
develop investigative leads, often
hidden, not just unobtrusive?
Visual Surveillance
Waht is nothing more than keeping

watch on a particular suspect,
vehicle, or place?
Fixed Visual Surveillance
What is known as a stakeout or

plant, is located within a building, if
possible, with observations made

through available windows or
doors?
Moving Visual Surveillance
What is known as a "tail", may be

on foot, may be in a vehicle, or may
use a combination of walking and
riding?
Audio Surveillance
What observation technique has

been termed "dirty business" by the
U.S. Supreme Court?
Places
The Fourth Amendment protects

people, not _____.
Participant Monitoring
Consensual electronic surveillance

is also known as what?
Contact Surveillance
Waht techniques are based on the

capability of certain fluorescent
preparations to stain a person's
hands or clothing upon contact and
thus offer observable proof of a
connection between the stained
person and the object under
surveillance?
- Needs
- Collection
- Evaluation and Collation
- Analysis-interpretation
- Dissemination
- Reevaluation
What are the six stages of the police

intelligence process?
Photographic Lineup
What is conducting by showing a

witness a number of photos, usually
four to six? (six pack)
Composites
When photos are not available, an

eyewitness might be asked to

collaborate with a police artist in
developing what?
Personal Linkage
When more than one person is

responsible for the commission of a
crime and when one suspect is
identified, the other suspects may
be identified as well using which
investigative lead?
Field Lineup
This type of lineup is held shortly

after the commission of the crime
and involves bringing the witness to
the suspect's location and is known
as?
Basic Lead
This type of informant is motivated

to divulge information to the police
for a variety of reasons, such as
jealousy, greed, revenge, or to
eliminate competition.
Interview
What is a person-to-person
conversation for the purpose of
obtaining information about a crime
or its circumstances?
Verbal
An interview is an interactive
process that involves the
interpretation of both visual and
what input?
Deception
Clues to what can be obtained from

the suspect's body language,
demeanor, and comfort level during
the interviewing process?
80%
About ____ percent of all

interviews are informal and take
place outside of an office setting.

Privacy
What is important, as it insulates

the witness from the input of
others?
Reverse Transference or Retroactive Interference
Conducting interviews in private

also guards against the possibility of
______ _______ or _______
______, which occurs when a
witness overhears other witnesses
discussing their observations and
then takes on some, if not all, of
their information as his or her own.
Rapport Building
The bonding process, known as

what, is essential if an investigator
is to obtain the maximum amount of
information?
Rapport
What is defined as developing a

harmonious relationship with
another person?
Official Police Report
If a witness used racial slurs or

other hateful epithets during the
interview, this information should
be noted in the what?
First Step
What step of the interview process

involves asking open-ended
questions, such as "what
happened?" or "what did you see or
hear?" No notes or audio or visual
recording is conducted at this point.
Second Step

is having the witness repeat his or
her story while the interviewer takes
notes or records the conversation?
Third Step

involves the interviewer going over
his or her notes with the witness,
and insures that the interviewer
accurately records or paraphrases
what the interviewer actually said?
Fourth Step

involves thanking the witness for
cooperating and asking for any
additional information the witness
wants to give at this time?
125
Most people at a speed of about __

words a minute, which is extremely
slow compared to how fast a person
can think.
65%
What percentage of our

conversation with one another is
nonverbal?
Active Involvement
Being a good listener requires ____

_____.
50%
Traditional methods of detecting

deception during interviews succeed
only ____ percent of the time.
- Comfort/Discomfort
- Emphasis
- Synchrony
- Perception Management
An alternate paradigm for detecting

deception is based on what four
critical domains?
Comfort or Discomfort
A person's level of what is one of

the most important clues
interviewers should focus on when
trying to establish veracity?
Deceptive
An interview that is out of sync or

lacks harmony indicates that the

person being interviewed is
uncomfortable or is possibly being
what?
Perception Management
Nonverbal behaviors, such as

yawning, indicating boredom, or
stretching out on a couch, as if to
demonstrate comfort, are examples
of what?
Perception Management
Statements such as, "I could never

hurt someone.", "lying is beneath
me," or "I have never lied," all of
which should alert the interviewer
to the possibility of deception.
90%
Approximately ___ percent of the

population will move their eyes to
the left when they are recalling
something that they actually
experienced. (neurolinguistic eye
movement)
- Pneumograph
- Galvanograph
- Cardiograph
Modern polygraphs have three

components or channels -- that is,
three separate capabilities for
recording anatomical responses to
the questioning situation. What are
they?
Pneumograph
What records respiration (breathing

rate and depth) in a polygraph?
Galvanograph
What records electrodermal

response (skin electrical resistance
changes) in a polygraph/
Cardiograph
What records the changes in pulse

rate and blood pressure in a
polygraph?

Cardiograph
What component of the polygraph

is considered the most reliable
indicator of deception?
Least Dependable
The galvanic skin response (GSR),

which is measured by the resistance
of the skin to the passage of a small
electric current, is the ____ ____
component of the polygraph.
Human Anantomy
Instrumental detection of deception

is based on what?
Peak-of-tension
The so-called ___ __ ____

questions relate to the actual
circumstances of the crime.
Cognitive interviewing
What is an investigation technique

used to enhance a witness's ability
to recall events?
- Reinstating the context of the event

- Recalling the event in a different sequence
- Looking at the event from a different perspective
The witness's ability to recall events

is improved by taking one or more
of the followig steps:
Independently
By recalling the event out of order,

the witness is asked to view each
segment of the event____.
Statements
What are excellent means of

documenting the story told to the
investigator by the witness?
Accurate
When a statement is taken, it should

be ____ about both what the
witness has said and what the
witness is prepared to testify to,
under oath, about his or her
observations.

Interrogation
What is defined as the adversarial

questioning of a suspect with the
goal of soliciting an admission or
confession of guilt?
Structured
Unlike an interview, an
interrogation is highly ____.
Brown v Mississippi
What court case involved Brown,

who was suspected of mnurder,
being stripped to the waist and
whipped with a belt until he
confessed.
Ward v Texas
Decided in 1942, suspected of

murder, Ward was driven county to
county over a three day period
without contact to friends or family
until he finally confessed.
Fikes v Alabama
1957, Held in solitary confinement

for 10 days until he confessed.
Ashcraft v Tennessee
1944, questioned for 36 hours

straight before confessing
Haley v Ohio
1948, questioned 15yo from

midnight to 5 am.
Davis v North Carolina
1966, questioned once or twice a

day for 16 straight days until he
confessed
Mincey v Arizona
1978, while in ICU, questioned for

4 hours.
Townsend v Sain
1963, heroin addict began suffering

withdrawls during questioning,
doctor administered medication to

alleviate the discomfort, unknown
to detectives, the medication acted
as truth serum and the defendant
confessed.
Escobedo v Illinois
1964, attorney was denied access to

client after he was requested by the
client, after 4 hours of questioning,
he confessed to the crime.
Fishing Expedition
A thorough investigation is
important because the suspect is
going to know if the investigator is
not prepared and only on a "____
_____."
Emotional Offender
What label refers to a person who

experiences considerable feelings of
remorse and mental anguish as a
result of committing the offense?
Nonemotional Offender
What label refers to a person who

ordinarily does not experience a
troubled conscience as a result of
committing a crime?
Factual Analysis Approach
The most effective tactic used on a

nonemotinal offender is the ___
____ ____. The approach appeals to
the suspect's common sense and
reasoning rather than emotions and
is designed to persuade the suspect
that his or her guilt is established
and , consequently, the intelligent
choice to make is to tell the truth.
Confess their crimes
Investigators must conduct

interrogations with the belief that
suspects, when presented with the
proper avenue, will use it to ___
___ ____.

- Video Recording
- Audio Recording
- Writing
What three methods are used to

document a suspect's confession?
It captures exactly what happened during the interrogation What is the strength of video
process.
recording an interrogation?
Clock on the wall
To guard against editing or altering

a video recording, what should be
placed in the interrogation room,
and should be included in the
recording?
Technology
What has made it possible to record

interrogations outside of the
interview room?
Date and time
Waht should be stated at the

beginning and end of and audio
recording of an interrogation, to
guard against allegations of editing?
Credibility
When interviewing a subject, the

investigator notices that the person
uses racially biased comments and
slurs. The investigator should take
note of these comments as they
relate to that person's what?
Competency
When interviewing a person, the

investigator should be aware that
the person's age, intelligence,
mental state, and level of
intoxication could all affect that
person's ability to testify at trial.
These issues relate to the person's
what?
Comfort
During the course of the interview

the investigator notices that the

person being interviewed begins to
move around in the chair, jiggles his
or her feet, and fidget. These are all
signs of a lack of what?
Synchrony
During the course of an interview,

the investigator asks the subject
who is responsible for the crime
being investigated if he or she
committed the crime. The subject
states that he or she does not know
who might have committed the
crime, while at the same time, he or
she nods his or her head up and
down. This combination of words
and body movement is indicative of
deception and an example of lack of
what?
Emotional
A sympathetic approach that uses

expressions of understanding and
compassion is appropriate for what
type of offender?
Custody and interrogation
The Supreme Court established a

two-prong test that determines
when the so-called Miranda
warnings must be given. this twoprong test is met when which two
conditions are present?
Crimes of Violence
What include attacks on the person

that produce death or serious bodily
injury?
- by others
- self-inflicted injury
- physical abuse of children
Crimes of violence assaults include

attacks by:
The Person
Criminal homicides, from murder

to manslaughter, and common and

aggravated assault are major crimes
against who?
First-degree murder
What is defined as the premeditated killing of another human

being with malice, or wrongful
intent?
Second-degree murder
What involves the killing of

another, without the element of
premeditation?
Manslaughter
What is defined as the unlawful

killing of another without malice or
premeditation either voluntarily or
involuntarily?
Involuntary Manslaughter
A killing that is done in the heat of

passion is an example of what?
Voluntary Manslaughter
What is the appropriate charge

when the death occurs while the
perpetrator was involved in the
commission of an unlawful act not
amounting to a felony, such as
driving while intoxicated?
First Degree
If the death occurs as a result of the

commission of a felony, such as
arson, robbery, burglary, or sexual
assault, then the felony murder rule
would apply, which makes the
killing one of the _____ _____
regardless of the lack of intent or
premeditation.
Criminal Agency
What means the death was caused

by another person's unlawful act or
omission?

Suspicious Death
Police conduct what type of

investigation in all cases in which
the circumstances of the death
indicate violence or foul play?
Foul Play
What is some criminal agency;

when death occurs in a place other
than the residenceof the deceased;
or when the deceased is not under
the care of a physician at the time of
death?
Suspicious Death
What is a classification of certain

unexplained deaths so that they will
be investigated until either the
circumstances indicate that death
was due to natural, accidental, or
self-inflicted causes or the criminal
agency is determined and the
criminal agent is identified?
Autopsy
What is a major method of

detecting murder, and is a
postmortem examination of the
victim in a suspicious death case
performed by a competent
physician, generally a surgeon or
pathologist specializing in this field,
who determines the cause of death?
- Cause of death
- What means caused the death
- Was the homicide excuseable or justified
- Who was responsible for the death
The detection of criminal homicide

is based on the answers to what four
questions?
Autopsy Surgeon
Who shoulders the major

responsibility in determining the
cause of death?
The Police
Who accepts sole responsibility for

identifying the person responsible

for the killing?
- whether the death was caused by a criminal agency
- identify the deceased person
- cause of death
What does the basic medicolegal

service determine?
Autopsy Surgeon's findings
What does the postmortem

examination report contain?
- The preamble (date, place, and identity of the deceased

and of witnesses to identification)
- External Appearance (site, character, and dimensions of
any wounds or marks related to the cause of death)
- Internal Examination (description of brain, spinal
column, organs, and contents of body)
- A reasoned opinion of the cause of death based on the
facts found
- Signature of examiner (title and qualifications)
What are the five parts of the

postmortem report?
Incised Wounds
What wounds are spindle-shaped in

stabbing, linear in cutting?
Lacerated Wounds
What wounds are irregularly edged,

with some tearing?
Contusions
What wounds are bruises,

discolorations, hematoma?
Abrasions
What wounds are scratches and

trivial wounds?
Gunshot Wounds
What wounds are Shotgun: "rat

hole" to dispersion; rifles and
pistols: contact, entrance, and exit?
Antemortem
What wounds are prior to the

death?
Age of wound
What wounds have signs of healing

or decay?
Opinion about wound
Whether wounds are accidental,

suicidal, homicidal; "hesitation"
wounds in suicides, or "defense"
wounds in homicide.
- body temperature
- lividity
- rigor mortis
What indicates the time of death in

on-the-scene examination?
- Cause of death
- If a weapon or substance caused death, or the nature of
the fatal injuries
- Time of death in relation to the wound
- Whether the scene where the body was found, is the
death scene
- Evidence of chronic illness or other disease
- Evidence of blood, hair, or skin, other than the victim's
- Evidence of sexual knowledge or deviance
Classically, the autopsy report

should provide information on the
following:
Toxicologist
Who is a person that speacializes in

the detection of chemical, physical,
and biological toxins?
- Manner of Death
- Preceding manifestations of illness and pain
- Investigation at the death scene if foul play is expected
The history in a medicolegal

autopsy includes all available
information and the circumstances
of the case. What are the three main
points?
Characteristics
Identification after death is

determined by ______ that
distinguish the deceased from from
all other individuals.
- Fingerprints
- Dental Work
- Bones
- Surgical Procedures
What are the scientific means for

identification of the partial remains
of victims in suspicious deaths?

- Dental records
- Body x-rays
Insofar as skeletal remainsare

concerned, what are the most likey
means of identification?
Ante mortem
The major problem when dealing

with burned, skeletal, or mutilated
remains is locating the ___ ____, or
before-death records of the
deceased.
22
Tooth formation typically ends

when a person is about __ years of
age, however, a forensic dentist can
make an estimate as to a preson's
age based upon wear on the teeth
and the transparency of the roots of
the teeth which occurs with age.
- What was the victim doing at the time of the fatal

assault?
- What activity did the victim engage in immediately
before death? (24-28 hours or longer if warranted)
The time of death connects the

events that happen before the crime
with the actual killing in homicide
cases. What are the two important
questions related to this timeline?
Window of Death
Sometimes the activity in which the

victim was engaged prior to or at
the time of death can be timed
within reasonable limits. This
process is known as establishing the
what?
Forensic scientist and pathologist
When there are no witnesses to a

homicicde, who establishes the time
of death within the window of
death?
Algor Mortis
After death the begins to cool

through the process of what?
18-20
After death the temperature of the

body falls until it reaches the
ambient air temperature, which
usually occurs within ____ hours.
Algor mortis
What is considered to be one of the

more reliable indicators of time of
death?
Rigor mortis
Biochemical changes in the body

after death produce stiffening of the
muscles, or ___ ___, which usually
appears within 2 to 6 hours after
death.
2 to 3
In rigor mortis, the rigidity remains

for how many days before it
disappears in the same order in
which it appears?
Postmortem Lividity
What is the process in which blood

settles to the lowest part of the body
due to gravity, after the circulation
stops after death?
Postmortem Lividity
What is noticable approximately

within one hour after death, and is
fully developed within three to four
hours?
- Time of Death
- Indicate change of position or movement
Lividity discoloration provides

what two types of information?
- Autolysis
- Bacterial Action
Decomposition, or putrefaction,
begins at the time of death as a
result of what two processes?
Autolysis
What occurs by a chemical

breakdown of the body that results
in the softening and liquefaction of
body tissue?

Bacterial Action
What converts body tissue into

liquids and gases?
2 months
Insects that feed on dead bodies,

can reduce a body to skeletal
remains in less than ________
under favorable conditions.
Exhumation
What is the process of removing a

deceased person from its place of
burial that requires a court order?
- Crime Scene
- Postscene
- Lead Development
- Identification and Arrest
- Case Preparation
What are the five stages of a

criminal homicide investigation?
- The Anger Killing

- The Triangle Killing
- The Revenge or Jealousy Killing
- Killing for Profit
- The Random Killing
- Murder-Suicide
- Sex and Sadism
- Felony Murder
What are the eight basic patterns of

criminal homicide?
Anger Killing
When a dispute occurs, anger

develops, the victim is attacked
with or without weapons, and
fatally injured.
The Triangle Killing
If a wife is dea, and another woman

is involved in a romantic triangle,
grounds exist for suspecting that the
husband wished to rid himself of an
unwanted wife.
Multicide
What is the killing of a number of

victims by one or more persons

working in concert?
Mass Murder
What is the homicide of four or

more victims during a single event
at one location?
Spree Murder
What is the killing of three or more

persons within a relatively short
amount of time?
Serial Murder
What is two or more separate

murders when an individual, acting
alone or with another, commits
multiple homicides over a period of
time with time breaks between each
murder event?
Visionary Serial Killer
What type of killer is propelled to

kill by voices he or she hears or
visions he or she sees? He is out of
tuch with reality and in psychotic.
Mission Serial Killer
What type of killer feels a need on

a conscious level to eradicate a
certain group of people? He is in
touch with reality buts acts upon a
self-imposed duty to rid the world
of a certain class of people: ie,
prostitutes, religious, or racial
groups.
Hedonistic Killer
The lust killer or thrill killer is a

subtype of this category. The killer
has made the connection between
personal violence and sexual
gratification. These offenders
murder because they derive
pleasure from the act, killing for
them is eroticized. They are process
focused, taking some time to
complete, and include torture,

mutilation, and other fear-instilling
activities.
Power and Control Serial Killer
What type of killer receives sexual

gratification from the complete
domination of his victim? He is
psychologically rooted in reality,
and is a true sociopath who lives by
his own personal rules and
guidelines.
Comfort-Oriented Serial Murderer
What type of killer kills for

personal gain, such as professional
assassins?
Organized Offenders
What offenders are usually above

average in intelligence ? They are
methodical and cunning, and their
crimes are generally well thought
out and carefully planned. Fantasy
and ritual are important to them,
most of their victims share common
traits. They are considered socially
adept and use verbal skills to
manipulate their victims or gain
control of them. They are likely to
follow news reports and keep
souvenirs from their crimes to relive
them.
Disorganized Offenders
What offenders are inadequate

individuals who are experiencing
intense sadistic sexual fantasies and
may suddenly act out these fantasies
on a victim of opportunity? Their
actions and behavior could be
viewed as psychotic, and they are
usually of below average
intelligence. They are generally
loners who are not married, live
alone or with a relative in close
proximity to the crime scene.

Clustered Crime Scene
What type of scene involves a

situation where most of the
activities take place at one location:
the confrontation, the attack, the
assault, and the sexual activity?
Stalking
What is defined as an intentional

course of conduct that; is directed at
a specific person or persons,
seriously alarms, annoys,
intimidates, or harasses the victim,
and serves no legitimate purpose?
Celebrity Stalker
What type of stalker is known by

the victim on an impersonal level actor, sports star?
Lust Stalker
What type of stalker is, predatory

sex (in which the victim is a
starnger to the assailant), escalates
to murder?
Hit Stalker
What type of stalker is a

professional killer?
Love-Scorned Stalker
What type of stalker intends

violence against a known victim?
Domestic Stalker
What type of stalker is the ex-lover

or spouse, "get even" violence?
Political Stalker
What type of stalker is where a

selected victim is a stranger to the
assailant?
Assault
What is an unlawful attempt,

coupled with the present ability, to
commit an injury on another
person?

Battery
What is an unlawful beating or

other wrongful physical harm
inflicted on a human being without
his or her consent?
Aggravated Assault
What is an assault with a deadly

weapon or an assault in which
serious injury is inflicted with or
without a weapon?
Violent Injury
What term is synonymous with

force in assault cases, and includes
any application of physical force
even if it entails no pain or bodily
harm and leaves no marks?
Dying Declaration
If a victim is in extremis (near

death) and is aware of impending
death, the officer may secure a ____
____ indicating the victim's mental
condition and circumstances of the
attack.
Altercation
What is the word used describing a

verbal dispute?
- The Scene
- Dispute Origin
- Weapon
- Negative Evidence
Data in assault investigations are

usually organized within the
following 4 major segments:
Child Abuse
What is the intentional and

deliberate assault upon a child in
which serious bodily injury is
inflicted by a parent, foster parent,
babysitter, day-care worker, or other
person in a non-parental
relationship?
Battered Child Syndrome
In most areas of the U.S. cases of

child abuse brought to the attention
of police, or discovered by them,
are properly classed as ____ _____
_____.
- Damage to the skin (bruises, burns, lacerations,
abrasions, or swelling)
- Brain damage (convulsions, coma, retardation)
- Bone damage ( pain on movement, deformity)
- Internal Injuries (shock, abdominal pain, signs of
internal bleeding)
Signs of physiacal abuse, in the

absence of a reasonable
explanation, for the injury, include
the following (4):
10
Burns make up __ percent of all

child abuse cases.
Immersion burns
What is a result from a child's

falling or being placed into a tub or
other container of hot liquid?
Deliberate Immersion Burn
In this type of burn, the depth of the

burn is uniform.
Contact Burns
What kind of burns are caused by

flames or hot solid objects?
Cigarette and iron burns are the
most frequent types of such injuries.
Shaken Baby Syndrome
What occurs primarily in children

18 months of age or younger
because their necks lack muscle
control and their heads are heavier
than the rest of their bodies? The
baby begins to show symptoms
such as seizures or unconsciousness
within minutes of the injury being
inflicted.
Retinal Hemorrhage
A classic medical symptom

associated with shaken baby
syndrome is _____ _____, which is

bleeding in the back of the eyeballs.
Munchausen Syndrome
What is a psychological disorder in

which the patient fabricates the
symptoms of disease or injury in
order to undergo medical tests,
hospitalization, or even medical or
surgical treatment?
Munchausen Symdrome by proxy
What is a case of a parent or

caretaker suffering from a disorder,
that attempts to bring medical
attention to themselves by injuring
or inducing illness in their children?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
What is not a positive finding, but

rather a diagnosis made when no
other medical explanation can
account for the abrupt death of an
apparently healthy infant? This
rarley occurs in infants older than 7
months, and is almost never an
appropriate finding for a child older
than 12 months.
- Delays in seeking mediacal care

- Injuries not reported by parent or guardian
- Bruises or broken bones in an infant
- Age dating of bruises indicationg that they were
sustained at different times
- Characteristic wraparound bruises indicating that they
were caused whipping with a belt, rope, or electrical cord
- Discrepancies in the story of a parent or guardian as to
how the injuries happened
What are factors likely to influence

physicians to link discovered
injuries in a child with child abuse?
Pathologist
What type of physician conduct

postmortem examinations?
Forcible Rape
What is an act of violence? It is not

a crime of sexual desire but an act
of brutal violence, as in murder with

intent and malice.
Rape
In common law, this was known as

carnal knowledge (sexual
intercourse) of a woman with force
and without her consent.
- force or the threat of the use of force

- administration of drugs ( including alcoholic beverages)
- incapacity to consent (victim's physical or mental
condition or age)
The means used to overcome the

will of the female victim is of major
importance in rape investigations.
What are the 3 main ways?
Aggravated Rape
In the terminology of state

legislature, rape is said to be
______ ____ when the rapist is
armed with a dangerous weapon,
kidnaps the victim, inflicts bodily
injury, or is in a position of trust in
regard to the victim such as official
authority (custody or control) or a
familial relationship.
Date rape or Acquaintance Rape
What is male sexual aggression in

which the female half of a twosome
is forced to have sexual intercourse?
This is not a blitz rape in which the
victim does not know the offender,
or where the offender immediately
threatens or employs force to
overcome his victim.
Forcible Rape
The prevalence of forced sex

among dates and acquaintances may
be increasing, but what is more
likely is that victims are now more
aware of their basic rights. This socalled simple rape, after years of
unreporting, is now being reported
for what it is:
Rape Trauma Syndrome
The apparent shock in a victim of a

reported rape is ___ ____ ____, and
may require immediate
ttransportation to a hospital with
emergency services.
- verbal activity, particularly threats
- display of a weapon
- physical force
Rapist usually control their victims

by some combonation of what 3
things?
The Anger Rapist or Anger Retalliation Rapist
This rapist commits the crime of

rape as a means of expressing and
discharging feelings of pent up
anger and rage. They use far more
force than is neccesary to
overpower the victim and achieve
sexual penetration.
The Power Rapist
This rapist uses sex as a means of

compensating for underlying
feelings of inadequacy and to
express issues of mastery, strength,
authority, and control over another
person.
Power Reassurance Rapist
A type of power rapist is the least

violent of all the rapists and the
least socially competent, suffering
from low self-esteem, and feeling
inadequacy. The reason he rapes is
to elate his own self-status. He may
later contact the victim to inquire
about the ill effects of the rape.
Power Assertive Rapist
A type of power rapist that rapes to

express his virility and personal
dominance. He has a sense of
superiority simply because he is a
man and he rapes because he
believes he is entitled to do so. He
is image conscious, and tends to be
a flashy dresser.

Sadistic Rapist
This type of rapist finds the

intentional maltreatment of his
victim intnsely gratifying and takes
pleasure in her torment, anguish,
distress, helplessness, and suffering.
40%
More than half (55%) of the cases

constitute power rape,
approximately __ percent are anger
rapes, and about 5% are sadistic
rapes.
Power
Rapes are primarily about ____ and

not sexual desire.
Mistaken Identity
When a defendant denies any

involvement in a rape, the most
common defense is ____ ____ plus
an alibi for the time of the rape.
Consent
When the defendant admits to

sexual intercourse with the victim,
the usual defense is that of
_______.
Sperm and Blood
What are two common forms of

evidence in rape cases?
Statutory Rape
What type of rape involves

consensual sex relations between
two persons, in which one of the
parties is a minor who, by statute, is
considered incapable of consenting
to a sexual act?
Nuisance Sexual Behaviors
Sexual acts that cause no obvious

physical harm to the victim or the
practitioner are known as _____
______ _____.

Voyeurism
______is the act of receiving sexual

arousal by looking at private or
intimate scenes which contain a
sexual component. (Peeping Tom)
Exhibitionism
_____ is the intentional and

deliberate exposure of a person's
genitalia to an unsuspecting
stranger. (Flasher) The reaction of
the victim is important.
Scatophilia
____ is the erotic gratification

gained from the from the telephone
conversation between the caller and
the victim rather than from any
form of sexual contact. This person
wants the victim to be shocked,
disgusted, or even horrified by his
demeanour or words.
Frottage
______ is the realization of sexual

gratification from rubbing against
certain body parts of another
person.
Incest
A person commits a crime of ____

when he or she has sexual
intercourse with a person known to
be within the relationship of
parent/child, brother/sister,
uncle/aunt, or niece/nephew.
Psychological Incest
So-called ____ _____ is sexual

activity between a child and a
stepparent, fosterparent, or a live-in
boyfriend of a child's mother.
Pedophile
A _______ is someone who "loves"

children, but this love of children is
a sexual interest that ranges from
fondling to mutilation and murder.

Pedophilia
Love of children
Situational Child Molester
This type of molester has fewer

victims, and does not have a true
sexual interest in children, but will
experiment with them when the
opportunity presents itself.
Regressed Child Molester
This molester experience a

situational occurence that impels
this this pedophile to turn to
children as a temporary, not
permanent, object for sexual
gratification.
Morally Indiscriminate Child Molester
This molester is an abuser of all

available persons; children are just
another category of victim. This
offender has a basic motivation
toward sexual experimentaion and
is willing to try anything; nothing is
taboo for this offender.
Naive or Inadequate Child Molester
This molester includes those

persons who are suffering some
form of mental disorder that renders
them unable to make the distinction
between right and wrong, including
sexual practices with children.
Preferential Child Molester
This molester views children more

intensely as providers of sexual
pleasure, and prefers children as
sexual partners and is the true
pedophile.
Fixated Child Molester
This molester is often childlike in

lifestyle and behaviors. This
offender selects children because
they are less demanding, more
easily dominated, and less critical.

Sadistic Child Molester
This molester has made a vital

connection between sexual
gratification and personal violence.
This offender will often abduct
children from places where children
gather. This offender has no "love"
for the child, and is interested only
in causing harm or death to a
vulnerable victim.
Computers
_______ and the internet have

made the predator's job easier.
Observant and Articulate
In forming an opinion about the

child's competency, investigator's
should be mindful that the child
must be _____ and _____, know
truth as opposed to lies, and
understand that a witness must
testify truthfully.
Runaway
Any young person under the legal

adult age who, without permission
of parent or guardian, remains away
from his or her home for twentyfour hours or more is generally
termed as a _____ by local police.
Diaper Squad
Police in large cities often field a

____ _____ to patrol local bus
stations and "gut" areas containing
such occupancies as adult theaters
and adult bookstores, and areas
where prostitutes operate.
Hustling
What is an aggressive reaction and

is generally focused on sex sale?
Less aggressive runaways are
picked up by pimps and sometimes
forced into prostitution.

1982 Mmissing Children's Act
The ____ _____ _____ Act placed

federal resources at the service of
local police. The Missing Person
File of the FBI's National Crime
Information Center is being used in
searching for missing children
believed to have been abducted.
- Find the child

- Identify and locate the suspect
Abduction investigators must move

promptly along what two general
lines?
- Taking of personal property from the person or the

presence of a possessor
- Taking against the possessor's will
- Taking by force or fear
What are the essential elements of

robbery?
Robbery
______ is generally divided into

degrees to express the legislative
intent that armed robberies are more
serious than unarmed robberies.
First Degree Roberry
Robbery while armed with a

dangerous or deadly weapon likely
to cause death or serious wounding.
Second Degree Robbery
Robbery accomplished by physical

force or its threat but without a
weapon, including purse snatching.
Extortion
In ____ the victim consents more

willingly than robbery, and consent
may be induced by persuasive
threats that are related to future
harm or disgrace rather than hereand-now harm.
Badger Game
This is an extortion scheme in

which a woman places a selected
victim in a comprising position and

then victimizes him by demanding
money. Next her male accomplice
breaks in and pretends to be an
outraged husband threatening
violence, scandal, or the like.
- The Ambush
- Selective-Raid Robbery
- Planned-Operation Robbery
Robbery is categorized as what

three styles?
Ambush Robbery
What is the least planned robbery

of all and is based on the element of
surprise?
Selective-Raid Robbery
What robbery involves a minimum

of planning but involves some
casing of the robbery scene?
Planned-Operation Robbery
What type of robbery is carefully

structured: the robbery group
examines all aspects of the situation
and plans for all foreseeable
contingencies, and may engage in
practice runs?
Spontanous Play Groups
Crime partners usually are

associates from ___ ___ ___ in the
underworld.
Backup Person
Who is a member of the gang who

remains in the background
unnoticed and, in case of trouble,
supports the members of the gang
who are actually committing the
robbery?
Accuracy
______ in recording the statements

of witnesses is of primary
importance. Investigators should
not encourage a witness to guess or

record a guess as a fact and should
not suggest facts to a witness is
unsure.
Selection
The ____ of a target in robberies

offers clues about who did it.
Single-Teller Bank Robbery
Robbery in which a person armed

with a note and some threat of force
victimized only one teller.
Automatic Teller Machines (ATM)
What are now popular as robbery

targets for younger and potentially
violent robbers?
Victims By Chance
Pedestrians and victims who are

accosted in vehicles when stopped
at a traffic signal, picking up a
hitchhiker, accepting a taxi
passenger, operating a bus, or
responding to a telephone order to
deliver food are ____ __ ____ .
Examples of grounds for attacking the credibility of the

identification or evidence.
-Suggestive use of photographs.

-Failure to safeguard the rights of
the accused in placing a suspect or
arrestee in a police linbeup.
-Conflict between the description
given by the witness and the actual
appearance of the defendant in
court.
-Conflict between the weapon
described by witnesses, or
"constructively described" by the
nature of the injuries inflicted on
the victim, and the weapon
presented in court as the robbery
weapon.
-Conflict between the vehicle, if
any, involved in the robbery as
described by witnesses and the

actual vehicle used in the robbery.
Fixed TV surveillance cameras
What kind of cameras have become

an increasingly important tool in the
identification of robbers?
Career Criminals
____ _____ are offenders who have

had previous arrests, have one to
two cases pending in the local
courts, and are on the street on
some form of conditional release at
the time of their latest arrest.
Aggravated Robbery
____ ____ is the violent crime

favored by repeat offenders.
Carjacking
The theft or attempted theft of a

motor vehicle by force or threat of
force from the person or the
immediate presence of the victim is armed robbery and a felony level
crime.
Identifying the suspect as the robber, proving the victim

was separated from their property by force or against the
victim's will
The first and second major

problems of proof in a robbery case
are.....?
Threats
___ alone are not legally significant

unless the victim testifies that he or
she believed the robber had the
intent to carry them out, as well as
the apparent ability to do so
promptly.
Home Invasion Robberies
Residential robberies are also

known as ____ ____ ____.
Unplanned
Lone victims of a robbery are

symptomatic of _____ robberies.

Improper Lineup Procedures
The most common defense in a

robbery case is on based on ____
_____ _____.
Person and Property
Fires set by arsonists and

explosives placed to damage
property and kill or inflict injury on
people are crimes against both ____
and _____.
Sir William Blackstone
__ _____ _____, in his

Commentaries on the Laws of
England, defined arson as the
"malicious and willful burning of
the house or outhouse of another
man."
Arson
In common law, _____ was

considered an offense against the
home (habitation).
-The fire occurred

-The burning was not accidental, and was the result of a
criminal agency
-The defendant is identified as the person who set the fire
What facts must be proven in any

prosecution of an arson case?
Aggravated Arson
Any arson where there are

explosives used, and people are
present at the site or are placed in
danger.
Seek evidence to prove whether a fire was of natural or

accidental origin
In investigating a burning, the

investigator must first.....
Rationally motivated fire
Fire that is based on hate, profit, or

desire to conceal the crime is...?
Irrationally motivated
What arsonists are pathological fire

setters?

Inverted conical shape with the apex of the cone at the
place of origin
Fire burns upward from its original

ignition in an .........
Combustibility
_______ in structural fires usually

is defined in terms of ignitability,
rate of heat release, and total heat
release.
Flashover
What is rapid development of the

fire that occurs when the volume of
active fire becomes a significant
portion of the room volume, and all
previously uninvolved combustibles
ignite?
Wind and terrain
What factors influence fire patterns

in outdoor fires?
Trailers
What are often used to spread fires

from a point of ignition, and can be
considered a secondary incendiary
device, carrying the fire from the
point of origin, to other parts of the
room or building?
Overhauling
What is the examination and search

by firefighters for hidden flames or
sparks that might rekindle the fire?
Passive Headspace Concentration Method
A popular method for separating

flammable and combustible liquid
residues from fire is a method
where an absorbent material such as
activated charcoal is used to extract
the residue from static headspace
above the sample, then the
absorbent is eluted with a solvent.
-Determination of Cause
-Scene Investigation Patterns
What are the six stages of a

bombing investigation?

-Scene Processing
-Case Building
-Identification and Arrest
-Case Preparation
Taggants
What explosive tagging program at

the federal level, involves adding
coded micro particles to explosives
during their manufacture?
-The claim that the fire was caused by an accident, natural What two common defenses create
causes, or misfortune
problems of proof in prosecuting
-If the fire was criminal, the defendant was not the
arson cases?
perpetrator
Hate Crimes
What crime are committed by

individuals or organizations of
people who engage in antisocial and
illegal behavior, and pose a danger
to agents of the criminal justice
system and to the general public?
Mind Control
What is the use of undue influence

and unethical means to recruit and
retain members?
Hate
A fire that is started due to some

real or imagined dispute with
another person is an arson
motivated by ____.
Pyromaniac
A person who has an obsession to

set fires or has a preference for
arson as an instrument of damage is
known as a _______.
Property crimes
What crimes are committed for the

personal gain of the perpatrator?
(burglary, theft, and fraud)

- a breaking
- an entry
- at night
- of a dwelling house
- belonging to another
- an intent to commit a felony
In the past, conviction of commonlaw burglary required the proof of

what six essential elements?
- entry
- of a building
- with intent to steal or commit another felony
In most jurisdictions today,

convictions for burglary requires
what three basic or essential
elements?
70%
Burglaries of residential properties

accounted for ___ percent of all
burglaries.
Professional Burglars
____ _____ are defined as those

persons who work at burglary as a
trade, making their living by
burglary and larcent alone and
having no other means of income.
Amateur Burglar
The ____ ____ includes the burglar

who commits crimes primarily to
secure money for drugs.
- unskilled
- semiskilled
- professional
What are the three categories of

burglar typology?
Fence
Who is a receiver of stolen goods

that converts them to cash?
- needs
- opportunities
- means (skills)
- satifaction
- choice
What is the five-step behavior cycle

in burglary?
- punching
What are the eight patterns of force

- pulling
- peeling
- ripping
- drilling
- burning
- blasting
- carrying away
generally used to attack safes?
- the means of gaining entry

- what the burglar did while on the premises
- how the burglar exited the premises
What three major phases of the

burglary scene investigation?
Larceny
Currently, ____ is defined in most

states as the unlawful taking or
stealing of property or articles
without the use of force or violence.
Household Larceny
Theft or attempted theft of property

or cash from a residence or the
immediate vicinity of the residence
is _____ _____. The thief must
have a legal right to be in the
house--as a guest or maid, for
example.
Personal Crimes of Theft (Personal Larceny)
____ ____ is the theft or attempted

theft of property or cash by stealth,
in either of the followig manners:
a. with contact but without force or
threat of force
b.without direct contact between the
victim and the offender
Personal Larceny with Contact
____ _____ with _____ is the theft

or attempted theft of property or
cash directly from the victim by
stealth but not by force or the threat
of force.
Attack
To steal money and/or valuable

property, requires planning,

directoin, and operating skills. This
is the ____ to the thief.
Single-Pattern
Modus operandi searches are

rewarding in theft investigations
because thieves are known as
_____-_____ offenders.
Disposal
The real success in stealing is not

the completion of the crime itself
but the ____ of the stolen property
at a profit - without leaving a trace
that so often identifies the
perpetrators of these crimes.
Storefront or "sting" technique
The ______ is an investigative

technique in property crimes aimed
at the wholesale identification and
apprehension of thieves, where
police pose as fences for the
purpose of "buying" stolen property.
72%
The vast majority, __ percent, of the

vehicles stolen were automobiles.
Auto Theft
____ ____ is the term generally

used by police in describing larceny
involving vehicles.
Strippers
____ usually attacked parked cars,

taking a variety of parts readily
disposed of on the local black
market. (stereos, CDs, batteries, etc)
Dismantlers
____ steal a car, tow or drive it to a

"chop shop" and have it cut up for
most of its parts.
Shrinkage
___ is the term business uses for the

loss of inventory from employee

theft.
- incidental
- situational
- continual
Generally employee theft falls

within what three categories?
Incidental Theft
What kind of theft involves

incidents when employees consume
the employer's product while on the
job or take home items such as pens
and pencils at the end of the day?
Situational Theft
What kind of theft involves those

instances when the employee is
presented with an opportunity for
theft that, in the employee's mind,
must be acted on?
Continual Theft
What theft involves ongoing,

constant acts of theft by an
employee. This type of theft is
usually motivated by the need to
support a vice of the employee,
such as gambling, drugs, or alcohol.
Confronted
Once the surveillance confirms that

the employee is the responsible
party, the employee should be
_______ while still in possession of
the money or merchandise an then
questioned.
Fraud
What is defined as a nonviolent

crime involving elements of
intentional deceit, concealment,
corruption, misrepresentation, and
abuse of trust to gain property of
another, and it is often facilitated by
the willing cooperation of unaware
or unknowning victims?

Fraud Auditing
What is a new occupational

specialty in commercial and
industrial employment, that is
tasked with detecting and
preventing frauds in commercial
transactions?
- criminal intent (mens rea)

- wrongful objective (deprive true owner of property)
- disguise or conceaqlment of objective (wrongful)
- reliance on victim's cupidity, carelessness, or
compassion
What are the four common

characteristics of fraud?
- pigeon drop
- payoff
- carnival bunco
What are some of the more

common swindles classed as bunco
or con games?
Pigeon Drop (pocketbook drop)
The victim is conned into

withdrawing an amount of cash that
is equal to "found" cash as a show
of good faith. As the con counts the
money, it is switched with phony
paper cut to the size of bills.
Carnival Bunco
Victims are taken for small amounts

of money at "rigged" games or
challenges.
Credit Card Fraud
Thieves obtain credit cards by theft

(mail, residences, auto, place of
business) by fraudulent application
to the issuing firm or by
counterfeiting.
Bait and Switch
Advertised merchandise bargains

lure customers into a merchant's
place of business. The salesperson
then runs down the advertised item,
and switch the customer to a higherpriced item of alledgedly better
quality.

Repair Fraud
Overcharging for services

performed; charging for services
not performed or parts not replaced.
Misrepresentation
Failing to give the true facts about

product performance, warranties,
credit charges, or other hidden
costs.
Ponzi Scheme (kiting)
In this scheme, the swindler uses

money invested by new victims to
pay high interest on investments of
earlier victims, whose money the
swindler has appropriated to his or
her own use. This scheme collapses
when the swindler runs out of
victims.
Securities Fraud
What frauds are based on promises

to victims of rapid capital growth
and a high and quick rate of returns
in dividends.
Land-sales Fraud
Frauds based on the

misrepresentations about the value
and future development of
worthless, unimproved land.
Advance-fee Frauds
What frauds victimize

businesspeople who are having
problems securing loans from banks
or other lending institutions. The
advance fee (to the swindler) is to
motivate the loan arranger to
arrange the loan.
Home-Improvement Frauds
What fraud victimizes homeowners

by false claims that the work is
necessary or that the cost of the
proposed work is far below its real
worth and will add to the

homeowner's basic equity?
Bankruptcy Frauds
What frauds involves filing false

claims to gain insurance payments?
- embezzlement
- computer fraud
What are two major frauds in the

workplace?
Embezzlement
What is the conversion of another's

property over which the thief has
custody or control?
Identity Theft
The thief is an imposter that uses

the identity of another person to
apply for and recieve credit cards
under his/her assumed identity.
Passive
Burglary is ususally a _____ crime

in that the burglar normally tries to
avoid contact with the victims.
- narcotics
- sedatives
- stimulants
- hallucinogens
What are the four major groups of

common drugs that can lead to drug
dependence or addiction?
Narcotics
A drug that depresses the nervous

system that usually leads to physical
and psychological dependence.
Sedatives
Like narcotics, these cause both

psychological and physical
dependence, but the dependence
develops more slowly. They are also
central nervous system depressants.
Stimulants
Amphetamines and
methamphetamines. These drugs
cause a rapid buildup of tolerance

so that additional quantities are
needed to achieve the same
stimulating effects, and leads to
quick psychological dependence.
Hallucinogens
These drugs cause sensory

distortions and result in illusions
and delusions. They are
psychedelic, or "mind-expanding"
drugs.
Heroin
What is derived from a morphine

base, when blended with
hydrochloric acid and forms into a
salt, ranges in color from white or
ivory, to dull or brownish gray, and
is usually administered
intravenously?
Analgesic effect
Kill pain
Sopoforic Agents
Induce drowsiness, lethargy, and

sleep.
Euphoria
A feeling of well-being and

tranquility.
Cocaine
What is a stimulant usually derived

from the leaves of the South
American coca bush, and
sometimes from bushes grown in
the West Indies, Java, India, and
Ceylon? It produces feelings of
exhilaration and euphoria, and it
increases the user's energy level and
supresses fatigue.
Freebased
When cocaine is ____, it is

dissolved in etherand then heated to
boil off the impurities. What

remains is a pure form of cocaine
which is then ground up and
smoked.
Crack
Which s made by soaking cocaine

in baking soda and water. The
mixture is them heated until the
water is driven off. The resulting
crystals are then crushed into peasized rocks and smoked.
Marijuana
What consists of leaves and

flowering tops of the female hemp
plant (Cannabis sativa, C. indica)
cultivated in many temperate zones
of the world?
420
There are approximately ___

different chemicals in marijuana.
THC
What is the psychoactive agent in

marijuana (delta-9tetrahydrocannabinal)
- hashish
- hashish oil
What are the two derivatives of

marijuana?
Hashish
The resin of the marijuana flower is

dried and compressed to make
______, which has the THC level of
8 to 14 percent.
Hash Oil
Amber to dark brown, ___ ___ is

produced by boiling hashish in
alcohol. It is sold as a viscous liquid
with a THC level between 15 to 50
percent.
Methamphetamine
What is also known as speed and

crank? It has the same effects as

cocaine and is often referred to as
"poor man's cocaine."
Tweaker
A chronic user of
methamphetamine is known as a
what?
Ice
What is a purified from of

methamphetamine that is usually
smoked in a glass pipe?
10 to 25
One gram of ice is enough for __ to

__ hits.
8 hours
The effects of crack wear off within

10 to 20 minutes, while the effects
of ice last for _ hours or more.
Pseudoephedrine
What is a major component in

allergy and cold medications used
in the production of
methamphetamines?
Clandestine Laboratories
What produces all of the illicit

methamphetamines that is
consumed in the United States?
80%
Today Mexican drug traffickers

control approximately __ percent of
all the meth sold in the United
States.
Cookers
Lab operators
5 to 6
The production of each pound of

meth produces an estimated _ to _
pounds of hazardous waste.
$3,500 and $4,500
The average cost of cleaning up a

small lab is between ___ and ___.
Quarter of a million dollars
The cost of cleaning up a super lab

site can cost as much as ________.
Phencyclidine
Originally developed as a general

anesthetic for surgical procedures,
what has the street name of angel
dust, dust, and PCP? It's use for
surgery was abandoned due to its
ability to produce hallucinogenic
side effects.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide or LSD
What is a semisynthetic drug

derived from a fungus that
contaminates rye bread, that can
produce hallucinations with good
and bad experiences?
10 to 12
LSD can produce hallucinations

lasting __ to __ hours.
Ecstasy
What is
methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA), developed in 1912 as an
appetite suppressant, and is a
stimulant like meth and a
hallucinogenic like LSD?
Rohypnol
A sleeping pill not licensed in the

United States, known as "roofies",
frequently used with alcohol in the
United States, produces
disinhibition and amnesia. It is also
known as the "date rape drug."
Lookouts
Who informs street dealers about

police presence?
Runners
Who transports small quantities

from the stash to the dealer to
wherever the drugs are being sold?
"Buy"
A ___ is a normal prelude to an

application for a search warrant in
illegal drugs and narcotics cases.
-Physical and electronic surveillance

-Analysis of phone records from a suspects phone
-A survey of car rental contracts, credit card purchases,
hotel and motel registrations, and major cash purchases
-Tracing "laundered" cash
Usually, corroboration results from

an investigator collecting bits and
pieces of information from
techniques such as:
Lateral Snitching
What is informing only on drug

sellers who are equal to or lower
than themselves in the drugmarketing pyramid?
Trap
What is a built-in hiding place

usually constructed by a skilled
carpenter - containing a major
stash?
Search Warrant
Legally, the authority for a raid is a

___ ___ authorizing police officers
to enter a specific premise to seize
illicit drugs believed to be in the
described premises.
Flaked
Illicit drugs were planted by the

informant or the arresting officer.
Entrapment
The purpose of the _____ law is not

to prevent the unwary criminal from
being trapped in a crime; instead, it
is to prevent the police officer from
manufacturing crime.
Vice
____ laws, which regulate

standards for public morals, are not

usually aggressively enforced
unless someone is offended and
lodges a complaint or unless the
activity occurs publicly.
The Line
In sports wagering, betting odds are

commonly referred to as, __ ___.
Bookies
People who take illegal bets are

known as?
Unity Of Action
The characteristic that most

distinguishes the crime syndicate
(organized crime) is _____ __
_____.
Corruption
The second major characteristic of

syndicate operations is the _____ of
weak and foolish public officials to
secure immunity from arrest and
successful prosecution.
Death to the Informer
The third major characteristic of

syndicate operations is the
extension of the creed of ______ __
___ ______ to justify the killing of
anyone who interferes with the
operations of organized crime.
Tongs
Asian criminal organizations, made

up primarily of Chinese and
Vietnamese persons, are ethnic
crime groups that resemble other
"families" of organized crime, in
this case called _____.
Witnesses
Who is a major source of evidence

in a case?
1993
With the advent of the internet in

____, new opportunities were
presented to criminals to expand
their activities to a larger scale,
including worldwide operations.
Cybercrime
_____ now includes the crimes of

theft, vandalism, counterfeiting,
fraud, child pornography, child
molestation, and terrorism.
Hackers
_____ are, in essence, trespassersintruders who enters into another's

computer system without
authorization.
-Crackers
-Criminals
-Vandals
What are three types of recognized

hackers?
Crackers
Who are often antisocial misfits

who are more comfortable online in
front of a computer than with other
people? They tend to be intelligent,
curious, and have a high degree of
expertise with computers.
Computer Criminal
Who engages in fraud, sabotage,

industrial sabotage, and theft, and
are known as the mercenaries of
cyberspace?
Computer Vandals
Who are motivated by revenge due

to some real or imagined wrong.
Their tools include viruses, Trojan
horses, worms, and logic bombs.
Computer Virus
What is a type of malicious code

that replicates itself and inserts
copies or versions of itself in other
programs?

10,000
Presently, well over ______ viruses

are known worldwide.
Trojan Horses
What are stand-alone programs that

are disguised as other programs that
innocent users pass to one another,
usually in the form of an email
attachment?
Worms
What are like viruses, but they do

not replicate. Instead they make
duplicates of themselves, and steal
system resources as they do so.
Logic Bombs
What are programs within

programs that perform destructive
acts based upon a trigger event?
Salami Fraud
What refers to a technique of taking

small slices to deceptively acquire
"the whole salami?"
Sexual Tourism
What is travel with the intent to

engage in sexual behavior for
commercial gain or personal
gratification?
-The apprehensive, panic-driven, fearful driver

-The projectionist-projects guilt
-The sneak-inflicts minor property damage
What three categories have hit-andrun drivers been grouped into based
on their possible motivation for
flight?
Apprehensive Driver
What hit-and-run driver has the

greater sin to hide, either morally or
criminally? (DWI, no insurance, no
DL, secret acquaintance in the
vehicle, stolen vehicle, possessing
stolen goods, etc)
Projectionist Driver
What hit-and-run driver tries the

case-sitting as judge and jury,
he/she finds the other driver at fault,
refuses to be a party of the accident,
and drives off as the offended
person?
Sneak Operator
What hit-and-run driver crushes a

fender and smashes grillwork as
daily occupational activities and
chalks up the action as calculated
risk shared by all vehicle owners
who place their vehicles on the
roadway?
Search for evidence
The most important step in the hitand-run investigation is the __ __

___.
Johns
Female undercover officers, or

volunteer decoys, are used to arrest,
___, who solicit females for
prostitution.
Terrorism
What is defined as a "violent act or

an act dangerous to human life in
violation of the criminal laws of the
United States or of any state to
intimidate or coerce a government,
the civilian population, or any
segment thereof, in furtherance of
political or social objective."
Bombings
What is the most common terrorist

tactic because when properly
placed, they can inflict massive
numbers of casualties?
Hijackings
______ of airliners, cruise ships,

and other means of means of mass
transportation have been committed
primarily for their propaganda

value.
Kidnapping
What can be committed for means

of collecting a ransom, or a useful
propaganda tool if the subject is
well-known?
Kneecapping
What was a technique developed by

the IRA to cripple rather than kill,
involving shooting an informant in
the back of the knee, causing them
to crippled for life?
Ecoterrorists
Vandalism is a crime of choice for

______, who are dedicated to
destroying the lumber industry, due
to its perceived negative impact on
the environment.
Tree Spiking
What involves driving metal spikes

into trees in logging areas, for the
purpose of damaging logging
equipment?
Cyberterrorism
What involves hacking into

automated control systems that run
networks for electricity, water, gas,
oil, communications, and more?
Produce pure terror or paralyzing fear
What is the first and foremost

objective of terrorism?
Attract attention and gain sympathy through publicity
What is the second major purpose

of terrorism?
Provoke the existing political establishment to commit

counter atrocities
What is the third purpose for

terrorist atrocities?
Domestic Terrorism
What refers terrorist activities that

occur primarily within the territorial
jurisdiction of the United States?
Ku Klux Klan
What can be traced back to 1865 in

Pulaski, TN, when a small group of
Confederate veterans gathered to
form a social club?
3,811
Between 1889 and 1941 some

_____ blacks were lynched by
Klansmen for "crimes" and alleged
"crimes" ranging from attempting to
vote to being disrespectful to a
white person.
The Turner Diaries
In 1985 William Pierce, a white

supremacist headquartered in West
Virginia, wrote what novel under
the pseudonym of Andrew
MacDonald, that is a fictional
account of an international white
revolution and a how-to manual for
terrorism?
Timothy McVeigh
Who was responsible for the

bombing of the Murrah Federal
Building in Oklahoma City, and had
a well worn copy of the Turner
Diaries in his possession at the time
of his arrest in 1995?
Order
In 1983 Robert Jay Mathews,

inspired by the Turner Diaries,
founded the ____, a violent white
supremacist group.
Neo-Nazi
The Order was responsible for the

1984 murder of talk radio host Alan
Berg, who regularly lambasted the
_______ movement.

Robert Jay Mathews
___ ____ ___ was traced to

Whidbey Island in Washington,
where he died in an FBI led siege,
and is considered a martyr and an
inspiration to other hate groups.
Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and Earth Liberation

Front (ELF)
What are two political left-wing,

violent single issue groups that have
surfaced that focus on one particular
issue to the exclusion of all others?
Both groups have been nonviolent
towards humans, but they have
committed many incidents of
property destruction.
ELF
What group was founded in

England by activists who split from
the environmentalist group,
EarthFirst! because of its decision
to abandon criminal activities?
ALF
What group members favor direct

action to protest animal abuse, with
the objective of saving as many
animals as possible?
$100 million
The FBI estimates that ELF alone

has caused about____ in property
damage since 1996.
International Terrorism
What is defined as occurring

primarily outside of the territorial
jurisdiction of the United States or
transcending national boundaries?
Al Qaeda
What is the most dangerous

international terrorist group known
as "the base" or "the base of Allah's
support?"

Osama Bin Laden
Al qaeda was founded by ____ __

____ in the early 1980s to support
the effort in Afghanistan against the
invasion by the former Soviet
Union.
Majahedeen
Who are known as "holy warriors",

that were supported by the United
States in their fight against the
Soviet Union?
Hizbollah
When Israel invaded Lebanon in

1982, Iran responded by sending
Revolutionary Guards to Lebanon,
which led to the creation of a new
terrorist network called _____, or
"the party of God."
Hamas
One of the most volatile militant

organizations in the Middle East is
the Islamic Resistance Movement,
better known as _____.
Israel
Hama's position is that the State of

____ should not exist.
Dar al-Islam
What is one great Arabic banner,

stretching from Northern Africa to
the Iranian border, known as __ __
____?
1987
In ____ the Muslim Brotherhood

formed Hamas, and Arabic acronym
for Harakat al-Muqawama alIslamiyya, or "Islamic Resistance
Movement."
Chemical Agents
What includes choking gases such

as phosgene and chlorine, blood
agents including hydrogen cyanide

and cyanogens chloride, blister
agents such as mustard gas, and
nerve agents such as sarin?
Biological Agents
What are available to terrorists in a

number of different ways, such as
purchasing from one of the world's
1,500 germ banks, theft from a
research laboratory, isolation and
cultivation from natural resources,
or through a rogue state sponsor of
terrorism?
Anthrax
In October of 2001, a series of

_____-laced letters were mailed to
political and media targets.
Radioactive Agents
Radiological terrorism involves the

dispersion of _______ _______ by
conventional means, most
commonly known as "dirty bombs."
Nuclear Terrorism
What involves detonation of a

nuclear device in major
metropolitan area causing massive
casualties?
Signal Intelligence
What is used to intercept financial

data and monitor communications
such as land-line and cell phones
and email messages?
Human Intelligence
What is a critical component,

therefore, and the first step in this
process is a cooperative venture
with intelligence agencies and law
enforcement investigators, which is
the purpose of the of the Joint
Terrorism concept? Another source
of this is the development of
informants affiliated with terrorist

organizations or their support
groups.
Director of National Intelligence
Who is responsible for coordinating

the various components of the
intelligence community?
-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
-National Security Agency (NSA)
-Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
What four agencies are major parts

of the intelligence community?
Direct or Circumstantial
An investigation should be
considered incomplete until
evidence, _____ __ _____, has been
secured of an overt act that
constitutes a "substantial step" in
furtherance of the conspiracy.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
The agency responsible for

collecting intelligence on terrorist
groups inside the borders of the
United States is known as the ____
____ _ _____.
Central Intelligence Agency
The agency responsible for

collecting intelligence outside the
borders of the United States by the
use of covert human and
technological assets to gather
information on terrorist activities
and is known as the ____ ____ _
_____.
National Security Agency
The technological unit of the

intelligence community whose
primary mission is to collect
communications and signal
intelligence and conduct codebreaking activities is known as the
____ ____ ____.

Self-Analysis
_____-____ is often difficult, but it

is vital to the integrity of an
investigator's testimony.
Stage Fright
What is a nebulous fear, often based

on no more than a reluctance to get
up and talk in front of a group of
people?
-Planning Ahead
-Mentally scan past experiences that can be termed
"satisfactory", and relax in the thought that such past
experiences will be helpful.
-Remember that anxiety at this time is nothing more than
the body preparing you to do your best.
What three things help control stage

fright?
Direct Examination
What is the first questioning of a

witness that is not within the scope
of any previous examination,
conducted by the party calling the
witness?
Cross-Examination
What examination is conducted by

the defense counsel, and likely to be
aggressive?
One Idea
When on the witness stand,

normally, each sentence should
express no more than __ ___.
Nonverbal Communication
What is a process of a person

transmitting unspoken cues that
have potential meaning to one or
more observers?
Jury
When being asked a question, make

eye contact with the questioner,
when responding, make eye contact,
and address the ___.

-Corruption
-Noncorrupt Misconduct
Law enforcement ethics includes

what two distinguishable topics?
Corruption
What involves an officer's misuse

of police authority for personal
gain?
Misconduct
Police _____ may involve issues

such as excessive use of force,
violation of a suspect's
constitutional rights, and a variety
of other misdeeds.
Ethical Awareness
What warns a person that criminal

behavior is "wrong" as well as
unlawful, and warns that
misconduct on the job is "wrong"
substandard conduct?
Reasonable Care
What is care fairly and properly

taken in response to the
circumstances of a situation, such
care as an ordinary and prudent
person would take in the same time
frame, conditions, and act(s)?
Pause
A short _____ before responding to

a question allows the prosecution to
offer an objection to the question.
Nullification
A jury's not-guilty verdict that is

influenced by the mistrust of police
witnesses is known as jury _____.
Academy
Ethical training should begin as part

of the ______ curriculum.
Field training officers
Ethical training should be

reinforced by ____ ____ ___ who
have been selected as ethical role

models.
Job-specific
Ethical training should continue

throughout and officer's career with
specific professional training
sessions based on relevant _________ training.
Preventable
The progression of a compromised

officer is predictable and, therefore,
Bias
a highly personal and unreasoned

distortion of judgment. listen to
facts
Crime
act or omission forbidden by law

and punishable by a fine
imprisonment or even death. Crimes
and their penalties are established
and defined by state and federal
stsutes and local ordinances.
Circumstantial Evidence
fact or event that tends to

incriminate a person in a crime,
e.g., being seen running from a
crime scene.
Complainant
Person requesting an investigation

or that action is taken is often the
victim of a crime.
Corpus delicti
the body or substance of the

crime,in law terms refers to proof
establishing that a crime has
occurred :the necessary elements
that constitute a crime.
Elements of a crime
Conditions that MUST occur for an

act to be called a specific kind of
crime

Fact
Something known to be true
Evidence
Anything that helps establish the

facts related to a crime.
Fence
one who receives and disposes of

stolen property on a regular basis.
Field Identification
on the scene identification of a

suspect by the victim of or witness
to a crime conducted within minutes
of the
commission of a crime.
Prejudice
opinion or leaning adverse to

anything without just grounds or
before obtaining fsufficient
knowledge.
Moddus Operandi (MO)
A criminal's characteristic method

of operation.
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt
proof of such a convincing

character that you would be willing
to rely and act upon it without
hesitation in the most important of
your own affairs. however it does
not mean an absolute certainty.
Probable Cause
Evidence that warrants a person of

reasonable caution in the belief that
a crime has been committed.
Rapport
a felling of ease and harmony in a

contact or relationship between
people.
Reasonable Doubt
the level of certainty a juror must

have to find a defendant guilty of a

crime. A real doubt, based upon
reason and common sense after
carefull and impartial consideration
of all the evidence, or lack of
evidence, in a case.
Statement
a legal narrative description of

events related to a crime
Suspect
a person considered to be directly

or indirectly connected with a
crime, either by overt act or by
planning and/or directing it.
witness
a person saw a crime or some part

of it being commited or who has
relevant information
victim
the person injured by a crime
Information
knowledge a criminal investigator

gathers from victims witnesses
suspects and other legitimate
sources records, reports etc
Instrumentation or forensic science
techniques that help in the solution

of the crime. consists of finger
prints , serology , ballistics and
DNA analysis etc..
Interviewing
questioning of victims and and

witnesses of a cirme. These people
are not suspected of being involved
in the crime, but are encouraged to
provide the police with information
about the crimeor individual 's
involved in it.
Laws of arrest,search and seizure
provides guidance on what

investigative techniques are

acceptable. mastery and knowledge
of criminal procedures and the rules
of evidence enable the investigator
to gather evidence against a suspect
that can withstand court challenges.
Goals of a criminal investigator
determine if a crime has been

committed
legally obtain information and
evidence to identify the
person(s)responsible for the
committing crime.
legally arrest the suspect(s).
recover stolen property
present the best case possible to the
prosecutor
Criminal investigator
mindful that the basic task of a

criminal investigation is to
determine the truth, gather all
information that tends to prove or
disprove a person 's involvement in
a criminal act or omission.
characteristics of a criminal investigator
Suspicious, Curious,Observant,
Unbiased and Unprejudiced,
Develops rapport
Suspicious
-takes nothing for granted. victims

and witnesses as well as suspects,
maybe motivated by various
physiological,psychological, and
sociological
Curious
desires to investigate and learn the

facts and truth about people, places
or objects. This means being
habitually curious of such things as
spontaneous statements by suspects
an unusual amount of money in the
possession of a person of modest

means etc. PAY ATTENTION
Observant
investigators should be trained

observers.they should develop the
ability to take accurate notice of,
keep in view and give attention to
that which is present in their five
senses.
Unbiased and Unprejudiced
investigator must possess an

unbiased and unprejudiced mind.
Allowing either attitude to be
involved in a case will result in a
sloppy investigation, incorrect
conclusions and unfairness to
victims and suspects.
Develops rapport
establishing rapport with victims

and witnesses is one of the prime
facilitators of an investigation.
Accomplished by being patient,
courteous, and sympathetic with
persons contacted during an
investigation.
Four methods of gaining sexual access to a person
Consent, Pressure, Force, DrugFacilitated Sexual Assault, Mental ,

Physical
Professional Heavy Criminal
An individual who commits the

crime or crimes of burglary, white
collar crimes, larceny vehicle theft ,
agricultural crimes and arson , all of
which may result in heavy or
lengthy sentences depending on the
criminal history of the accused!
Pedophilia
individual who has fantasies, urges

or behaviors that involve illegal
sexual activity with prepubescent
child or children 13yrs or younger.

undressing the child , encouraging
the child to watch the abuser
masturbate , touching or fondling
the childs genitals and forcefully
performing sexual aacts on the child
Hate crime
criminal offense against a person or

property which is motivated in
whole or in part by the offenders
bias against race , religion
ethnic/national origin group or
sexual orientation group.
penalty
if offense committed because of

bias or prejudice
(enhancement)
Preliminary Investigation
Safe Guards
1.Determine and Document the
witness description of the
perpetrator. Transport the witness to
the location of detained suspect to
limit the impact of the supects
detention.confirm that the witness
understands the identification
process.Avoid doing or saying
anything that might be suggestive or
influence the witness.
Multiple Witnesses involved
1.Separate witnesses and instruct

the to avoid discussing details of the
incient with other witnesses.
2. Positive Identification is obtained
from one witness, consider using
other identification procedures
e.g.lineup, photo array for
remaining witness.
Caution the witness
that the person they are looking at

may or may not be the perpetrator.
It is just as important to clear

innicent parties a non-identification
can help to refocus the
investigation.
Obtain and document in the
witnesses own words a statement of
certainty for both identification and
non--identification. Document time
and loction of the show up.
Encourage the witness to carefully
consider their comments to media
contacts.The use of show -up can
provide investigation information at
an early stage, but the careful use if
procedural safeguards can mitigate
the inherent suggestiveness of a
show-up.
Autopsy
the dissection of a dead body for

the purpose on inquiry into the
cause of death.
Post Mortem lividity
Dark blue discoloration observable

on the parts of the body that are
nearest the ground, appears about 2
hours subsequent to death , may
provide a clue as to whether the
body was moved after death.
Rigor Mortis
chemical changes occurring in body

tissue the muscles stiffen after
death. staring from the neck and
lower jaw and spreads downwards.
onset rigor mortis may start from 15
minutes to 15 hours after death, but
as a general rule, it starts 5 to 6
hours after death. The upper part is
affected within about 12 hours and
the whole body within about 18
hours. Rigor Mortis usually
disappers within 26 hours again
beginning at the head and neck and
extending to the lower part of the

body. This later process may take
from 8 to 10 hours. Presence of
absence of the stiffing may help in
establishing time of death.
Body Temperature
normally 98.6 rate of cooling is

dependent on the temperature of the
air, the manner which body is
clothed, size of the person. Body
temperature may help in
determining time of death.
Putrefaction
Decomposition of body tissues,

onset and rate are influence by the
temperature ofthe environment.
Principal changes , bloating of body
by gas, darkening of skin in
suspended parts of body, green
dsicoloration of the abdominal area.
Formation of blisters filled woth
fluid or gas may help in
approximating time of death.
Cadveric Spasm
severe injury to the central nervous

system or when there was great
tension at the time of death,
sometime stiffening occurs
immediately. this gives strong
presumptive evidence of suicide if
the hand is clutching the weapon.
Atomic Absorption test
quantitative and proportional

concentrations of specific elements
in materials through the analysis of
a sample.
Spectrographic Analysis
identification of evidence samples

by reducing sample to spectra of all
the elements through vaporization.
Spectra are then compared to
known sampels. Useful in

identifiying mineral and inorganic
compounds
Chromatography
gas or vapor separates compounds

and identifies them through peaks
displayed on a graph. Useful in
identifying drugs and various
complex compounds.
Laser Examination
may still be used in some

jurisdictions for the detection of
fingerprints and examination of
questioned documents
DNA (Dioxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting
examining blood stains, hair roots,

semen, vaginal fluid. Useful in
association or elimination of
suspects through chromosome
coding . Advances in technology
allowed dna testing to become an
established part of criminal justice
procedures. 1996 survey almost half
of the more than 2,300 prosecuting
officers indicated that they had used
dna evidence either in plea
bargaining or in the trial of felony
cases.
Voice print identification
graphical identification of voices..

FBI
Cryptography
analysis of ciphers and coding of

messages. Coded messages are
frequently used by the criminal
elements
luminal
a chemical method of detecting

latent blood.
ID Serious Bodily Injury
persons alive and conscious, obtain

identification and information about
next of kin.
ID Death
Officers may locate any source of

identification such as driver's
license , military Id, social security
card, tattoos, amputation or unusual
scars , only after obtaining
permission from the medical
examiner or jusctice of the peace to
move or disturb the body.
quadrant or sector Search
indoor and outdoor scenes that have

regular patterns or defined borders
this also permits different types of
searches in the different sectors.
circular Spiral or Concentric Search
useful when an item is missing

from the center and the search must
be conducted rapidly, the search
may begin in the inside or the
outside as the circumstances dictate.
Area search
any technique which will be

effective in examining specific and
small areas with defined borders ,
such as landscaped areas, busches,
path, and sidewalks.
Aerial Search
may employ infrared film for

discovery of such things as
gravesites.
Legal authority for crime scene
Peace officer to prevent injury ccp

6.06
Conduct of peace officer ccp 6.07
Duties performed by medical
examiner ccp 49.25
Removal of body & property from
place to death ccp 49.05
Sealing premises of deceased by

medical examiner ccp 49.22 (staff investigtor only)
Visually inspect to determine
perometers
Homicides Nine Categories
Anger Killing, Dispute -angerattack-death,Revenge or jealousy

killing, triangle killing, killing for
profit , Random killing, drive -by
shooting, Murder -Suicide, Sex and
Sadism, Felony murder
Categories of pedophiles
Pedophiles are subdivided into

several classifications. one of the
first distinctions made when
classifying pedophiles is to
determine whether they are
exclusively attracted to children.
(exclusive pedophile) or attracted to
adults as well as childern (non
exclusive pedophile)
Two main types of pedophiles
Situational, Regressed
Situational
dont have a true sexual intrest in

childern. will experiment with
children when stress is introduced
into life seen as a victim of
circumstance. has the fewest
number of victims. will not limit
victims to jsut children, but will
also prey on the elderly, sick, or
mentally impaired
Regressed
has a situatuional occurrence that

impels him to turn to childern. this
turn is only tempoary and will
revert back. Traditionally involved
with adults. e.g, being married and
having a family. when life stress
gets to a regressed offender the

childern become an outlet. they
usually feel more comfortable with
children.
Assaults
PC 22.01, 22.02 in many cases the

victim knows the assailant.
aggravated assaults are often failed.
Murder attempts. Victim often
changes mind on issue of
prosecution .Assults where victim
does not know perpetrator are
conducted more like homicide
investigations.
Methods of Crime Scene Search
Point-to-point search:
This method can be used as a
preliminary step in evaluating the
scene.
Some of the disadvantages of this
method are:
It is often disorganized
Trace of evidence may be
overlooked.
Others at the scene may feel that
when this method of search is
completed, they are then free to
invade the scene.
Description:
Move in order of appearance of
evidence, as follows:
First item of evidence at the scene
to second item.
Second item of evidence at the
scene to the third item.
Move like this until all evidence is
covered.
Two methods of measurement
In the triangulation method

measurements are made from two
or more fixed points to intersect at
the location of the object
In the rectangulation method,

objects are located using two
perpendicular lines.
Perspective sketch
- three dimensional
Objects are drawn in such a way as
to show them as they appear to the
eye with reference to relative
distance or depth. This sketch is
useful when no camera is available
or the condition of the scene is such
that a photograph would not be
illustrative.
Projection sketch
This type is the most frequently

used. It is employed when it
becomes desirable to portray three
dimensions to allow better
correlation of the evidential facts of
the scene. All places and objects are
drawn in one plane, as seen from
above. A cross-projection drawing
is one where the walls and ceiling
of a room are seen as folded out
into the same plane as the floor.
This type of drawing is employed to
illustrate the interrelationships
between objects in different planes,
such as bullet holes and blood
stains.
Schematic sketch
Employed when it is desirable to

represent an orderly combination of
events which have occurred.
Examples would be tracing the path
of a fired bullet through glass, flesh,
walls, etc., and tracing the path of a
skidding automobile.
Detailed sketch
Employed when it is desired to

describe a small area which is not
illustrated due to the scale chosen
for the rough or finished drawing.

Examples of such areas would be
bullet holes, tool marks, blood spots
or patterns, and the location or
orientation of a latent fingerprint.
Another example would be a
drawing of the placement of
ammunition in a revolver cylinder.
It is also useful when small items of
evidence must be illustrated prior to
their removal from immovable
objects.
Direct Examination:
The prosecutor elicits facts from the

officer
Direct testimony to the jury, or to
the judge in the absence of a jury,
when answering prosecutor's
questions
In the event that defense counsel
objects to a question, remain silent
until the court has ruled on the
objection
The judge will rule on the objection
in one of two ways
"Sustained" (the officer may not
answer)
"Overruled" (the officer may
answer the question)
Cross Examination:
The defense counsel will begin the

questioning after the prosecution
has finished with the witness.
Redirect Examination:
Following the cross examination by

the defense attorney, the prosecutor
may question the witness to clarify
statements or answers given during
the cross-examination.
Recross Examination:
The defense attorney may further

question a witness after redirect
examination by the prosecutor.

Thief:
PC 31.03
Profit motive
Operate so as to minimize chances
of observation
Lack of eyewitnesses.
May be traced when stolen
property is recovered.
This type requires planning,
direction, and operating skills.
The type of property stolen may
be an important clue.
Often work in conjunction with
criminal receivers (fences).
Burglar:
Same motivation as professional

thief
Has ability to gain entry to
premises by stealth or defeating
locks, alarms
Ability to plan, direct, and execute
an operation
Has business sense - ability to
distinguish between valuable and
worthless items during burglary
Connections to dispose of fruits of
the crime
Type of burglary committed may
give a clue to suspect identity
residential premises
safe burglary
commercial premises
vehicle
Robber:
PC 29.02, 29.03
Indicates a tendency to use
violence on a stranger
Bolder type personality sacrifices secrecy through
confrontation with victim
Generally classed according to
style
ambush - least planned; based on
element of surprise

planned operation - carefully
structured; robbery group examines
all aspects of the situation and plans
for foreseeable contingencies. May
engage in "dry runs" in preparation
for robbery or "casing" of the
robbery scene
May specialize in specific targets
i.e., banks, jewelry stores.
"Signature" aspects of robbery
(modus operandi) may help in
typing a person or group to a series
of robberies
Use of "backup" creates a special
hazard to officers responding to
robbery in progress
Identity Theft - PC 32.51
The assumption of another

person's identity for the use in
fraudulent transactions that result in
a loss to the victim resulting in the
acquisition of something of value
by the offender(s)
Accompanied by acquiring
personal information about the
victim
o Date of birth
o Address
o Credit card numbers
o Drivers license number
o Social Security number
Types of identity crimes include
identity theft, credit card/access
device fraud ("skimming"), check
fraud, bank fraud, false
identification fraud, and
passport/visa fraud.
Semi-professional (unskilled) thief:
Profit still underlying motive, but

this type may be more interested in
getting money for drugs
Targets are determined more by
opportunity (cruising robber)

Less involved in planning or
preparation
More likely to resort to violence
against victim
Presents a special danger when
interrupted and cornered
More prone to violence to try to
effect escape
Less rational than "professional"
counterpart
Forgery and Credit Card Abuse:
PC 32.21, 32.31, 32.41

Least violent of offenders
Four steps in check fraud
Forging
Use of false or stolen
identification cards
Use of a presentation that
overcomes a merchant's reluctance
to cash a check upon minimal
identification
Con artist's sense of right time,
place, and victim
Credit cards often used as
alternative to check writing
Contemporary computer software
allows forger to create checks,
credit cards and currency
Allan Pinkerton
He became the first detective of the

Chicago Police Department in
1849/ America's most famous
private investigator.
Alphonse Bertillon
Founder of criminalistics/ The

founder of criminal identification
by body measurement.
Anthropometry
A system of criminal identification

developed by Alphonse Bertillon
based on 11 measurements of the
human frame.

Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments of the

U.S. Constitution, which through
judicial interpretation guide the
actions of criminal investigations.
Bow Street Runners
An early group of English criminal

investigators who operated from a
court located on Bow Street in
London.
CID
The Criminal Investigation

Department/ a team composed in
1877 of the Investigators of the
Scotland Yard
Criminalistics
The application of many fields of

natural science to the detection of
crime.
Detective
An investigative law-enforcement
officer
Eugene Vidocq
Criminal turned Paris investigator/

Criminal turned Paris investigator/
A notorious thief-catcher and
former convict. He based his
operations in Paris and was active
some 80 years after the death of
Jonathan Wild. He and his team
operated with the complete sanction
of the police while Wild's did not.
Fourteenth Amendment
An 1868 Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution that, in time, applied
due process requirements to state
criminal cases.
Industrial Revolution
An economic phase characterized

by intense industrial development in
urban areas and related population

shifts to the cities.
Jonathan Wild
A master criminal who then became

London's most effective criminal
investigator in the 1720s. Wild's
actions made popular the logic of
employing one who was a thief to
catch a thief.
Metropolitian Police Act
English legislation that led to the

development of the London
Metropolitan Police.
Modus Operandi
The specific method of operation

employed by a criminal during the
commission of an offense, that is
likely to be repeated to form an
identifiable pattern.
Parliamentary Reward System
An early English practice in which

officials were paid for the
apprehension and prosecution of
criminals, thus encouraging a high
arrest and conviction rate.
Polygraph
An instrument that measures certain

physiological changes of the body
triggered by emotional responses to
specific verbal questions; generally
used to determine deception.
Portrait Parle
An early method of criminal

identification in which the human
head and facial features were
described in a detailed manner.
Thief-Taking
An early method of criminal

investigation and apprehension that
was based on the premise that only
a criminal could successfully

apprehend another criminal.
Thomas Byrnes
American founder of criminal

modus operandi/ Chief of detectives
in New York City/ One of the most
famous invesitgators of the 19th
century
Will West Case
A case in which two inmates so

closely resembled each other in
physical characteristics that the
traditional Bertillon method of
identification was discredited.
anthropomentry
human identification
chain of possession
a written document that can account

for an item of evidence from the
time it came into the agency's
possession to the time it is
presented in court
chronological log
a log that documents when an

officer enters and leaves the scene
criminalistics
the application of scientific

techniques in collecting and
analyzing physical evidence
ever-narrowing circle
the reverse of an ever-widening

circle, in which the searching
officer starts at the outskirts of the
crime scene and works its focal
point
ever-widening circle
technique in which the searching

officer starts at the focal point of the
scene or the center of the security
area and works outward by circling
in a clockwise or counterclockwise

direction until the fringes of the
protected area are reached
exchange principle
cross-transfer of evidence
forensics
the use of science to answer legal

questions
impact energy
any piece of evidence, either alone

or in combination with other
evidence, must be persuasive to the
triers of fact
known standard of evidence
evidence collected from aa known

source
match
most favorable term in a crime lab

report of a comparison analysis of
evidence submitted by police
investigators
modus operandi
involves the choice of a particular

crime to commit and the selection
of method of committing it
omission
a failure to act when such action is

required by law
point-to-point movement
a chain of objects that are obviously

evidence
single-officer search
locating evidence, but they do not

disturb it or collect it. limit the
number of officers in possession of
crime scene evidence to the officer
searching the scene
strip or grid search
for outdoors areas in which the area

to be searched is plotted like a

footbal field. Searching starts at a
sideline and moves across the field
to the other sideline, which
searchers working back and fourth
across the field until the entire area
is searched
toxicology
the study of the effects of poisons
zone or sector search
the scene is subdivided into

segments and each sector is
searched as an individual unit
Mathieu Orfila
thought many to be the father of

forensic
Hans Gross
advocate of criminal investigations

as a science
Alphonse Bertillon
developed the the first means of

human identification, known as
anthropometry
Francis Galton
provided the first definitive study of

fingerprints
Albert S. Osborn
authored in 1910 the first

significant text in the field of
Edmond Locard
in 1910 persuaded the police to

department in Lyons, France, to
finace a small police laboratory
Leone Lattes
expanded upon the discovery that

blood can be grouped into four
different categories: A,B,AB, and O
Calvin Goddard
was aware that the determination of

whether a fired bullet originating
from the suspects's weapon required
a comparison with a bullet that had
been fired and retrieved from the
suspects gun
hotographs of known offenders arranged by criminal
specialty and height was known as?
The Rogues gallery
From 1961-1966 the supreme court became unusually

active in hearing cases involving the rights of criminal
suspects and defendants. ITs decisions focused on the two
vital areas of search and seizure and the right to legal
representation. This period was known as:
the due process revolution
criminalistics draws from diverse disciplines to study

physical evidence related to crime such as (5)
1-geoloty
2-physics
3-chemistry
4-biology
5-mathematics
There are three major scientific systems for personal

indientification of criminals in wide use:
Anthropometry (relatively short

lived)
dactylophgraphy
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA
typing)
The most important incident to advance the use of

fingerprints in this country was:
The West Case
Firearms Identification
It includes identification of 4
1-types of ammo
2-knowledge of the design and
functioning of firearms
3-restoration of obliterated serial
numbers on weapons
4-estimation of the distance
between a guns muzzle and a victim
when the weapon is fired
This law changes much more rapidly than does the
Procedural Law

substantive criminal law. It deals with processes of arrest,
search and seizure, interrogations, confessions,
admissiblitiy of evidence and testifying in court.
Ingredients of Arrest
There are three essential ingredients of an arrest (3)
Intention
Authority
Custody
The form and contents (of fill in the blank warrants)

usually include
The authority under which the

warrant is issued (name and state)
Person who is to execute the
warrant (generally addressed to any
peace officer of the state)
Identity of the person to be arrested
designation of the offense
date time and place of the
occurrence
name of the victim
description of the offense and how
it occured
Chapter 3
1-future illegal acts are encouraged

2-resources that could be devoted to
other social problems are diverted
to deal with rising crime
3-public confidence in government
faces a crisis
4-it tears the fabric of social
relations and living patterns
When officials fail to prevent or cannot deal effectively

with crime, there are negative consequences 4
The contributions of physical evidence to an investigation

are diminished primarily by:
The inability unwillingness or

failure to locate properly collect
mark and preserve the evidence and
by the drawing of improper
conclusions of its analysis
The investigative process has the following four

objectives 4
-establish that a crime was actually

committed
-identify and apprehend the
suspects
-recover stolen property

-assist in the prosecution of the
persons charged with the crime
The most important skill o the investigator is the ability to
Converse equally well with a wide

range of people
(this is essential becasue much of
what we learn during an
investigation come from people)
This reasoning moves from the specific details to a

general view. It uses the factual situation of a case to form
a unified and logically consistent explanation of the crime
Inductive reasoning
This reasoning creates a hypothesis about the crime. The

explanation is tested against the factual situation
Deductive reasoning
Normally the preliminary investigaiton is conducted by a

uniformed officer from the Patrol Division and consists of
the following six steps 6
1-receipt of info, initial response,

officer safety procedures
2-emergency care
3-secure and control persons at the
scene
4-issue a be on the lookout
5-evidence procedures generally
6-incident offense report
In assessing the scene, use all of your senses: look, listen

smell. Be alert for 3
possibility that violence is still on

going
dangers fro ordinary people
dangers from special hazards
One or more plainclothes investigators may also come to

the scene, depending on the severity of the crime. If they
do, the first responding officer has teh following creim
scene turnover responsiblities
1-breifing personnel taking charge

2-assisting in controlling the scene
3-turning over responsiblitiy for
starting another crime scene entry
log and
4-remaining at the scene until
relieved
The public thinks success is when the perpetrator is

arrested and convicted. However, police consider success
1-exceptionally cleared, meaning

the police can demonstrate who

in two additional ways
committed the crime, but for any

over several reasons cannot pursue
the case further
2-cleared by arrest, meaning that
the perpetrator has been arrested
and there is sufficient evidence to
file criminal charges against
him/her.
The fundamental assumption on which crime scene

searches rest is the _____: there is something to be found
Locards' Principle
Criminal incidents may have more than one crime scene.

The primary scene is the locations where the initial
offense was committed: the locations of all other
subsequent connected events are:
Secondary scenes
This scene is the large view. It includes things such as the Macroscopic
relevant locations, the victims and the suspects bodies cars
and buildings
This scene consists of the specific objects and pieces of
evidence that are associated with the commission of the
crime, including knives, bite marks, hairs and fibers, shoe
and tire impressions, cigar butts, blood and so on
microscopic
Crime scene investigation is purposeful behavior and is

intended to accomplish the following nine objectives: (9)
-reconstruct what happened

-determine the sequence of events
-find out what the suspect did or
didn't do
-establish the modus operandi
-Determine what property was
stolen and what articles were left by
the suspect
-reveal the motive
-locate and interview witnesses
-document and recover physical
evidence
-provide investigative leads
The work at the crime scene is divided into three major
-overall coordination of the scene

functions (3)
-technical services
-investigative services
Types Of Evidence
-corpus delicti
-associative
-tracing
There are three broad categories of evidence in which

investigators have a particular interest (3)
corpus delicti
the basic element or fact of a crime,

as, in murder, the death of the
murdered person
Each criminal offense contains a distinct set of elements

whose commission or omission must be demonstrated to
have in order to prove a case_____ substantiates these
elements
corpus delecti evidence
This evidence is bidirectional in that it connects the

perpetrator to the scene or victim, or connects the scene or
victim to the suspect
associative evidence
The identification and location of the suspect are the goals

of this evidence: corpus delicti and associative evidence
may also serve these purposes
Tracing evidence
rules for the Crime Scene Investigator
-maintain control
-conceptualize events
-proceed with caution
-apply inclusiveness
-maintain documentation
Regardless of the type of crime involved five fundemental

rules must be observed: (5)
The arrest of a news media worker at a crime scene

should be made only upon:
The most serious provocation and

with full awareness of the adverse
publicity that is certain to follow for
the police department
News media personnel may photograph or report:
anything that they observe while

legally at a crime scene or covering
any other incident involving the
police

When suspects have been interviewed but not arrested,
their identities should not be disclosed. It is appropriate
for the crime scene coordinator to generally describe to
reporters the:
-physical evidence found at the

scene
-proceeds of the crime
-weapons
-issuance and service of search
warrants
In some investigations it is appropriate to withhold certain -how a victim was mutilated

details about the crime scene from the media, such as (4)
-messages left at the scene by the
perp
-particular types of evidence
-exact words spoken to a rape
victim
Trace Evidence Vacuums
These systems are particularly effective in gathering: (3)
-hairs
-fibers
-certain types of drug evidence,
such as cocaine
This dictates that every available piece of evidence be

obtained and, where there is a question as to whether a
particular item constitutes evidence, be defined as such.
Rule of Inclusiveness
Documentation of the crime scene is a constant activity,

starting with the rough, shorthand record created by field
notes. Other types of documentation that need to be
maintained include(10)
-crime scene entry log

-administrative log
-assignment sheets
-incidence offense reports
-photographic logs
-rough sketch
-evidence recovery log
-emergency medical personnel
documents
-lifted prints log
-consent search form or search
warrant
What type of log is responsibility of the crime scene

coordinator and things such as who is assigned to what
function at the crime scene and the sequence of events at
the scene, including its release?
administrative log

Infectious diseases
less than one percent
The approximate risk of HIV infection after an accidental

needle stick is _____
HIV
The greatest danger to officers arises when they are (3)
-making arrests
-seizing drug related evidence
-processing crime scenes and
accidents where blood and other
bodily fluids are exposed
Be cautious when conducting all types of searches; never

put your hands anywhere you cannot see. Instead use: (4)
-mirror
-probe with a flashlight or
-wooden dowel
-metal rod
The most important protective barrier against HIV

infection is
intact skin
Even the slightest opening in the skin can be a portal

through which HIV enters the body. Protect skin wounds,
abrasions, and openings with this:
360-degree fluid proof bandages
About 20% of AIDS patients developed raised, purplish

colored lesions (kaposis Sarcoma) which may be present
anywhere on the body. Most commonly, these are seen on
the 3
-head
-neck
-oral cavitiy
Bites, needle sticks, cuts or similar incidents involving

broken or punctured skin, however slight, should be
washed immediately with soap in warm water for at least
_____ and treated medically. Use soap from a dispenser
not a bar.
30 seconds
If splashed in the eyes or on mucous membranes (inside

nose) flush the area for ____ using water, sterile water or
a saline solution
15 minutes
The use of gloves may reduce the amount of blood

transferred by an accidental stick by ____ percent
50%

This is the most common serious disease in the world and
is the leading cause of liver cancer? It is much more
potent than HIV so officers are more likely to contract it
in the absence of precautions
Hepatitis B (HBV)
The purpose of the crime scene search is to obtain 4
-physical evidence
-identify the method of operation
employed by the perpetrator
-reduce the number of suspects
-identify the perpetrator
Four major considerations dominate the crime scene

search
-boundary determination
-choice of search pattern
-instruction of personnel
-coordination
There are five basic crime scene search patterns from

which the crime scene coordinator may choose
-spiral
-strip line
-grid
-zone quadrant
-pie/wheel
This search involved the demarcation of a series of lanes

down which one or more persons proceed. Upon reaching
the starting point the searchers proceed down their
respective lanes reverse their direction and continue in
this fashion until the area has been thoroughly examined
Strip Search
A variation of the strip search is the ___; After completing

the strip pattern, the searchers double back
perpendicularly across the area being examined
grid
This search requires that an area be divided into four large

quadrants, each of which is then examined using any of
the methods already described
zone/quadrant
This search entails dividing the area into a number of pieshaped sections usually six. These are then searched,
usually through a variation of the strip method
pie/wheel

In actual practice, both the ___ and the ___search patterns
are rarely used
spiral and pie
When the crime scene is of significant size, this search

pattern is normally employed
zone
Even when the same type of criminal offense has been

committed, the variation among crime scenes may be
enormous. These variations are due to such factors as (3)
-physical settings
-manner and means that the
perpetrators used to execute the
offenses
-length to which they may have
gone to eliminate or destroy
evidence
The amount of time required to process a crime scene

varies considerably, depending on such factors as (4)
-extent and nature of the area to be

examined
-complexity of the case
-abundance or scarcity of physical
evidence
-available personnel
Occasionally, it may be necessary to suspend an operation a priority crime with evidence

temporarily. One of the most common situations when this subject to decay requires that the
occurs is;
temporary diversion of personnel
from a scene where delayed
processing will not result in any
loss of physical evidence
The decision to release a scene must be well thought out.
An absolute must is to
photograph the scene again just

before it is turned over to the
responsible party.
Historically, these entities have been responsible for

finding underwater evidence, such as weapons, safes, and
vehicles, and locating and extracting the bodies of victims
of crimes or those who have accidentally drowned. More
recently, such units have been used to help (2)
-provide VIP protection

-conduct security sweeps of high
risk targets
To satisfy legal requirements related to its introduction in

a judicial proceeding, investigators must be able to : 6
-identify each item of evidence they

collecgted or handled

-describe the location and condition
of the evidence at the time it was
collected
-state who had contact with or
handled the evidence
-state when or during what time
periods the eivdnce was handled
-declare under what circumstances,
and why, the evidence was handled
-explain what changes, if any, were
made to the evidence
The essence of packaging any evidence is to do it in a
way that
will make any tampering with it

clearly evident
Three major methods of documenting crime scenes
-videotaping
-photographing
-sketching
What is still the primary means of capturing crime scene

images
conventional silver based film used

in a 35 millimeter camera
What are the advantages of using a digital camera to

document the crime scene
-images can be immediately viewed

-can be printed on site
-images can be quickly transmitted
and disseminated
what are the dis advantages of using a digital camera to

document the crime scene
-stored images are subject to

electromagnetic degrading
-storage media can be obtained only
at special stores
-because the technology continues
to evolve rapidly, accessing older
archived images may not be
possible with newer equipment
sketches typically employ one of four different views
-overhead or birds eye view which

is the most common
-elevation view which shows
heights
-cross projection view which lays

the walls to a room down so objects
of interest in the wall can be
mapped
-less commonly, three dimensional
view of the scene which can be
crated using sophisticated software
to form virtual views of the scene
Choice of Mapping methods:
rectangular coordinates
This mapping method is the best to use with scenes

having clear and specific boundaries, such as interior
walls
Choice of Mapping Methods:
triangulation method
This is useful both for interior scenes in buildings as well

as for outdoor scenes, where measurement must spring
from distinct "permanent" features or landmarks, such as
the corner of a home, telephone, mailbox lighting poles,
fences, stop sign posts, the intersections of paved
driveways and roads, and other similar features
Choice of Mapping Methods:
the polar coordinates method
When you are mapping outdoor scenes at which evidence

is scattered over a fairly large open area, this method is an
effective tool; it is not useful at scenes where the line of
sight is limited
Crime Mapping Methods
a grid system
This is an excellent tool, to use when there is a large

outdoor scene with no significant feartures or landmarks.
This is a measuring device that can be used at both indoor
and outdoor scenes; initially, it found its way into law
enforcement in the early to mid 1900's for use in traffic
accident investigation and reconstruction
a total station
Evidence submitted to a crime laboratory is most often
-courier

transmitted by: 3
-air express
-registered mail
IN the ideal situation, the investigator most

knowledgeable about the case takes it to the laboratory
In general the method of transmitting evidence is
determined by 2
-nature of the evidence

-urgency of getting an analyst's
conclusion
The FBI only accepts evidence for analysis which is

related to a ___ from state and local law enforcement
agencies
violent crime
There are three types of crime scene reconstruction (3)
-accident or transportation oriented

reconstruction
-specific crime reconstruction
-shooting reconstruction
Staged crime investigations profit from a five step logical

process
1-conduct a comprehensive and

thorough review of the documented
scene, which may be very time
consuming in violent crimes
because of the abundance of
evidence
2-carefully consider the victims
character, lifestyle, personal and
professional associates, drug and
alcohol use, normal hangouts, daily
schedule and routines, physical
condition, occupation, prior
complaints to the police and recent
conversations with neighbors and
friends
3-identify and document in detail all
possible indicators of staging
4-identify and document possible
motives for the origial act and for
the staging
5-Determine who benefits from the
original act and the staging. even in
death cases the deceased may
benefit: suicide and insurance

policy
This evidence is generally created by the contact of two
surfaces persons vehicles or objects, that results in the
formation of compressions, imprints or markings
pattern
Chapter 4
Characteristics of physical evidence that are common to a
group of objects or persons are termed:
An individual identification cannot be made because there
is a possibility of more than one source for the evidence
Class Characteristics
Evidence with ____ can be identified with a high degree

of probability as originating with a particular person or
source
individual characteristics
What are the three types of un known or questioned

samples?
1-recovered crime scene sample

whose source is in question
2-questioned evidence that may
been transferred to an offender
during the commission of a crime
and been taken away by him or her
3-evidence from an unknown or
questioned source that can be used
to link multiple offenses
What are the three types of known samples?
-standard or reference sample

-control or blank sample
-elimination sample
This type of sample is taken from a source known to have

has lawful access to the crime scene (such as a police
officer, medical technician or occupant)
elimination sample
By comparing ____, ____, and ____ soil examinations

can determine whether soils share a common origin
color
texture
composition
Pollen comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. In order to

be useful, analysis must not only present correlatioin from
-identify type
-variety

the crime scene to the suspect (as in the preceding case),
but also,
The guidelines for collecting pollen evidence are
consistent with those for what other type of evidence
soil evidence
Footwear prints are formed when the soles are

contaminated with foreign matter such as blood or dust
and leave a print on a firm base, such as a floor, a chair,
paper or cloth. Such prints are called:
residue prints
These occur when the footwear treads in some moldable

material, such as earth, clay and snow
footwear impressions
There are several methods by which footwear prints can

be recovered. The best approach is to
send the original evidence to the lab
These devices use static electricity to attract dust particles

of the print onto a dark colored lift film
electrostatic device
this is a software package that classifies archives and

identifies shoeprints
(SICAR)
Shoeprint Image Capture and
Retrieval System
Plaster of Paris is no longer recommended for use in

casting impressions._____ is the preferred medium
because of its greater strength, quicker setting time, ease
of use, and because it provides more detailed impressions
Dental Stone
The first step in casting is
The preparation of the impression
Dental Stone sets fairly rapidly. In warm weather, it can

be moved in how many minutes
20-30 minutes
For submission to the laboratory, wrap the cast in (3)
-clean paper
-bubble wrap
-paper bags

Paint is transfered as fresh smears, dried chips or
"chalking" from old dry paint. Cases in which such
transfers occur include
burblaries
hit and runs
These are glass fractures that form an approximate

circular or oval pattern around the point of impact
concentric cracks
These glass fractures are funnel shaped or cause deep

bevels in damage caused by a high velocity impact
cone or crater (hertzain cone)
In glass this is a line or crack surface fractures that run

parallel to the direction of the crack
a Hackle
These glass fractures extend from the point of impact
Radial cracks
This relates to imperfections within a sample of non

homogenous layers of flat glass
Ream
These are rib-shaped marks with a wavelike pattern on

glass fracture edges that are almost always concave in the
direction from which the crack occurred
Wallner Lines
Paint is examined in several ways in the laboratory.

Factors of importance in ints identification are (5)
-shade
-composition
-number of coats
-texture
-weathering
Glass is imprtant as physical evidence because
of the frequency with which it is

encountered
Although it is ordinarily class characteristic evidence,

glass has high evidentiary value because if its (3)
-variation in density
-refractive index
-light dispersion characteristics
If the fragments are sufficiently large to allow for a ____,

glass may assume individuality.
fracture match

glass should be packed in a rigid, leak proof container
such as ___ or a ____ paper and glass containers should
not be used
film canister/plastic pill bottle
a cold lamp filament that receives a strong shock will

break (often shatter into small pieces) without strecthing
this is referred to as:
a brittle break or cold shock

deformation
When a hot lamp filament receives shock it will stretch

and deform. This is refered to as
a hot shock deformation
Fibers are of greater value as evidence than are rootless

hairs because they incorporate such variables as (8)
-material type
-number of fibers per strand
-number of strand
-thickness of fibers and strand
-amouint and direction of twists
-dye content
-type of weave
-possible presence of foreign matter
embedded in them
Three things to remember when RESPONDING to the

scene of a Crash
1.Gather as much information as

possible before responding.
2.Follow the shortest and quickest
possible route to scene.
3.Always use safe driving
techniques.
What to remember when RESPONDING to a HIT AND

RUN:
1. Gather all available informatin of

the suspect vehicle.
2. While responding to the scene,
look for vehicles that match
descriptions.
3. If suspect info is not available,
broadcast description asap.
4. Keep in mind that some
collisions are intentional for
insurance fraud, assault.
Use the patrol vehicle as a _____________ when arriving

at the scene.
"Barrier"

What additional assistance would you request at an
accident?
1. Emergency medical or fire.

2. Additional officers for crowd
control or traffic diraction.
3. Utility companies for downed
power lines, etc.
4. Request wrecker service/tow
truck to remove non-drivable
vehicles from the scene.
Make sure all injured persons are receiving ______ ___
First Aid.
When possible, prevent other vehicles and involved

persons from entering the scene. This is to prevent
_______.
Tampering
Mark and collect this as soon as possible.
Evidence.
Traffic flow should be kept moving around crash scenes

(T/F)
True
The following items should be remembered when

Interviewing Persons at the Scene of a Crash
1. Interview involved persons alone

and away from others.
2. Be tactful and use good
communications skills.
3. Gather I.D. from the person.
4. Don't interrupt. Allow the person
to complete their side.
5. Ask where they were when the
crash occurred.
6. Look for signs of injury, illness,
or impairment.
7. Consider having the person
complete a statement.
8. Interview witnesses first since
they don't have to stay.
9. Sometimes statements are the
LEAST reliable evidence.
What to consider regarding the Involved Vehicle(s)
1. Focus on any newly damaged

parts and classify type of damage
being mindful of old" damage that

was not caused by this incident.
2. Ensure damage matches objects
that came in contact w/ that area of
the vehicle.
3. Check for defective equipment
contributing to the crash (brake/tire
failure, less than 1% of crashes are
due to mechanical failure).
What's the difference between Contact Damage and
Induced Damage.
1. Contact Damage is caused by

direct contact with some object.
2. Induced Damage is caused by the
vehicle being hit in one area and the
vehicle reacting in another. (Roof
buckling when the vehicle was hit
in the front).
Other contributing factors to a crash include:
1. People (impairment, experience

and actions...)
2. Vehicles (Size and equipment)
3. Roadways (Weather, potholes,
etc.)
Five types of evidence to find on the roadway:
1. Resting positions of
vehicles/bodies
(Controlled/Uncontrolled)
2. Tire Marks (Skids, Yaw marks,
Tire prints).
3.Gouge Marks
4. Debris (most common evidence
but not the best way to locate the
area of impact.)
5. Damage to roadside objects.
Skids are made by a tire that is free to rotate but also

sliding to the side. (T/F)
False. Skids are made by a tire that

is locked and is not free to rotate.
Different types of skids include:
1. Skip skids
2. Gap skids
3. Curved skids

How should skid marks be measured?
(No not from the waist band)

From the first point of impending
skid to the area that skid mark
stops.
Yaw marks are made by tires that are locked and not free
to rotate (T/F)
False. Yaw marks are made by tires

freely rotating but also sliding to the
side.
Yaw marks are always curved (T/F)
True. They have very distinctive

striations that show the vehicle was
sliding sideways.
Yaws show what type of evidence:
1. Vehicle was moving too fast to

negotiate a curve;
2. Location and direction on the
roadway
3. Driver intention not to stop but to
steer
4. Very accurate in determining
speed of vehicle.
How do you measure a yaw mark?
Measure the chord and middle

ordinate in the first 1/3rd of the yaw
mark.
How are tire prints caused?
By rotating in normal fashion and

freely through soft material (sluch,
sand or snow)
Point of Contact vs. Area of Impact?
Officers should not refer to this as

"point of contact" as it is more
difficult to locate the exact point..
Indicators of AOI (Area of Impact)
1. Dirt and debris on the roadway

2. Gouge marks on the road
3. Sharp angles in skid marks
(offsets)
Completing a Field Sketch is typically drawn to scale
It's a sketch, silly, no. False. It's

(T/F)
simply used to aid in the re-creation

of future drawings needed for the
DMV-349 Crash Report
What to remember when marking evidence:
1. Use 1 mark to mark small items

2. Two marks are used for Bodies
(head and center mass), Vehicles
(Center of each tire on one side),
Tire marks, Sections of railing or
fences damaged, Dribble paths
3. Three or more marks for Curved
tire marks (yaw and curved skids
depending on length), Straight
irregular marks, and Debris areas
larger than 3ft.
Once itmes are located and marked, they should also be

___________.
Labeled (This is done by assigning

each a letter then recorded on a
legend).
What are the two types of Reference Points?
1. Tangible (permanent fixed items

that can be touched)
2. Intangible (marks you create to
measure and relate to the crash)
Measuring tools include:
1. Measuring tapes (100 and 25

foot)
2. Wheel tape (Used on smooth
surfaces)
You should "pace-off" your measurements by walking

pace estimates.
False. You should never do this. So

don't.
What are the methods of measuring?
1. Coordinate (takes two

measurements from a reference
point to create a right angle)
2. Triangulation (takes 3
measurement using two reference
points for each mark to create a
triangle)

What must the DMV-349 Crash Report (The devil on
paper) include?
must be completed when the crash

or collision is a "reportable crash"
(one involving motor vehicle and
death/serious injury to human,
damage to property is $1000.00 or
more or involving a DWI involved
crash).
Define Motor Vehicle Traffic Crash
A motor vehicle traffic crash is any

event that results in the unintended
injury or property damage directly
or indirectly related to the motion of
a motor vehicle or its load.
Types of areas included:
1. Public Highways/Streets
2. Public Vehicular Areas (PVA)
3. Private property (PP)
Additional Assistance Considerations:
1.Make sure all debris is cleared

from the roadway before reopening
the area to traffic. It is the officers
responsibility to see this is done.
2.Dept of Transportaion for detour
signs or repair damaged signs,
roads, railings.
3.Hazardous material spills (Fire
Dept or HAZMAT team)
4. Utility, Phone, Cable companies
when their property has been
damaged.
Follow-Up Investigation should include:
1. Detailed, written statemnts

obtained from all parties involved.
(medical information must now be
proveded to officers)
2. Attempt to gather as much info
about each driver (alcohol, drug,
medication use, illness or lack of
sleep)
3. Take detailed measurements
4. Contact medical examiner
according to protocol.

5. Photos should never replace
investigation.
6. Have vehicles inspected for
defects
7. Contact D.A. before placing any
charges for criminal gross
negligence or reckless disregard for
life, etc.
Follow-up of Hit and Run Crashes
1. Interview witnesses
2. Gather as much info as possible
about the fleeing vehicle.
3. Follow the path of the suspect
vehicle via fluid leaks and other
marks left at the scene.
4. Collect all evidence from the
scene which could link the suspect
vehicle to the crash.
Consideration of Traffic Crashes:
Many times traffic collisions

involve the least serious crimes but
the most serious consequences.
______ notes made during the search of a crime scene are

the basic record of the search and the evidence discovered
Field
The notes and report both become permanent records in

the case and have the ______ integrity of records prepared
during the performance of official duties.
inherent
Graphic representations are not automatically presumed to photograph

be correct and must be verified by the person who made
them or by a witness that had sufficient knowledge of the
scene to confirm that the sketch or _______ is a faithful
representation of the subject and/or scene
Maps and _____ were used to illustrate testimony long
before photographs were first offered into evidence.
diagrams
_____ is the more recent addition to the use of graphics at
videotaping

the crime scene
Field ____ are memoranda the investigator records during
an investigation
notes
Field Notes usually includes the time the search started,

the ____ or assisting personnel, a description of the
weather and _____ conditions, a description of the area
searched.
names, lighting,
Report containing data at the crime scene during the

initial investigation is
Preliminary Investigative Report
Nine modus operandi elements are as follows:
1. type of crime
2. person attacked
3. how attacked
4. means of attack
5. trademark of perp
6. words spoken
7. vehicle used
8. property stolen
9. name or physical description of
suspect
Crimes can be grouped for this purpose as crimes against

______, crimes against persons, and other crimes.
property
Sixfold organization of the preliminary investigation:
1. suspect
2. property taken
3. physical evidence
4. victim's statements
5. statement of witnesses
6. observations by reporting officer
An officer should not disturb the crime scene or any

objects at the scene before ______ the scene
photographing
Crime scene photography provides a _____ record of the

facts at the crime scene
permanent

Photography is not a _____ for field notes, accurate
measurements and sketches of the scene.
substitute
Photographing the crime scene serves two purposes:
1. provides pictorial representation

of the appearance and position of
objects at the scene
2. serves as evidence to support the
investigator's testimony
Investigators are ______ for the adequacy of the

photographs taken at a crime scene
responsible
The subject matter of crime scene photography should

move from the general to the ______.
specific
Long-range photos tell a story of what happened at the

crime scene and serve as a ____ to locating the subjects of
close-up photos
backdrop
Close-up photos are used for recording evidence in

position and ____ the location, nature and condition
detail
Aerial photographs are excellent for studying crimes in

____ to ascertain whether the locations of past crimes
suggest a pattern of criminal behavior
series
Corpus Delicti
is the essential elements of the

crime and requires a close-up crime
scene photo
Close-up photos include views of the weapon and wounds

in a _______, tool marks at the site of forced entrance,
and fire-setting contrivance or the distinctive charring
along the fire trails of the accelerant often used in arson
homicide
Identification cards or markers are used in some

photographs to _____ date, time, location, photographer
and agency involved
record

The basic reason for ______ a crime scene is to provide
an in depth understanding of the circumstances of the
crime beyond the level of comprehensions attained solely
by reading a written report or studying photos.
sketching
A sketch is better than a _____ report and not as good as a

photo with regard to depicting the crime scene
written
The advantage of a sketch is that unnecessary _____ can

be eliminated, whereas it cannot be _____ from a photo
and is _____ from a report only with difficulty
eliminated
Sketching a plan or diagramming the scene in the regular

course of police business records the ____ available to the
viewer so that at any time in the future the assigned
investigator and the jury of ____ both have access to a
graphic representation of the crime scene.
facts, fact
Field sketch is marked for identification with the

following information:
1. investigator's full name

2. time, date, case number and
crime classification
3. full name of any person assisting
in taking measurements
4. orientation - address, position in
building, location adjacent to
building, landmarks and compass
direction if outdoors
A common error committed during scene sketching is to

attempt to make an architectural ______ of the scene or to
include too many details
reproduction
A sketch shows and locates important _____ at the scene

and unimportant _____ are omitted for simplicity.
objects
Crime scene sketch measurements should extend along

and from ____ and identifiable points
fixed
Any distance measurements with a floating ___ - that is, a

reference point that may be moved or cannot be located
base

with accuracy - should be avoided.
Crime scene area diagram is a ____ pinpointing the
location of shoe prints, tire tracks, weapons, and similar
evidence linked to the crime scene buy lying beyond the
crime scene and supplements the crime scene diagram.
sketch (it is warranted when one or

more of the basic facts in the case
lies beyond the crime scene)
Schematic _____ are often used to show the travels

(paths) of the victim, offenders, bullets and other moving
objects
diagrams
Recommended crime scene sketch scales range from 1/8

inch equals one ____ (1:96) for indoor scenes to one inch
equals 20 ____ (1:240) for outdoor areas
foot, feet
The objective of crime scene sketching should be the

graphic _____ of the crime scene in a manner that will
permit reconstruction of the crime from the sketch details
representation
Videotapping is _____ storytelling, and it offers

compelling reasons for investigators to use it
pictorial
Videotapping has several advantages over photographs: it

provides ______ results without the need to develop film,
a tape can be _____ by recording over the images on it,
visual movement allows the viewer to perceive the scene
as _____, and sound may be used.
immediate, reused, shown
Progress reports are made either to inform the _____

officer of a new development in an investigation or at
specified intervals
commanding
reports made during continuing investigations have four

primary objectives:
1. to inform persons reading the

report of the findings
2. to facilitate understanding of the
investigation to date
3. to foreshadow the uncompleted
portion of the investigation, if any
4. to fulfill the duties of the
assignment (basic lead, witness

interviews, etc., )
A frequent and successful arrangement is to structure
these reports according to the classic queries of _____
reports
news
The classic queries of news reports are:
when, where, who, what, how and

why
Discovery is the term used for a request by the ____

counsel for the prosecutor to disclose the police case
against the defendant before the trial.
defense
The objective of discovery is to aid in ensuring that the

defendant receives a _____ trial
fair
adipocere
soapy appearance of a dead body

left for weeks in a hot, moist
location
algor mortis
postmortem cooling process of the

body
opinion
a personal belief
physical evidence
anything real and helps establish

the facts of a case
homicide
killing of one person by another
polygraph
scientifically measures respiration

and depth of breathing, changes in
the skin's electrical resistance and
blood pressure and pulse
criminal intent
performing an unlawful act on

purpose, knowing the act to be
illegal

deductive reasoning
a logical process in which a

conclusion follows from specific
facts
bore
inside portion of a weapon's barrel,

which is surrounded by raised
ridges called lands and recessed
areas called grooves
caliber
diameter of a weapon's bore as

measured between lands, as well as
the size of bullet intended for use
with a specific weapon
victim
"victim"
waiver
giving up certain rights
rogues' gallery
mug shots gathered in files and

displayed in groups
search patterns
things designed to locate

systematically any evidence at a
crime scene or any other area where
evidence might be found
exclusionary rule
established that the courts cannot

accept evidence obtained by
unreasonable searches and seizures,
regardless of its relevance to the
case
inductive reasoning
going from the generalization and

establishing it by gathering specific
facts
rigor mortis
stiffening of the joints of the body

after death because of partial
skeletal muscle contraction

striae
irregular areas of skin that looks

like bands, stripes, or lines
reasonable force
amount of force a prudent person

would use in similar circumstances
third degree
use of physical force, threats, of

force or physical, mental or
psychological abuse to induce a
suspect to confess
associative evidence
link a suspect with a crime
barcodes
"barcodes"
entrapment
tricking somone into committing a

crime that he or she would not
normally commit
field interview
when questioning occurs

spontaneously at the scene
arrest
taking a person into custody in the

manner authorized by law to present
that person before a magistrate to
answer for the commission of a
crime
best evidence
original object, or the highest

available degree of proof that can
be produced
crime
act or omission forbidden by law

and punishable by a fine,
imprisonment or even death;
established and defined by state and
federal statues and local ordinances
heat of passion
extremely volatile emotional

condition
misdemeanor
crime or offense that is less serious

than a felony and is punishable by a
fine or imprisonment of as long as
one year in an institution other than
a penitentiary
postmortem lividity
dark blue or purple discoloration of

the body where blood has drained to
the lowest level after death
lust murders
sex-related homicide involving a

sadistic, deviant assault, where the
killer depersonalizes the victim,
sexually mutilates the body and
may displace body parts
manslaughter
unlawful killing of another person

with no prior malice
biometrics
statistical study of biological data

and a means to positively identify
an individual by measuring that
person's unique physical or
behavioral characteristics such as
fingerprints
chain of evidence
documentation of what has

happened to evidence from the time
it was discovered until it is needed
in court
lane-search pattern
partitions a crime scene into lanes,

or narrow strips, by using stakes
and strings or by having officers
walk shoulder to shoulder or at
arm's length
material photograph
image that relates to the specific

case and the subject being discussed
cover
assumed identify used while on an

undercover assignment
indirect question
skirts the issue
confession
information supporting the

elements of a crime that is provided
and attested to by any person
involved in committing the crime
elements of the crime
specific conditions that must occur

for an act to be called a specific
kind of crime
compass-point
uses a protractor to measure the

angle formed by two lines
investigate
to observe or study closely
probable cause
what would lead a person of

"reasonable caution" to believe that
something connected with a crime
is on the premises or person to be
searched
rapport
understanding between individuals

created by genuine interest and
concern
premeditation
considering, planning or preparing

for an act, no matter how briefly,
before committing it
toxicology
study of poisons
circumstantial evidence
evidence from which inferences are

drawn; fact or event that tends to
incriminate a person in a crime
triangulation
uses straight-line measurements

from two fixed objects to the
evidence in the angle formed by the
two straight lines
undercover
using an assumed identify to obtain

information or evidence
witness
people that can provide eyewitness

accounts, or they can provide leads
that would be otherwise unavailable
deductive reasoning
a reconstructive process based on

specific pieces of evidence to
establish proof that a suspect is
guilty of an offense
investigate
to inquire into something

systematically in a search for
truthful information
triangulation
the degree of the angle formed at

the location of the object or
evidence can then be measured with
a protractor
Bow Street Runners
Established by Henry Fielding in

1748, a group of volunteers,
nonuniformed home owners who
helped catch thieves in London by
rushing to crime scenes and
beginning investigations, thus
acting as the first modern detective
force. by 1785, some were paid
government detectives.
forensic science
the examination, evaluation, and

explanation of physical evidence in
terms of law
Henry Fielding
Chief Magistrate of Bow Street in

London beginning in 1748. created
the covent garden journal, in 1752,
which circulated the descriptions of
wanted persons
John Fielding
carried Henry's work for 25 years

following his death in 1754
Sir Robert Peel
Established the first police force in

London.
Metropolitan Police Act
An act of parliament that created

the London Metropolitan Police, the
first centralized, professional police
force in Britain, which soon became
the international model for
professional policing
Sergeant Popay
Dismissed from London's

Metropolitan Police in 1833 for
infiltrating a radical group and
advocating the use of violence after
he aquired a leadership position.
Scotland Yard
The original headquarters of the

London Metropolitan Police, socalled because the building
formerly housed Scottish royalty
Stephen Girard
Left money to Philadelphia to

develop a competent police force.
Allan Pinkerton
Formed the Pinkertons in 1850

along with Edward Rucker; the only
consistently competent detetives in
the US for over 50 years

Rogue's Gallery
Instituted by the NYPD in 1857, a

display in which photographs of
known offenders were arranged by
criminal specialty and height for
detectives to study so that they
might regocnize criminals on the
street
Mulberry Street Morning Parade
Instituted by Chief Detective

Thomas Byrnes in NYC in the late
1800s, an innovative approach to
criminal identification in which all
new arrestees were marched each
morning before detectives so that
the detectives could make notes and
later recognize the criminals
National Academy
a training course for state and local

police
National Crime Information Center
The FBI's online system of

extensive databases on driminals
and crime; available to federal,
state, and local agencies
Drug Enforcement Administration
Created in 1973, this federal agency

is responsible for enforcing laws on
illicit drugs and fighting
international drug traffic; also trains
state and local police in
investigative work regarding illegal
drugs, surveillance, and use of
informants
Hans Gross
Australian prosecutor who wrote

the first major book on the
application of science to investigate
in 1893
Edmond Locard
Researcher interested in
microscopic evidence; all crime

sense today comes under the
presumption of Locard's principlethat there is something to be found
Biometrics
identify an individual through

characteristics of the human body.
Alphonse Bertillon
Recognized world wide as the

father of personal identification; he
developed anthropometry
anthropometry
Developed by Alphonse Bertillon in

the late 19th century, the study and
comparison of body measurements
as a means of criminal identification
dactylography
the study and comparison of

fingerprints as a means of criminal
identification; first used
systematically for that purpose in
England in 1900, but a means of
identification since the first century
Sir Francis Galton
1892-published the first definitive

book on dactylography, Finger
Prints, which presented statistical
proof of their uniqueness and many
principles of identification by
fingerprints. Charles Darwin's
cousin
Juan Vucetich
Worked on the use of fingerprints in

Argentina. Published Dactiloscopia
Comparada in 1894
Edward Henry
Devised the Henry System, a

fingerprint classification system that
facilitated the use of fingerprints in
criminal identification in 1900

West case
A 1903 incident in which two

criminals with the same name,
identical appearances, and nearly
identical measurements were
distinguished only fingerprints, thus
significantly advancing the use of
fingerprints for identification in the
United States
DNA
A nucleic acid consisting of the

molecules that carry the body's
genetic material and establish each
person as separate and distinct
Enderby cases
Two rape-murder cases in England

that involved the first use of DNA
typing, in 1987, in a criminal case.
DNA samples recovered from both
victims led to the release of an
innocent man and the subsequent
arrest and conviction of the killer
Palo Verde seedpod case
A 1992 murder cause in Phoenix,

AZ in which DNA analysis of plant
evidence was used for the first time
in criminal proceedings to help
secure a conviction
Henry Goddard
One of the last Bow Street Runners

who made the first successful
identification of a murderer by
studying a bullet recovered by a
murder victim on 1835
Calvin Goddard
A US WWI veteran and physician

who is widely considered to be
most responsible for raising
firearms identification to a science
and for perfecting the bulletcomparison microscope

Albert Osborn
In 1910, wrote Questioned

Documents, still considered one of
the definitive works on document
examinations
Leone Lattes
Made a key discovery in forensic

serology in 1915, which permits
blood typing from a dried blood
stain
August Vollmer
Helped John Larson develop the

first workable polygraph in 1921
and established America's first full
forensic lab in Los Angeles in 1923
Paul Kirk
A biochemist, educator, and

criminalist; wrote Criminal
Investigation in 1953; helped to
develop the careers of many
criminalists; worked in field of
bloodstain pattern analysis
affidavit
A sworn, written statement of the

information known to an officer that
serves as the basis for the issuance
of an arrest warrant or a search
warrant
arrest
the process of taking a person into

legal custody to answer a criminal
charge
arrest warrant
a judicial order commanding that a

particular person be arrested and
brought before a court to asnwer a
criminal charge
charging
the act of formally asserting that a

particular person is to be presecuted
for a crime

detention
a temporary and limited

interference with a person's freedom
for investigative purposes. Also
called investigative detention, street
stop, and field interrogation
due process
fairness
due process clause
the title of clauses appearing in

both the fifth adn fourteenth
amendments to the constitution
exigent circumstances
an exception to the requirement that

law enforcement officers have a
search warrant; occurs when there is
a compelling need for official action
and there is no time to get a warrant
fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine
provides that evidence obtained

from an unreasonable search and
seizure cannot be used as the basis
for learning about or collecting new
admissible evidence not known
about before
procedural criminal law
the branch of cirminal law that

defines what can and cannot be
done with, or to, people
probable cause
a condition in which an officer has

suspicion about an individual and
knowledge of cats and
circumstances that would lead a
reasonable person to believe that a
crime has been, is being, or is about
to be, committed
search
the process of looking for evidence

of a crime

search and seizure
The process of looking for evidence

of a crime and taking that evidence
into the custody of a law
enforcement agency
search warrant
written authorization by a judge

allowing law enforcement officers
to look for specified items of
evidence of a crime in a specified
place
stop and frisk
A limited pat down of the outer

clothing of a person encountered by
a law enforcement officer when the
person is acting suspiciously, and
the officer, concerned about safety,
seeks to determine if the person has
a weapon
stop and identify
a person must identify themself

when requested
substantive criminal law
That branch of criminal law dealing

with the elements that describe and
define a crime
Peel's principle
1. community partnership
2. organizational transformation
3. problem solving
What are class and individual characteristics?
Class characteristics are common to

a group of objects or persons.
Evidence can only be placed into a
broad category, no matter how
thoroughly examined. Cannot make
an individual identification - there
can be more than one source.
Examples: brand, size, soil, hair
Individual characteristics can be
identified as originating with a

particular person or source.
Examples include fingerprints, palm
prints
How are known and questioned sources different?
A known source is evidence that

used as a standard or reference
sample. It's collected from material
that is from a known or verifiable
source. It can also be a controlled or
blank sample. A known source can
also be an elimination sample that
excludes those with lawful access to
the crime scene.
A questioned source can be samples
that are recovered from a crime
scene without knowing who left the
material behind. This can be
evidence that may have been
transferred to an offender during the
commission of the crime. It can also
be evidence from an unknown or
to link multiple offenses.
What are the two types of comparison samples and

describe.
1. Unknown or questioned sources unknown/questioned sources can be

recovered crime scene sample
whose source is in question;
questioned evidence that may have
been transferred to an offender
during the commission of a crime
and been taken away by him or her;
evidence from an unknown or
to link multiple offenses
2. Known samples - known samples
are standards or reference samples
(material from a known verifiable
source; a control or blank sample;
elimination samples

What are types of known samples and describe.
Known samples can be:

1. Standards or reference samples materials from a known verifiable
source like a buccal swab
2. Control or blank samples - is
material from a known source that
was uncontaminated by the crime
3. Elimination samples - is taken
from a source known to have had
lawful access to the crime scene.
What are footwear prints? What are footwear

impressions?
Footwear prints are formed when

the soles are contaminated with
foreign matter such as blood or dust
and leave a print on a firm base,
such as a floor, a chair, paper or
cloth. AKA: residue prints or
imprints.
Footwear impressions occur when
the footwear treads in some
moldable material, such as earth,
clay, and snow. AKA: indentations
What is dental stone and what is it used for?
Dental stone is the preferred

medium for casting of footwear
impressions (indentations). It has
greater strength, quicker setting
time, ease of use, and because it
provides more detailed impressions.
What are the two types of fractures in glass?
The two types of fractures in glass

are concentric and radial
Be able to tell me which shot came first based on radial

fractures.
When the first bullet stops the

second bullets radial fracture.
8. Describe how to tell the difference between an entry

defect and an exit defect in glass.
1. A cone-shaped crater will appear

on the side of the glass where the
bullet entered. The entry hole is
narrower. An expansion crater will
There are a couple of ways to tell the difference between

an entry/exit defect in glass.
appear on the side of the glass

where the bullet exited. The exit
hole is wider
2. Rub your fingers around one side
of the defect in the glass; if it is
smooth (you don't feel like you're
going to cut your fingers) = entry. If
you rub your fingers around one
side of the defect in the glass; if it is
rough (you feel like you're going to
cut your fingers) = exit.
What is a fingerprint?
is a replica of the friction ridges

that touched the surface on which
the print was found
What are minutiae?
The individualizing feature of a

fingerprint
What are the three broad categories of fingerprints?
Plastic prints, patent prints and

latent prints
What are plastic prints?
are created when fingers touch

material such as a newly painted
surface, the gum on envelopes and
stamps, oil films, explosives, thick
layers of dust, edible fats, putty and
adhesive tapes.
What are latent prints?
invisible prints which are

associated with the small amounts
of body perspirations and oil that
are normally found on the friction
ridges. Require some sort of
processing (light, powder or
chemical) to make the print visible.
. What are patent prints
result after fingers, contaminated

with foreign matter such as soot,
oils, face powder, ink, and some
types of safe insulation, touch a

clean surface. They are visible
without any other type of
processing.
What are the three categories of fingerprint patterns and
what percentage of the population has each type.
1. loops - approximately 65% of the

population have loops.
2. arches - approximately 5% of the
population
3. whorls - approximately 35% of
the population
What are conditions that affect the quality of latent

fingerprints?
The surface on which the print is

deposited
the nature of the material
contaminating the fingerprint
any physical or occupational defects
of the person making the print.
how the object on which the prints
appear was handled
the amount of contamination
What are the five methods used in order to develop latent

fingerprints.
1. traditional powders
2. fluorescent powders
3. application of chemicals
4. superglue fuming
5. laser, alternative light or UV light
Describe the process of developing latent fingerprints

with powder.
The entire area to be dusted should

be covered with smooth, light brush
strokes until the ridge detail begins
to show. Then the brush strokes
should follow the contours of the
ridges. Black and gray are the most
commonly used powders due to the
good contrast it provides. Caution
must be used when applying
powder to a latent print. Too much
powder creates a print in which the
details are difficult to identify.
List three chemicals that can be used for developing latent
Gentian/Crystal violet, Iodine,

fingerprints.
Ninhydrin, DFO
What is the name of the chemical that is used to develop

latent fingerprints on items that are wet?
SPR - small particle reagent
. Describe the process of superglue fuming. What is

another name for the process?
Cyanoacrylate is heated in a highhumidity chamber. As the fumes

condense, they develop whitecolored latent prints in about 5 - 15
minutes. The developed prints may
then be further developed with
powders or soaked in chemicals that
fluoresce under UV light. Another
name is the cyanoacrylate process
Describe the process of collecting a latent fingerprint.
Once a latent fingerprint has been

developed, a section of fingerprint
tape is applied to the area
containing the print. Affix the tape
to the area, being careful to smooth
out any and all air bubbles
(especially over the area of the
latent print). The tape is then
removed and placed on a fingerprint
card and collected.
What are two characteristics that can be examined in

determining if a hair is animal or human?
1. The shape of the root - human

roots are bulbous in shape while
animal roots are spear-shaped.
2. The width of the medulla human medulla occupies 2/3rds or
less of the diameter of the hair
shaft, whereas animal medulla
occupies 2/3rds or greater the
diameter of the hair shaft.
The two characteristics are:
How is evidence that is either known to have a biological Evidence known to contain or
fluid or is possible to contain a biological fluid, packaged? possibly contain a biological fluid
MUST BE packaged in paper; never
plastic. The reason for this is that
paper can breathe whereas plastic

cannot and will encourage the
growth of medium or bacteria to
destroy the biological fluid (DNA)
3. What procedures would you follow to take soil
samples?
You must take the soil samples

quickly because conditions can
change. Collect from the crime
scene, but also logical points of
access to and escape from the scene.
Collect samples where they are
noticeable changes in color, texture,
and composition. Also collect them
from a depth that is consistent with
the depth at which the questioned
soil may have originated, collect
soil samples from alibi areas, do not
remove soil from clothes or shoes,
they must collected as a whole. You
must package samples in clear
plastic containers and not plastic
baggies.
4. How do you cast a shoe impression using dental stone?
The impression cannot be disturbed.

If there is loose material ON the
impression, it can be removed. If
there is stuck material IN the
impression, it must stay in it. If the
impression is in sand, the
impression can be "fixed" with hair
spray, Use 2lbs of dental stone and
place in a 1-gallon size zip lock and
mix until it's the consistency of
pancake mix. It sets fairly rapid,
just wait 12 to 15 minutes. If there
is standing water, there is no need to
take it out. Once it sets, allow it to
dry for 24-48 hours.
What is the proper way to collect loose paint chips at a

crime scene?
Samples should be taken

immediately adjacent to the area
damaged by the suspect. Each
sample of paint must be collected

separately and must collect four
samples around each separate area
that is involved with the incident.
Use of a razor blade or evidence
scalpel should be used for each
paint chip. These samples can be
placed in a clear plastic container so
that it can easily be handled. Do not
place in plastic bags or use
transparent tape. Paper envelopes
are acceptable as long as they are
not bent.
6. Radial and concentric fractures are different in what
way?
Radial fractures move away from

the point of impact.
Concentric fractures form a circular
pattern around the point of impact.
7. What are minutiae?
A fingerprint is a replica of the

friction ridges that touched the
surface on which the print was
found. These ridge characteristics
are called minutiae. There are three
types, loops, whorls, and arches.
8. How are plastic prints formed?
They are three-dimensional; they

are molded, indented, or impressed
into some pliable surface. They are
created when fingers touch
materials such as oil films,
explosives, edible fats, putty, dust,
caulking and similar surfaces.
9. You are assigned to dust for latent fingerprints on a

white refrigerator door using a traditional powder. How
should you do this?
To locate the fingerprints on the

door, you can use a forensic light
source to better view the prints, but
if one is not available, a regular
flashlight may help. Traditional
power must be in the color black so
it can be seen clearly. Take a brush
and dip it in the powder, swirl it
with a coat of powder and then

lightly tapped to allow excess
powder to drop away. Then take the
brush use light brush strokes until
the ridge detail begins to show.
10. Forensic Odontology can be an asset in what five
circumstances?
1. A head is found or there is an

unidentifiable body
2. A decomposed, burned, or
skeletonized body
3. Sexual assault, child/elderly
abuse, domestic violence and
homicide cases involving
aggressive and/or defensive bite
marks.
4. Identifying mass casualties of
attacks or natural and industrial
disasters
5. Verifying a presumptive, or
reasonably believed identity for
example - Hitler Eva Braun and
Mussolini during World War II.
11. What conclusions are possible from the examination

of hair?
1. Racial characteristics
2. Somatic or body area origin of
the hear
3. Manner in which it was removed
4. Damage to hair
5. Types of drugs ingested and how
recently
6. Presence of hair contaminates
like blood
7. Hair treatment including
bleaching, shampoo residues
8. Origin such as fiber wig, animal,
or human
12. What is Touch DNA?
New iteration in DNA analysis that

involves skin cells rather than body
fluids. Firearms have areas where
touch DNA might be more
prevalent.

13. How would you attempt to locate "hidden blood" at a
crime scene?
Use preliminary field testing for

unseen blood at a crime scene, you
can use Luminol that creates a blue
glow when the lights are off or
Hexagon OBTI, which also
distinguishes between animal and
human. Although these preliminary
tests may interfere with DNA
analysis back at the lab.
14. A revolver is found near a body at an indoor crime

You should not touch it, it must be
scene. What procedures should be followed for processing photographed and measurements
the revolver?
have been made for the crime scene
sketch. Once those things are
complete, note the position of the
hammer and the slide, and safety if
possible. Record the description of
the rounds and empty chambers in a
revolver, remove cartridges from a
revolver and packaging them
individually, note if semi-auto or
automatic firearm, record the serial
number, allow any fresh blood to
dry naturally and if item is found in
the water, collect the item and place
in a bucket with the same source of
liquid it was found in.
15. How do you collect a tool impression in a door-frame
where a prying-type action was used to gain entry in a
burglary?
If possible collect the whole piece

of material that has the tool
impression on it. If not, you must
make a cast molding with material
such as Mikrosil. The tool mark
should be photographed to establish
their locations. Do not place a
possible tool on the impression for a
size evaluation because this could
lead to cross-contamination.
16. What is a questioned document?
A document is anything on which a

mark, symbol, or writing is made
for the purpose of transmitting a

meaning. A questioned document is
one whose origin or authenticity is
in doubt.
What is rapport? And why is it important?
the relationship of two or more

people who are in sync or on the
same wavelength because they feel
similar and/or relate well to each
other. techniques that are supposed
to be beneficial in building rapport
such as: matching your body
language (i.e., posture, gesture,
etc.); maintaining eye contact; and
matching breathing rhythm.
What is an interview? What is an interrogation?
Are conducted in criminal cases for

the purpose of gathering
information from people who have,
or may have, knowledge needed in
the investigation. It is a planned
conversation with a specific goal to elicit information from witnesses
which was perceived through one or
more of the witness's five senses
Interrogation is the process of
testing that information and its
application to a particular suspect.
Interrogation is designed to match
acquired information to a particular
suspect in order to secure a
confession.
What are some similarities between interviews and

interrogations?
Planning important
Controlling surroundings important
Privacy desirable
Establishing rapport important
Asking good questions important
Careful listening
Proper documentation
What are some differences between interviews and
Interviews

interrogations?
Purpose: to obtain information

No rights warning required
Cooperative relationship between
interviewer and subject likely
No guilt or guilt uncertain
Moderate planning or preparation
Private or semiprivate
environment desirable
Interrogations
Purpose: to test information
already obtained
Rights warning required
Adversarial or hostile relationship
between interviewer and subject
Guilt suggested or likely
Extensive planning and
preparation
Absolute privacy essential
What is the purpose of an interview?
to obtain information
What is the purpose of an interrogation?
to test information already obtained
What is a confession? What is an admission?
A confession is the
acknowledgement by a person
accused of a crime that he or she is
guilty of that crime and committed
every element of the offense; must
exclude any reasonable doubt about
the possibility of innocence.
An admission is a person's
acknowledgement of certain facts or
circumstances that tend to
incriminate him or her with respect
to a crime but are not complete
enough to constitute a confession.
What are the four commonly recognized objectives in the

interrogation process?
- 1. to obtain valuable facts

- 2. to eliminate the innocent
- 3. to identify the guilty
- 4. to obtain a confession

How quickly should witnesses be interviewed?
As soon as reasonable possible to

avoid misinformation and lapse in
memory.
Describe the traditional interrogation room
The traditional interrogation room

should be sparsely furnished,
usually with only two chairs.
There should be no physical
barriers, such as tables or desks,
between the investigator and the
suspect
What is proximity?
The suspect and interrogator should

be close enough to touch without
being too close.
How does an investigator become prepared to do an

interview or an interrogation?
is often determined by the time and

dedication committed to preparing
for the conversation. The
investigator must learn as much as
possible about the offense, the
victim(s), and the suspect through
the process of collecting, assessing,
and analyzing data and theorizing
about motivations and thought
processes of the suspect.
What are the basic groupings in which witnesses can be

classified and briefly describe each group.
Honest and cooperative; desire to

impart information in their
possession to the investigator. The
information may still be affected by
age, physical characteristics, and
emotions.
may not desire to give any
information in an interview
regardless of what they know.
may be reluctant to cooperate or be
suspicious of the motives of the
interviewer until rapport is
established

What is "eyewitness identification" and what is its
significance?
The identification of someone or

something involved in a crime by a
witness who perceives the person or
thing through one or more senses.
What are some of the factors that limit a person's ability

to give a complete account of events or to identify people
accurately?
- The significance of insignificance

of the event
- The length of the period of
observation
- Lack of Ideal conditions
- Psychological factors internal to
the witness
- The physical condition of the
witness
- Lack of familiarity with members
of another race or ethnic group
- Expectancy
Before 1936, the only test for the validity and

admissibility of a confession or admission was?
voluntariness
What was Brown v. Mississippi and what is the

significance of this case?
S.C. held that under no

circumstances could a confession be
considered freely and voluntarily
given when it was obtained as a
result of physical brutality and
violence inflicted by lawenforcement officials on the
accused.
What is the free-and-voluntary rule?
Basically states that individuals

must be able to give statements
without any form of physical
violence, psychological coercion,
empty promises, and meaningless
guarantees of rewards
What was McNabb v. United States and what is the

- The court held that the failure of

federal officers to take the prisoner
before a committing officer without
unnecessary delay automatically

rendered his confession
inadmissible.
What is the delay-in-arraignment rule?
After a person is arrested they must

be taken before a committing
magistrate "without unnecessary
delay.
What are the Miranda rights?
Right to remain silent

Anything said can and will be
used in court
Right to counsel before
questioning and during
interrogation
Right to counsel if one cannot be
afforded.
What was Maryland v. Shatzer and what is the

The court reasoned that because

Schatzer experienced a break in
Miranda custody lasting more than
2 weeks between the first and
second attempts at interrogation,
and that he was no longer in a
police-dominated atmosphere (even
though he was in prison) that he had
resumed his "normal life."
What is custody?
Occurs when a person is deprived

of his or her freedom in any
significant way or is not free to
leave the presence of law
enforcement.
What is Berghuis v. Thompkins and what is the

Involved issues of both invocation

and waiver of the Miranda right to
remain silent. Thompkins refused to
sign the Miranda warnings form
which indicated that he understood
his rights. At no point during the
interrogation did Thompkins say he
wanted to remain silent, did not

want to talk to police, or wanted an
attorney. He essentially sat in
silence for most of the 3-hour
interview.
What are field notes?
Field notes are the shorthand

written record made by a police
officer from the time he or she
arrives at the scene until the
assignment is completed.
What are the six interrogatories that officers should

phrase all questions with?
Who, what, where, why, when, and

how
What are the two indispensable elements of reports?
1. accuracy
2. clear communication of the
meaning the writer intended
What are some guidelines for writing effective reports?
1. Fill in all the blanks on the

incident report unless the
information is not available.
2. Write the report in 1st person,
using "I" as opposed to "Officer
Morales"
3. Avoid unnecessary technical or
legalistic jargon
4. Write short sentences - less likely
to be confusing
5. Use short paragraphs
6. Support any conclusions you
express with details
7. Don't repeat facts more than once
8. Check your spelling
9. Edit what you write.
1. What are the similarities and differences between

interviews and interrogations?
Similarities: Planning important,

controlling surroundings important,
asking good questions, careful
listening, proper documentation
Differences: Interviews purpose is
to obtain information but

interrogations are to test
information already obtained.
Interviews have moderate planning
or preparation and interrogations
require extensive planning and
preparation.
2. What are the four commonly recognized objectives in
the interrogation process?
1. To obtain valuable facts

2. To eliminate the innocent
3. To identify the guilty
4. To obtain a confession
3. What are the qualifications of interviewers and

interrogators?
They must be knowledgeable in the

art and science of criminal
investigation and know how to use
psychology, salesmanship, and
dramatics. They must have a
flexible personality, be easy to talk
to, have persuasiveness and
perseverance
4. What should an interrogation room look like?
The room should be sparsely

furnished, usually only two chairs.
No physical barriers such as tables
or desks between the investigator
and the suspect. If there is a desk,
the two chairs must be corner to
corner rather an on opposite sides.
Two-way mirrors are acceptable but
must be small and unobtrusive. The
room can also include a video or
audio recording device.
5. What steps should an investigator take in order to

prepare for an interview or interrogation?
They must learn as much as

possible about the offense, the
victims, and the suspect through the
process of collecting, assessing, and
analyzing data and theorizing about
the motivations and thought
processes of the suspect. This
begins the formulation of a profile
that will then dictate the initial

approach the interrogator will take
on first contacting the suspect.
6. Why is eyewitness testimony so unreliable?
There are a number of factors that

limit a person's ability to give a
complete account of events such as
the significance or insignificance of
the event, length of the period of
observation, lack of ideal
conditions, psychological factors
internal to the witness, physical
conditions of the witness, lack of
familiarity with members of another
race or ethnic group, and they
sometimes perceive things in the
manner in which he or she expects
them to appear called expectancy.
7. What are the forms that witness intimidation can take?
They include: implicit threats,

looks, or gestures, explicit threats of
violence, actual physical violence,
property damage, sending notes or
letters, making nuisance phone
calls, parking or loitering outside
the homes of witnesses, threatening
witnesses' children, spouses,
parents, or other family members,
and assaulting or even murdering
witnesses or their family members.
8. What can the police do to deter individuals who would

be inclined to intimidate witnesses?
They can visit the offender and

his/her family and friends to caution
them regarding their behavior and
to explain the laws concerning
witness intimidation and obstruction
of justice. Or when risk of
intimidation is significant,
prosecutors can seek high bail to
keep defendants in jail and away
from witnesses.
9. What are the advantages of using electronic recordings
They prevent disputes about the

for interrogation?
investigator's conduct, the treatment

of suspects and the voluntariness of
statements they made. Viewers and
listeners see and/or hear precisely
what was said and done. Recordings
also reduce the number of defense
motions to suppress statements and
confessions. It also frees the
investigator from writing down
notes while speaking to suspects.
Last, tapes can be used as a training
tool for less experienced
investigators who want to develop
their interrogation skills.
10. There are two basic categories of people who tend to

confess to crimes. What are they?
1. Guilty parties who

psychologically need to "get it off
their chest"
2. Persons who are not guilty but
who act under some urge to confess
11. Three categories of false confessions were discussed.

What are they?
1. Voluntary false confessions:

people claim responsibility for
crimes they did not commit without
prompting or pressure from police.
2. Coerced-Compliant false
confessions: people voluntarily
confess due to the pressures of the
police interrogation.
3. Coerced-Internalized false
confessions: Innocent but
vulnerable suspects confess and
come to believe they committed the
crime in question, a belief that is
sometimes accompanied by false
memories.
12. What recommendations were made to reduce the

possibility of false confessions?
Use police skill teams, provide

mandatory police training, and
provide mandatory police training
on special interview considerations
in dealing with populations most

vulnerable to false confessions.
13. What was the first notable incident of the U.S.
Brown v. Mississippi, under no
Supreme Court intervention into interrogation practices by circumstances could a confession be
nonfederal law-enforcement officers?
considered freely and voluntarily
given when it was obtained as a
violence inflicted by lawenforcement officials on the
accused.
14. What requirements are imposed on law-enforcement
personnel by Miranda v. Arizona?
Law-enforcement personnel must

read certain rights to those that
taken into custody for an offense.
They must say: You have the right
to remain silent, anything you say
can and will be used against you in
a court of law, you have the right to
an attorney, if you cannot afford an
attorney, one will be appointed one
for you.
15. What are the facts and the significance of the U.S.
Supreme Court case involving Maryland v. Shatzer in
2010?
The facts involved an attempt by a

detective to question Shatzer in
2003 about allegations that he had
sexually abused his son. The court
agreed with the trial court, allowing
the statements to be used against
Shatzer even though he invoked his
Miranda rights.
16. What is the significance of the U.S. Supreme Court

decision in the case of Berghuis v. Thompkins?
It was a decision by the United

States Supreme Court in which the
Court considered the position of a
suspect who understands his or her
right to remain silent under Miranda
v. Arizona and is aware he or she
has the right to remain silent, but
does not explicitly invoke or waive
the right

17. In the discussion of detection of deception a number
of body positions were discussed: isoparaxis, flash frozen,
rogatory position and the palmsdown position. What is the
significance of each of these positions as it relates to the
detection of deception?
Isoparaxis is mirroring another

person's behavior because they are
comfortable with that person. Flash
frozen is sitting for long periods in a
chair as though flash frozen in an
ejector seat, is evidence of high
stress and discomfort. A rogatory
position is when people place their
outstretched arms in front of their
bodies, with palms up. This is
someone who says something that
they want you to believe. The palms
down position is someone who
knows they are telling the truth.
18. What types of measurements are employed by the

polygraph and computer voice stress analysis to detect
deception?
Polygraphs record indicators of a

persons' cardiovascular pattern and
fluctuations, respiratory patterns
and fluctuations, and the changes in
skin resistance or sweat on the
fingertips. The computer voice
stress analysis notes microvariations
in the audible and nonaudible
portions of speech.
6. After a uniformed supervisor accepts a report, he/she

must make a disposition of it. What are five dispositions
that might be made?
1. The case may be retained for

further investigation by uniformed
officers.
2. It may be unfounded (that is, the
complaint is false).
3. The case may be inactivated due
to a lack of leads.
4. It may be referred to plainclothes
investigators.
5. The case may be completed and
closed.
5. How are MCTs and PDAs being used in law

enforcement?
They provide consistently secure

communications between 911 and
law-enforcement units, allow
officers to directly check important
databases (rather than going

through a dispatcher and waiting for
a reply), and it also enables officers
in the field to write incident reports
electronically with full access to
spelling and grammar checking
tools.
4. How would you characterize the difference between
basic incident reports and those that are NIBRS
compliant?
A basic incident report contains

blanks such as information about
the type of crime committed, the
compliant, victim, witnesses, and
offenders. The NIBRS reports are
much more detailed and they show
the relationship between victims
and offenders, the role of drugs and
alcohol in offending, and other
factors.
3. Briefly discuss the operational and administrative uses

of incident reports.
They serve as the official memory

of the department so that anyone
who needs access to the file after
the reporting officer or investigator
is no longer available, can make
sense of the report and the event.
The report can be useful to create
crime analysis reports. They can be
produced, personnel with
assignments in the department can
be properly aligned with the actual
workloads, and geographic
information system (GIS) data can
produce informative maps showing,
for example, where robberies with
certain types of characteristics are
being committed.
1. Identify and briefly discuss four reasons why field

notes are important.
Field notes are short written record

of events, times, places, suspects,
witnesses, and other information
and are used as the basis for
preparing incident/offense reports.
They are made by a police officer

from the time he/she arrives at the
scene until the assignment is
completed.
1. So information won't be forgotten
by the officer
2. Primary information source for
preparing the incident/offense
report
3. Field Notes can defend the
integrity of the incident/offense
report
4. Notes may reduce the need to
recontact the parties involved
analysis
new recognition of the significance,

meaning, and interrelationships of
incoming information can be
developed
audio surveillance
listening through wiretapping and

electronic eavesdropping
bugging
secret wiring of suspect's home,

office or car with electronic
eavesdropping device-bug
bumper beeper
electronic tracking device hidden

on underside of suspect vehicle;
monitored by receiver in police
surveillance car; allows pursuit
without fear of discovery
collation
evaluated information consisting of

its orderly arrangement, crossindexing and filing so that
meaningful relationships can be
developed between apparently
unconnected bits and pieces of
information
contact surveillance
techniques based on the capability

of certain fluorescent preparations
to stain a person's hands or clothing
upon contact and thus to offer
observable proof of a connection
between the stained person and the
object under surveillance
covert collection
collection of information conducted

by sources such as undercover
police agents and confidential
informants or is is acquired through
various types of surveillance of
unaware targets
Criminal Investigation Information Center (CIIC)
can assist investigators in clearing

assigned cases by reviewing and
collating items of information
common to police reports,
providing information in response
to requests by investigators,
organizing information on criminal
activities in other jurisdictions to
connect it to local crime activities,
and arranging for information
"sharing" between investigators and
investigative units.
evaluation
information being screened out

useless, incorrect, irrelevant, and
unreliable
field lineup
conducted shortly after the crime

has occurred and begin when the
police have a potential suspect
detained and need an eyewitness to
confirm that the person being
detained is responsible for the
commission of the offense
fixed visual surveillance
located within a building, if

possible, with observations made

through available windows or
doors.
GPS (Global Positioning Device)
A system that determines the

precise position of something on
Earth through a series of satellites,
tracking stations, and receivers.
interpretation
an inseparable part of analysis and

how collated information is related
to problems requiring solutions and
entails developing a hypothesis and
a tentative statement about the
meaning of the information
involved
lineup
traditional identification procedure

used to focus a case against a
suspect when eyewitnesses are
available
link analysis
ideal for profile work and assists in

showing the relationships between a
number of people and organizations
in a visual form
moving visual surveillance- tail (shadow)
may be on foot, in a vehicle, or may

use a combination of walking or
riding
overt collection
collection of information is
conducted by public sources or nonintelligence police personnel
participant monitoring
consensual electronic surveillance

with a primary use to secure a
record of a conversation in which
the person wired for sound is a
participant

photographic lineup
conducted by showing a witness a

number of photos usually 4 to six
that displays individuals whose
appearance is similar to that of the
suspect's
physical lineup
usually four to six people are

allowed to select their own
numbered position against a wall
marked clearly to indicate their
height,
stakeout (plant)
fixed visual surveillance
surveillance
the observation of people and

places by investigators to develop
investigative leads
undercover agent
surveillance from a position of

advantage working from the inside
visual surveillance
keeping watch on a particular

suspect, vehicle, or place with the
aid of binoculars or a telescope or
replaced by photographic
surveillance.
tail (shadow)
moving visual surveillance
During a criminal trial what two kinds of proof are used to Direct Evidence and Circumstantial
answer the questions of guilt or innocence?
Evidence
Direct Evidence involves _________ who have, through
one or more of their five senses, experienced something
_______ to the crime in questions or its circumstances.
eyewitnesses, relative
Circumstantial evidence is defied as evidence from which

an _____ can be drawn and includes items such as ______
evidence.
inference, physical

Major types of circumstantial evidence include weapons,
_____, imprints and impressions, ______ marks, dust, dirt
and other traces, questioned ______, and miscellaneous
______ or transfer evidence.
blood, tool, documents, trace
Witnesses at the crime scene include individuals

discovered in the ____ area and neighborhood.
view
A willing witness may wait at the crime scene until ____

arrive or contact the police to supply _______.
police, information
Many willing witnesses are motivated by a sense of

______ responsibility, a way to eliminate ______, or
revenge.
civic, competition
Unwilling witnesses usually _____ from the crime scene

because he or she dislikes ______ , has an outstanding
_____, is a crime suspect, or does not want to get ______.
disappears, authority, warrant,

involved
The first officer on scene should identify and ______

witnesses as soon as possible.
separate
Retroactive Interference (also reverse transference)
when witness discusses the crime or

overhears other individuals talking
about the crime and unconsciously
incorporates some of this
information as his or hers or alters
recollection to fit with those of the
other witnesses
When trying to identify potential witnesses, the officers at

the crime scene will encounter people who are
__________ or who state that they have no knowledge of
the crime.
uncooperative (these persons

should be identified and their
refusal documented in the police
report)
The technique of revisiting the ______ scene area to

search for witnesses was adapted from the investigation of
___-and-____ crimes.
crime, hit, run

Revisiting the Crime Scene involves two steps:
1. revisit the accident scene daily

for no less than a week and weekly
on the day of the week of the
accident for no less than a month at
the same time of the day the
incident occurred
2. question motorists and
pedestrians, paying particular
attention to school children and
service personnel
Canvassing the view area
officers make a systematic inquiry

for witnesses in view by visiting
places of business, apartments and
residents near the scene
Neighborhood Canvas
method of contacting people in the

area of a crime scene to locate
potential witnesses
Attempting to locate witnesses by canvassing a

neighborhood involves:
1. friends and immediate relatives

of the victim who are living in the
neighborhood are located and
interviewed
2. a house-to-house, apartment-toapartment, door-to-door canvass of
the following people is conducted:
a. residents and shopkeepers and
their employees
b. delivery persons, utility
personnel, and other service
personnel
c. bus and taxi drivers
Shopping Area Canvass for Witnesses
canvass encompassing the

geographic are in which witnesses
(not the perpetrator) travel to and
from the crime scene
Clue-in is a public plea technique in which local

television station telecasts _____ about unsolved and
facts (Objective is to locate

witnesses)

recent crime so that listeners can call if they have info on
the crime.
The study and identification of firearms, bullets,
cartridges, and shotgun shells.
Ballistics
Interior Ballistics
refers to the functioning of firearms

through the firing cycle
Exterior Ballistics
study of projectiles in flight
Firearms should be picked up by their rough or checkered

______ parts if possible, or any external ______ except
the trigger, trigger guard or trigger area.
wooden, metal
A description of the firearm should start with the name of

the _________ and the ______ number
manufacturer, serial
Proof Marks are _____ or symbols which indicate tests

performed to prove chamber _____ of a firearm by actual
firing with maximum loads
emblems, strength
When an empty cartridge case or shell is picked up, the

_____ where it was found should be pinpointed by
measurements for future reference.
location
When a victim is dead and an autopsy is performed, one

of the ______ forensic science procedures is removal of
spent bullets without damage to their original condition.
postmortem,
Gunshot Residue Examination (GSR) can determine

what?
if a person has recently fired a

weapon
Crime Laboratory
facility equipped for the scientific

examination of evidentiary material
submitted by police evidence
gatherers, staffed by qualified
forensic scientists or criminalists;
can provide reports explaining what

was discovered in the lab
Exothermic reaction is the rapid increase of _______
followed by a sharp decrease in temperature, of the
compounds and _______ deposited on a person's hands
when he or she fires a weapon the results of which is a
unique spheroidal formation not generally observed in the
natural environment
temperature, elements
Police investigators commonly encounter other weapons

at crime scenes, on of the greatest possibilities of error
when searching a crime scene is to ignore common items
of _____ or equipment as suspect weapons
furniture
_____ is a trace that can divulge a great deal of

information about a criminal, the victim and the
happenings during a crime
blood
Personal imprints and impressions found at a crime scene

______ a person or vehicle as having been at a crime
scene
identify
Imprints are _____ on a surface left by protruding parts of

a person or vehicle
markings
Examples of imprints are bloody _____ or footprints, and

tire _____ marks left after a tire is contaminated with oil
or mud
handprints, tread
Impressions are made by a person or an object in a

material ________ than the item of evidence making the
impression
softer
________ can be found at a crime scene as either imprints

or impressions
Fingerprints
Bloody fingerprints left on weapons or at the crime scene

are called ________ fingerprints
contaminated (*can be seen with

the naked eye)

Fingerprints left in soft material such as tar or tacky paint
are called
plastic fingerprints (*can be seen

with the naked eye)
Latent fingerprints cannot usually be seen with the ____

eye and thus need to be ________ to be seen
naked, developed
Latent fingerprints are caused by the transfer of body

perspiration or ____ present in the finger _____ to the
surface of an object
oils, ridges
Tool marks are likely to be found at the scene of a ______

or another crime in which the offender forced _____ into
the premise or forced open a locked container
burglary, entry
Questioned Documents are documents that are important

items of ______ , ie., _____, suicide ___
evidence, checks, note
Modus Operendi - Method of Operation
The way a suspect goes about

committing the crime.
Corpus Delecti - Body of the Crime
Proof that a crime has taken place.
Signature
A physiologically rooted behavior.
Chain of Custody
Log of locations of evidence, log of

exchanges. When the chain is
broken the evidence is not accepted
in court.
Documentary
Evidence type: Pictures,

documents, videos, and objects.
Courts must be careful with
exhibiting graphic material, as to
not skew/bias the jury.
Direct
Evidence type: witness to the

crime. Case is strong.

Circumstancial
Evidence type: Inference regarding

what happened. Usually when the
crime lab is called. Case is strong.
Relevancy
Makes a fact in issue more or less

likely.
Class Characteristics
Evidence common to a group.
Individual Characteristics
Evidence that permits

identification.
Balancing Test
What evidence can be brought into

court? The proof of that evidence
can't be outweighed by the graphic
nature.
15 Minutes
Times it takes to die of carbon

monoxide poisoning.
Liver Mortis
The color of death.
Algor Mortis
The temperature of death.
Rigor Mortis
The stiffness of death.
Proximate Cause of Death
The first thing that started the

proccess of death.
Manner of Death
By homicide, suicide, natural,

accidental, and undetermined.
Mechanism of Death
The physiological event
Medical Examiner
A medical doctor specialized in

forensic pathology. Nominated for
positions.

Coroner
Not necessarily elected or a doctor.

Comes from cream of the crop.
Clinical Autopsy
For the purpose of research. Can be

refused.
Medical/Legal Autopsy
For the purpose of identification.

Cannot be refused.
Antimortem
Before death
Perimortem
During/at death
Postmortem
After death
Tardieu Spots
Popped capillaries in organs.
Petechiae
Ruptured blood vessels in the eyes.
Putrefaction
Decomposition (decaying) caused

by rampant bacteria. Mid stage
change after death.
Autolysis
Decomp that occurs in the abdomen

cavity. Bacteria produces gas then
bloating. Later the intestines beak
down. Mid stage change after death.
Marbling
Capillaries infected with rotten

blood. Mid stage change after death.
Adipocere
Formation of body fat reforming.

Happens in cold, wet, anaerobic
environments. Preserves underlying
structure. Fish and crabs wont eat it.
Late stage change after death.
Skeletonization
Complete decomposition of the

non-bony tissues of a corpse,
leading to a bare skeleton. Late
stage change after death.
Mummification
Embalmment and drying a dead

body and wrapping it as a mummy.
Late stage change after death.
Deiner
German name for autopsy

assistants.
CODIS
DNA Database. Uknown from

crime scenes. Known from arrests.
Abrasions
Superficial removal of layers of

skin. Blunt Force Trauma.
Contusions
Fancy word for bruises, blood

under skin. Blunt Force Trauma.
Red, blue, purple, yellow, green,
then brown.
Lacerations
Ripping, tearing, shearing if skin.

Blunt Force Trauma. Not to be
confused with cuts and incisions.
Have irregular margins and tissue
bridging.
Fractures
Broken bones. Gives directionality

and timing of injury-due to stage of
healing. Blunt Force Trauma.
Avulsion
Tissue forcibly torn away or

separated from the body. Blunt
Force Trauma.
Mongolian Spots
irregular areas of deep blue

pigmentation, usually in the hairline
and lumbar regions; seen in

newborns of African, Asian, Latin
or Native American (Mongolian)
descent.
Cuts
Incision that divides tissue. Sharp

force trauma. Easier to treat and
stitch from medical perspective.
Generally seen on hands and face.
Can happen from any sharp piece of
metal or glass. Starts narrow,
deepens, then narrows. Longer than
it is deep. Typically not fatal, unless
major arteries are harmed.
Stabs
Deeper than they are wide. Hilts

will bruise around. Sharp force
trauma.Affected by sharpness and
speed of impact.
Lines of Langor
Orientation of muscle fibers.

Whether or not a wound gapes open
depends on this.
Strangulation
Oxygen not reaching the brain. By

hand-manual, where hyoid bone
breaks. Or by ligature, sheet or
rope, can see directionality.
Asphyxia.
Suffocation
Oxygen cannot reach blood. By

gagging and smothering.
Entrapment. Carbon monoxide
poisoning. Capillaries in eyes burst.
Asphyxia.
Burking
Suffocating someone by sitting on

their chest.
Auto Erotic Asphyxia
Death by pleasure of passing out

bore
the diameter of a gun barrel's

interior between its opposing high
sides
caliber
the diameter of a bullet, somewhat

larger than the bore of the weapon
from which the bullet was fired
concentric fracture
lines that roughly circle the point of

impact in a glass window
class characteristics
characteristics of physical evidence

that are common to a group of
objects or persons
cross contamination
in a trial, the questioning of a

witness who was initially called by
the opposing party
dental stone
the preferred material for casting

tire, footwear, and foot impressions;
stronger and faster setting than
plaster paris and provides more
detailed impressions
document
anything on which a mark is made

message
fingerprint
replicas of the friction ridges (on

palms, fingers, toes, and soles of the
feet) that touched the surfaces on
which the prints are found
fingerprint patterns
patterns formed by the ridge detail

of fingerprints primarily loops,
whorls, and arches
fluorescent powder
powder dusted on areas being

examined that chemically enhance
latent prints viewed under UV, laser,
or alternative light illumination
forensic odontology
a specialty that relates dental

evidence to investigation
fracture match
the alignment of the edges f two

items of evidence, thereby showing
that both items were previously
joined together
grooves
in firearm's rifled bore, the low cuts

that separate the higher lands
hemident
a reagent used in preliminary or

presumptive field tests to check for
the presence of blood
individual characteristics
characteristics of physical evidence

that can be identified as coming
from a particular person or source
lands
the high sides in a firearm's rifled

bore
latent/invisible prints
common name for unknown prints,

can be plastic, patent, or latent
minutiae
the characteristics that form the

basis for fingerprint identification,
bifurcations, ridge endings, ridge
dots, ridge islands or enclosures
mtDNA
DNA found in the mitochondria of

a cell, inherited only from the
mother, it thus serves as an identity
marker for maternal relatives

plastic print
prints created when fingers touch

moldable material, such as newly
painted surfaces, the gum on
stamps, putty, and the sticky side of
adhesive tape
radial fracture
lines that move away from the point

of impact in a glass window
rifling
the lands and grooves in the rifled

bore of the firearm
superglue fuming
the process of heating

cyanoacrylate in a high-humidity
chamber so that the condensing of
the resultant fumes develops any
latent prints
tool mark
any impression, cut, gouge, or

abrasion made when a tool comes
into contact with another object
traditional powders
the basic powders, available in a

number of colors, that have been
used for decades for developing
latent fingerprints
admission
a persons acknowledgement of
certain facts or circumstances that
tend to incriminate him or her with
respect to a crime but are not
complete enough to constitute a
confession
body language
gestures, demeanor, facial

expressions, and other nonverbal
signals that convey, usually
involuntarily, a persons attitudes,
impressions, truthfulness, and so on

computer voice stress analyzer
a method of lie detection originally

developed in 1988 by the national
institute for truth verification, notes
micro variations in the audible and
non-audible portions of speech to
identify deception
confession
the acknowledgement by a person

accused of a crime that he or she is
guilty of that crime and committed
every element of the offense; must
exclude any reasonable doubt about
the possibility of innocence
delay-in-arraignment rule
based on a 1943 supreme court

decision, the principle that the
failure to take a prisoner before a
committing magistrate without
unnecessary delay will render his or
her confession inadmissible even if
it was a freely obtained
eyewitness identification
the identification of someone or

something involved in a crime by a
witness who perceives the person or
thing through one or more senses
free and voluntary rule
based on a number of supreme

court decisions since 1936 the
principle that the exertion of any
kind of coercion, physical r
psychological, on a suspect to
obtain a confession will render the
confession inadmissible
in-custody interrogation
the legal condition under which the

miranda warnings are required,
although case decision vary on the
definitions of custody and
interrogation

mirroring
to match a persons words, actions,

and mannerisms in order to
eliminate communication barriers,
foster trust, and create the flow of
desired information
polygraph
a mechanical device that records

physiological changes that occur in
a person while he or she is being
questioned, with deviations from
normal readings indicating
deception; can be used only with
the subjects voluntary consent. (lie
detector)
proximity
the amount of space between the

participants in a conversationneither too close, which causes
discomfort, nor too far apart, which
causes a loss of connectivity
rapport
in interviews and interrogations, the

harmonious relationship with the
witness or suspect that must be
established by the investigator to
foster trust and meaningful
communication
witness
a person who has firsthand

knowledge regarding a crime or
who has expert information
regarding some aspect of the crime
soil and pollen
the natural accumulation of earth

materials, such as weathering rocks,
minerals, and decomposing plants,
along with pollen, class
characteristic evidence
residue prints
prints left in two dimensional form

on a firm base such as floors, chairs,

counters etc
impressions
three dimensional in that they have

length, width, and depth
lamp filament analysis
involves whether or not the lights

of a vehicle were actually on or
energized at the time of a vehicle
accident
loop
occurs in 65% of population
whorl
occurs in 30% of the population
arch
occurs in 5% of the population
patent print
impressions contaminated with a

foreign substance, touches a clean
surface
luminol
makes 'invisible' blood or blood

that has been cleaned up visible
any item on which a mark is made

message based on the
characteristics found in a person's
normal writing, they can often be
positively identified
presence, consciousness, attentiveness
three requirements the interviewer

must satisfy
true
at present, 238 law enforcement

agencies in 38 states currently
record interviews of suspects in
felony investigations

Brown v Mississippi
a confession cannot be free and

voluntary when obtained as the
violence
McNabb v US
arrestees must be brought before a

judicial official after arrest "without
unnecessary delay" suspects held
for questioning for days without due
process
Miranda v Arizona
spelled out specific guidelines to be

followed by police before the
interrogation of person in custody
Minnick v Mississippi
supreme court ruled that once

counsel is requested by a suspect,
interrogation must cease
immediately
rogatory position
when people place their

outstretched arms in front of their
body with palms up
What is criminal investigation?
Criminal Investigation is the

reconstruction of a violation of
criminal law in order to identify and
locate the perpetrator and gather
evidence for trial.
What is a protective sweep?
A protective sweep is the checking

of the immediate area for the
suspect. The officer is responsible
for himself and the safety of others
as well.
After entry with consent or a warrant, an officer should

carefully walk through the scene. This allows for these
three things...
a. to locate potential evidence

b. to establish a path that is safe to
walk through
c. to mentally trace the events of the

crime
The scene of a crime is protected for what two reasons?
a. To prevent the destruction or

removal of physical evidence and
b. to allow for accurate
reconstruction of the events
occurring at the scene.
--prevent destruction and aid in
reconstruction
What seven areas of a crime scene should be identified

immediately?
1. place of arrival
2. point of entry
3. path through the scene
4. contact with the scene
5. contact with the victim
6. place of exit
7. place of arrest
when will witness statements be most accurate?
at the time of the officer's arrival to

the scene, witness recollection of
the crime is more complete than it
will be anytime later.
Is it important to get a written statement from each

witness?
when possible, get a written

statement from each witness
What is a statement?
A statement is first-hand
information about the commission
of a crime given to an investigating
law enforcement officer.
What are the most significant reasons for obtaining

statements?
1. to substantiate the charges

against the suspect.
2. to impeach conflicting testimony
of witness/suspect
3. to provide information such as
descriptions or identities

what are the three basic sources of statements?
1. witness
2. victim
3. suspect
reconstructing the events of a crime helps to
verify statements of witness and

suspects so it can be recreated for a
jury during a trial.
The proper reconstruction of a ceime scene must

include...
field notes
photographs
a sketch of the scene
evidence custody documents
Can photographs be used as evidence?
Photographs are admissible

evidence if they fairly and
accurately represent what you saw
at the scene.
What are the three most common methods of measuring?
Triangulation- often used outdoors

when reference points are not
available.
Rectangular- A system of right
angles, used indoors or outside
when there are good reference
points.
Base Line- A variation of the
rectangular coordinate method.
evidence custody forms do what?
Evidence Custody Forms provide

documentation of all physical
evidence seized during a criminal
investigation.
What four methods are used to search a crime scene.
strip
grid
zone
sprial

Physical evidence or real evidence is...
Physical evidence or real evidence

is physical in nature. It can be seen,
touched, smelled, or tasted.
Can you destroy DNA evidence?
generally a court order is needed to

destroy DNA evidence. Some
general statutes state that DNA must
be preserved.
On a chain of custody form or evidence custody

document, make sure
all items are recorded and that

every transfer between individuals
is listed.
What is the first step of a follow up investgation?
The first step of a follow up

investigation should be a through
review of all existing information
about the case.
What are the ways a suspect can be identified?
eyewitnesses
circumstantial evidence- collected
from interviews,
reports etc..
establishing MO to find suspect
physical evidence- may link
individual to crime
Is it Ok to talk to the DA or prosecutor before the trial?
YES YES YES submit reports well

ahead of the trial.
What are the reasons for establishing MO in every

investigation?
1. to show a pattern of criminal

behavior
2. associate numerous crimes with a
single suspect
3. possibly predict the perps. next
target
4. assist investigators in recognizing
the characteristics of criminal
activity.
Establishing MO
time crime occured

type weapon used
location of crime
type business victimized
type individual victimized
point of entry and exit
method of entry
number of suspects
more on pg 28
T or F Establishing the MO will not necessarily provide a
suspects name, however, it will furnish vital information
that may lead to clearing many cases once a suspect is
developed.
True
T or F Arson will immediately provide a corpus delicti

(body of the crime)
False, arson does not immediately

provide a corpus delecti. The
investigator must first prove that the
fire was purposely started. The
investigation should start
immediately at the scene after the
fire is extinguished.
Do insurance companies have to provide information to

LE?
yes, by law, insurance companies

must provide information to law
enforcement.
Does a funeral home have authority over a body at a

scene?
No, NC is a medical examiner state.

The family does not have authority
over an autopsy either if the M.E.
requests one.
A suicide must be investigated with all the thoroughness

of a ___________ investigation
A suicide must be investigated with

all the thoroughness of a homicide
investigation. Look for a suicide
note and try to eliminate motives
for homicide.
Sex Offense Investigation
Sex assaults are sensitive. The

victim will not typically reveal all
of the details unless specifically

asked. It is important to specifically
ask about anal and oral sex.
What places on a vehicle should be dusted for prints first?
The obvious places that people

touch should be dusted first.
mirrors, door handles, vent
windows, ash trays, glove box,
steering column, trunk lid and hood.
Should a stolen vehicle BOLO be canceled immediately

when it is found?
YES
In an embezzlement case, there must be a relationship of

____________ between the suspect and the victim.
In an embezzlement case, there

must be a relationship of trust
between the suspect and the victim.
What is a fence? pg. 59
A "fence" is an individual who buys

and sells stolen property with
criminal intent.
What are the possible causes of gunshots?
Suicide, Homicide, and Accidental

it is important that the officers have
no preconceived ideas and
investigate the incident fully.
What is prostitution?
Prostitution is defined as "the

offering or receiving of the body for
sexual intercourse for hire, and shall
also be construed to include the
offering or receiving of the body for
indiscriminate sexual intercourse
without hire.
The investigation of prostitution may target either the

_________ or __________.
The investigation of prostitution

may target either the buyer or seller.
At the scene of an environmental incident, law

enforcement has a dual responsibility of...
1. protecting or mitigating the

environmental impact
2. perform standard police action of

stopping crime and securing
evidence.
When should a show-up be conducted?
show-ups should only be conducted

when the suspect matching the
description of the perpetrator is
located in close proximity in time
and place to the crime.
T or F -- Show-ups should not be conducted with more

than one witness present at a time.
TRUE -- Show-ups should not be

conducted with more than one
witness present at a time.
What is surveillance?
Surveillance is the observation of

persons, places, and things to obtain
information concerning activities
and identities of individuals.
what is a subject? (surveillance)
A subject is the person being

observed
What is a surveillant?
A surveillant is the person

conducting the surveillance.
What is the primary use of surveillance and what is it also

used for?
The primary use of surveillance is

to gather information. In addition,
surveillance is also used
1. to prevent crime
2. as a means of apprehending
criminals in the act of committing
crimes
3. as a means of affording
protection to undercover agents.
Surveillance is used to.....
Surveillance is used to.....

substantiate allegations of a
criminal violation
gain probable cause for a search
warrant
test informant reliability

offer protection to UC officers
crime prevention
Surveillance can be mobile or fixed (T or F)
TRUE
mobile is known as tailing or
shadowing
fixed is known as a stakeout
Describe the three basic methods of surveillance.
Loose- the subject is watched now

and then
Close- subject is watched
constantly.
Combined- combination of the
above two.
What is electronic crime?
electronic crime is any criminal

activity that involves the use of
computer technology, directly or
indirectly.
What is electronic evidence?
electronic evidence is information

and data of investigative value that
is stored on or transmitted by an
electronic device. It exists as data or
files.
If an electronic device is OFF, do not turn it on. If the

device is ON consult a specialist.
TRUE- If an electronic device is

OFF, do not turn it on. If the device
is ON consult a specialist.
An officer my take a chemical sample form a person

under arrest without his consent based on which case
decision?
Schmerber
The good faith exception to the exclusionary rule was set

forth by which case?
Leon
Set forth Miranda rights and procedure regarding rights in

juvenile cases.
Gault

The "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine excludes
evidence obtained as a result of information obtained
from an unlawful arrest or search. This is based upon
which case?
Wong-Sun
A search incident to arrest is confined to the arrestee's

person, or the area under his immediate control.
Chimel
Federal rules of exclusion of illegally obtained evidence

apply to the states. Based on which case?
Mapp
You may not use evidence obtained from a person in a

manner that "shocks the conscience" of the courts.
Rochin
As a supervisor, it is important that your communications

is actually two-way because of what?
It is more accurate
The term "workers" within a police organization most

nearly means?
Detectives and police officers
In giving praise to a subordinate for a job will done, the

supervisor should:
Praise the subordinate in front of

his peers.
The most difficult function to attain in a police

organization:
Proper unity of command
The techniques used to investigate personnel complaints

is greatly different than those used in other investigations.
False
As a supervisor, you should not accept complaints from a

second party.
False
The maximum number of subordinates who can be

effectively supervised by one person is:
Determined by "Span of Control"
What is the maximum number of subordinates for each

supervisor in order to maintain an effective span of
control?
10

According to the LE code of ethics, one of the basic
duties of all police officers is to do:
Serve citizens
One of the responsibilities of a supervisor is training and

teaching. A supervisor's teaching plan should not follow
any definite format.
False
When supervising a search of a multi-story building, the

search should be conducted:
From the top floor down.

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REVIEW TERMS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

latin, vestigare: track down or

the process of discovering,

a logical process in which a

searches for, collects, and

a broad field encompassing

an act in violation of penal

a serious crime, punishable

a crime or offense that is

a legislative act relating to a

REVIEW TERMS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

an act of the legislative body

elements of the crime

specific conditions that must

how criminals usually operate

avenues bearing clues or

skilled in interacting across

going from the generalization

a sudden knowing without

Locard's principle of exchange

a basic forensic theory tha

res gestae statements

REVIEW TERMS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

changes the focus from the

where most crimes occur

sifting through the mountains

a philosophy, a belief that

evidence favorable to the

the fineness of image detail

the smallest unit of a digital

about a million dots

pixels per inch

photographing the scene

REVIEW TERMS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

a unique, patented computer

pictures taken through a

enlarges a subject; such as a

can reveal evidence

uses the low end of the color

used to identify criminals

groups of mug shots

REVIEW TERMS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

writing on the back of the

relates to a specific case and

helps explain testimony

accurately represents what it

assists in interviewing and

the first pencil-drawn outline

take the longest

uses two adjacent walls as

establishes a straight line

REVIEW TERMS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

straight-line measures from

uses a protractor to measure

presents the floor and walls

contains the case number,

finished scale drawing

done in ink on a good grade

how the case is disposed of

beginning with the response

the story of the case in

inferences, such as the man