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Page 1
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2. System Diagram
T = 20C
T x, y 20 70 e600xy
y
Ts = 90C
L=5m
x
3. Assumptions
Steady state condition
Uniform free stream air temperature T = 20 C = constant
Ghosh - 550
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4. Governing Equations
Newton's Law of Cooling
qs hTs T
q k f
On the plate surface y = 0 q s k f
T
y
T
y
y 0
1
As
As
h dAs
For the special case of flow over a flat plate, h varies with the distance x from the leading
edge. Thus,
1 L
h dx
L 0
5. Detailed Solution
Local Convection Coefficient, h
q s k f
T
y
Thus,
q s hTs T k f
Therefore,
1
T
k f
Ts T
y
kf
Ts T
kf
Ts T
kf
Ts T
y 0
20 70 e 600xy
y
y 0
0 70 600 x e 600xy
70 600 x 1
y 0
T
y
y 0
Ghosh - 550
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42000 k f x
h x
Ts T
20 90 55C
2
kf = 0.02837 W/mK
hx 17.02 x W/m2K
Using MatLab, the variation of local convection coefficient can be plotted as:
Variation of Local Convection Coefficient
90
80
70
h (W/m2.K)
60
50
h(x)
40
30
20
10
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
x (m)
1 L
h dx
L 0
1 L
17.02 x dx
L 0
L
1
x2
17.02
L
2 0
1
L2
17.02
L
2
8.51 L
3.5
4.5
Ghosh - 550
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h 42.6 W/m2K
6. Critical Assessment
Because the local convection coefficient is a function of x, the average of the convection
coefficient must be obtained by integrating the function over the whole range of the flat plate.
2. System Diagram
U , T
Velocity B.L.
Thermal B.L.
Ghosh - 550
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3. Assumptions
Steady state condition
Constant air properties
Uniform U , T = constant
4. Governing Equations
Cf
s
1
U 2
2
On the surface, s
u
y
y 0
qs hTs T
q k f
5. Detailed Solution
Friction Coefficient, Cf
u
y
T
y
T
y
y 0
Ghosh - 550
Page 6
u
y
y 0
Ay By 2 Cy 3
y
A 2 By 3Cy 2
Therefore,
1
U 2
2
y 0
y 0
A 2 B0 3C 0
A
Cf
1/5/2016
A
1
U 2
2
Convection Coefficient, h
q s hTs T k f
T
y
y 0
Thus,
1
T
k f
Ts T
y
y 0
k f
D Ey Fy 2 Gy 3
D T
y
kf
D T
kf
D T
0 E 2 Fy 3Gy 2
y 0
y 0
0 E 2 F 0 3G 0
Finally,
kf E
D T
6. Critical Assessment
It is important to recognize (or know) that for both cases, the friction coefficient and
convection coefficient, an analysis must be done on the surface, which implies y = 0 m.
Ghosh - 550
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Bearing, kb
Tb
1
Bearing, kb
Lubricant
x
Shaft
Ts
Lubricant
Shaft
100 mm
diameter
200 mm
Water-cooled surface,
Twc = 30C
Ghosh - 550
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2. System Diagram
Bearing (kb)
Shaft (Di, )
Bearing
y
(mm)
1
0
Tb
Lubricant
x
Lubricant (, k)
Shaft
Ts
3.
Assumptions
Steady state condition
Constant fluid properties (, , and k's)
Fully developed flow in the gap (u/x = 0)
Infinite width [L/a = (0.07 m) / (0.001 m) = 70, so this is a reasonable assumption]
p/x = 0 (flow is symmetric in the actual bearing at no load)
4. Governing Equations
2-D Dissipation Function
2
u 2 v 2 2 u v 2
u v
2
x y 3 x y
y x
Velocity Distribution in Couette Flow (flow in two infinite parallel plates, but one plate
moving with constant speed)
u( y)
U
1 p 2
y
y ay
a
2 x
1 T 1 T T
T
kr
2
k
k
q c p
r r r r z z
t
T 1 T T
q kT k er
e
ez
r
z
r
Ghosh - 550
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T
T T T
k
q
v
k
y x x y y
x
c p u
5. Detailed Solution
u
0 . Thus,
x
2
2
u 2 v 2 2 u v 2
u
u v
2
x y 3 x y
y
y x
u( y)
U
U
1 p 2
y
y ay u ( y ) y
a
a
2 x
u
U
y
y a
U
y
U Ri
Di
D
U
i
a
2a
2
Ghosh - 550
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Do /2
r
Di /2
Ts Tb
Twc
Assume that the direction of heat transfer is in only r direction. Then Fourier's law becomes:
q r k
T
T
or q r kA
r
r
In our case,
q r k b 2rL
T
(1)
r
1 T
kr
0
r r r
In our case, because kb = constant,
1
T
1 T
T
kb r
0 kb
r
0
r
0
r r
r
r r r
r r
Boundary conditions for this differential equation are:
T = Tb @ r = Di /2
T = Twc @ r = Do /2
Let us solve the differential equation with the boundary conditions,
T
T C1
T
C1
T (r ) C1 ln(r ) C2
r
0 r
r
r
r
r r
The first boundary condition: Tb = C1 ln(Di/2) + C2
The second boundary condition: Twc = C1 ln(Do/2) + C2
Ghosh - 550
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T (r )
r
Tb Twc
Twc
ln
ln Di Do Do 2
q r k b 2rL
r
T Twc 1
Tb Twc
Twc k b 2rL b
ln
r ln Di Do Do 2
ln
D
D
r
i
o
Therefore,
qr
Tb Twc
k b 2L Tb Twc
qL
ln Di Do
q L ln Do Di
1465W ln0.2m 0.1m 81.3C
30C
2Lkb
2 0.07m45W / m K
U
x
Ts
The 2-D energy equation may be simplified for the prescribed conditions (see assumptions)
and further assuming v 0 and q 0 , it follows that
u
T T T
c p u k
k
x x x y y
y
However, because the top and bottom plates are at uniform temperatures, the temperature
field must also be fully developed, in which case (T/x) = 0. For constant thermal
conductivity the appropriate form of the energy equation is then
u
2T
0 k 2
y
y
Ghosh - 550
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The desired temperature distribution may be obtained by solving this equation. Rearranging
and substituting for the velocity distribution,
2
du
d 2T
U
k 2
dy
a
dy
T ( y)
2
y C1 y C 2
2k a
dT
dy
0 C3 = 0
y 0
T (a) Tb
2
2
a 0 C 2 C 2 Tb U
2k
2k a
T ( y) Tb
y2
Di
U 2 1 2 Tb
2k
2k 2
y2
1 2
a
0.03N s / m 2 0.1m
942.5rad / s
Ts T (0) Tb
81.3C
2k 2
2 0.15W / m K 2
Di
Ts 303.4C
6. Critical Assessment
We have dealt with both heat conduction and convection situation on this problem. Make sure
you understand the difference between them and how to apply an appropriate equation for a
particular case.
Ghosh - 550
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2. System Diagram
Heat transfer correlation: Nu L 0.43 Re0L.58 Pr 0.4
Air
T
U
Surface
Ts
L
As
Ghosh - 550
3.
Page 14
Assumptions
Steady state condition
Constant properties
Heat-mass analogy applies:
Heat Transfer
1/5/2016
Mass Transfer
Nu f1 Re L , Pr
Sh f 2 Re L , Sc
T Ts
Correlation requires properties evaluated at Tmean
300 K
2
4. Governing Equations
V L
Reynolds Number: Re L
Prandtl Number: Pr
Schmidt Number: Sc
hm As A,s A,
Convection Mass Transfer Equation: m
D AB
hL
kf
hm L
D AB
5. Detailed Solution
Properties:
Air (at Tmean = 300 K, 1 atm)
= 15.89 10-6 m2/s
kf = 0.0263 W/mK
Pr = 0.707
Air-water mixture (at Tmean = 300K, 1 atm)
DAB = 0.26 10-4 m2/s
Saturated water (at Ts = 310 K)
A, sat = 1/vg = 1/22.93 m3/kg = 0.04361 kg/m3
Ghosh - 550
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Re L
UL
10m / s 1m
15.89 10
m /s
6.293 10 5
and substituting into the prescribed correlation for this surface, find
Nu L 0.43 Re L
h
0.53
Nu L k f
L
0.58
0.707
0.4
864.1
hL
kf
Sc
D AB
15.89 10 6 m 2 / s
0.6112
0.26 10 4 m 2 / s
Sh L 0.43 Re L
0.53
0.58
0.6112
0.4
815.2
Sh L D AB 815.2 0.26 10 4 m 2 / s
hm
2.12 10 2 m / s
L
1m
Evaporation rate (kg/h) of the water on the surface
The evaporation rate, with A,s = A,sat (Ts), is
hm L
D AB
Ghosh - 550
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9.243 10 4 kg / s 3.327kg / h
m
Rate at which heat must be supplied to the surface for these conditions
Air
qconv
qevap
qin
Applying the first law of thermodynamics,
E in E out 0
qin qconv qevap 0
where qin is the heat supplied to sustain the losses by convention and evaporation.
qin 2685W
6. Critical Assessment
Heat-mass analogy has been applied in this problem. Note that convection mass transfer
can be analyzed like convection heat transfer. Equations are very similar to each other.
Notice that the heat loss from the surface by evaporation is nearly 5 times that due to
convection.
The End