UTS: NURSING, MIDWIFERY AND HEALTH

WORKBOOK

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: PREGNANCY

AND CHILDBIRTH

Subject Number: 92272

Autumn Semester 2015

Subject Coordinator: Rachel Smith

Subject Assessor: Rosemarie Hogan

Subject Name: Anatomy and Physiology: Pregnancy and Childbirth Workbook

Subject Number: 92272
Autumn Semester 2015
Original Author Christopher Gordon
Reviewed and edited by Heather Pierce 2015
Produced by the Faculty of Health
All rights reserved UTS 2015

WORKBOOK: INTRODUCTION
This interactive workbook is part of self-directed learning in this subject, designed to assist
with your understanding of human anatomy and physiology. Weekly completion of each
chapter section of the workbook prior to class will prepare you for face-to-face learning,
enhancing and reinforcing your understanding of the lecture and tutorial content. A weekly
quiz related to the workbook content is provided for you to gauge how your learning is
progressing. Please refer to the subject outline for details on assessment of the workbook.
An understanding of anatomy and physiology in the healthy, non-pregnant human is
essential for developing a clinical knowledge of the pregnant state, both pre- and post-natal,
and of fetal development. The pregnant state evokes remarkable adaptive and functional
anatomical and physiological changes which impact on homeostatic mechanisms, and a
conceptual understanding of non-pregnant physiology is required to adequately understand
pregnancy-induced changes.
A variety of texts and graphics have been sourced in the preparation of this workbook.
Please note that there are many different anatomy and physiology texts available, and these
will vary slightly in terminology and diagrammatic representation of anatomical structures.
A majority of answers will be found in the recommended textbooks or earlier editions.
The Waugh and Grant (2014) text is a readable, excellent resource that will serve you well
throughout the Bachelor of Midwifery programme for fundamental human anatomy and
physiology. This text, however, does not cover some topics in adequate depth or in the detail
that is required for some elements of this course. In this instance you will need to refer to
other recommended texts. It must also be stressed that this text is current knowledge to date
only. There are aspects of every text whereby the material presented maybe out of date or
not of sufficient depth. For instance, our understanding of molecular physiology, genetics and
the higher functions of the nervous system are advancing rapidly, with scientific discoveries
occurring almost daily. In addition, there are several mechanisms occurring during pregnancy
and childbirth that are not well understood, and these areas should be re-examined
continually throughout the course and beyond into your clinical world, such that your
knowledge is up-to-date.
The beginning of each chapter provides references to resources. For weeks 2 7 there is
also an embedded link to an online video clip Nursing education in video: Anatomy and
Physiology (Medcom Inc., 2005) via the UTS library website. Please view the video clip prior
to electronic completion of the workbook. Any queries regarding completion of the workbook
can be brought to class in week 1. For technical support please contact the UTS IT Service
desk: http://servicedesk.uts.edu.au/CAisd/pdmweb.exe .
Subject references:
Required text:
Waugh, A. Grant, A. (Eds), 2014, Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in
Health and Illness, 12th edn, Elsevier, Edinburgh
Recommended texts:
Marieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K.N. 2014, Pearson New International Edition: Human
Anatomy and Physiology, 9th edn, Pearson Education Ltd, Edinburgh Gate.
Stables, D. And Rankin, J. (Eds). 2013, Physiology in Childbearing with Anatomy and
related Biosciences, 3rd edn. Elsevier, Edinburgh
Tucker Blackman, S. 2013, Maternal, fetal & neonatal physiology: A clinical
perspective, 4th edn, Elsevier, Maryland Heights.

WORKBOOK: CONTENT
Week 1
Section:
1. Anatomical structures, general body terminology and homeostasis
2. Cellular components and functions
Week 2
Section:
3. Cardiovascular system
Week 3
Section:
4. Nervous system
5. Endocrine system
Week 4
Section:
6. Respiratory system
Week 5
Section:
7. Renal system
Week 6
8. Gastrointestinal system
9. Immunology
Week 7
Section:
10. Musculoskeletal system
11. The pelvis
12. The fetal skull
Weeks 9 & 10
Section:
13. Genetics
14. Reproductive system
15. Embryology
Week 14:
Section:
16. Fetal development, birth and transition to extra-uterine life

Section 1
Anatomical structures, general body terminology and homeostasis
1. Provide a description of each of the following body planes:
SAGITTAL PLANE: __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

MIDSAGITTAL PLANE: ______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE: _______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

TRANSVERSE PLANE: ______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
2. In the space provided, give a brief description of the following systems:
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
URINARY SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Define homeostasis: ______________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
3. Provide one simple example of a homeostatic control mechanism (body system)
responding to a perturbation (change or imbalance in a system):
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4. Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms:

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

A. Blood glucose levels

_____________________

B. Blood pressure

_____________________

C. Blood clotting

_____________________

D. Uterine contractions

_____________________

E. Temperature regulation

_____________________

5. Label the following diagrams with precise anatomical terminology (e.g. femoral not thigh).

6. Define the following terms and provide 2 functions in the body of each:
CARBOHYDRATE: __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
LIPIDS: ___________________________________________________________________

PROTEIN: _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Section 2
Cellular components and functions
Cells are the structural components of all living organisms. As such, in humans, they have
very different morphology, yet, share most of the same characteristics. Cells need to be able
to communicate both internally and with the immediate, and also often the external
environment, such that cellular functions may occur. To achieve this, cells are made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and possess a flexible plasma membrane, which
defines the extent of a cell. This membrane separates the two major fluid compartments:
intracellular and extracellular.
1. Explain why the plasma membrane is described as selectively permeable?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Briefly describe the following membrane transport processes:
DIFFUSION:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
OSMOSIS:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Cell growth and controlled division are essential for various processes to occur, such as
tissue growth, repair, and human reproduction. The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes,
which are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is the genetic material. The cell
life cycle includes the changes that take place over time until the cell divides into two
identical new cells. There are two main periods over the cell life cycle, interphase (cell growth
and normal activity which is the phase between cell division) and cell division (mitosis).
3. Briefly describe each of the following phases:
INTERPHASE
G1
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
G2
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
G0
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
S
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
MITOSIS
PROPHASE
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
METAPHASE
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

10

ANAPHASE
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
TELOPHASE
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4.
a. Define mitosis:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
b. Label the following diagrams which outline the stages of mitosis.

11

Section 3
Cardiovascular system
Please view the video on the circulatory system available on the following link:

http://search.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/view/work/17938
34
The cardiovascular system comprises of the heart and blood vessels. Whilst the heart needs
to eject blood continuously to the entire body to sustain life, in reality, the cardiovascular
system is nothing more than a transport system. The blood contains the components that are
required to sustain life and together with the cardiovascular system meets the needs of cells
and tissues.
The primary functions of the cardiovascular system are:
delivery of nutrients and oxygen
removal of metabolic waste and carbon dioxide
distribution of heat throughout the body.
In addition, the heart is actually composed of two pumps within a one-way continuous
vascular system. The right side of the heart circulates blood through the pulmonary
circulation, which primarily removes carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood. The left side of
the heart receives oxygenated blood from the right side of the heart and propels blood
throughout the systemic circulation. These are mechanical processes that provide adequate
perfusion to all cells within the body. However, the heart contains an electrical conduction
system that enables the continual coordinated contraction of heart.
1. Label the heart structures on the diagram below.

12

2. Label the below diagram.

13

PULMONARY
CIRCULATION

SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION

Oxygenated
blood
Deoxygenated
blood

3. What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure? What levels are
considered high blood pressure (hypertension)?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

14

4. Describe the difference, both structural and functional, between veins and arteries.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Name the arteries in the diagram:

15

5. Name the veins in the diagram:

6. Why can you palpate a pulse in an artery and not a vein?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

16

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

The intrinsic conduction system of the heart enables the myocardium to contract on its own,
without external control. This explains why heart transplantation is successful, and hearts
removed can beat independently, at least while oxygen supply is adequate and the waste
products of metabolism are removed. Despite this, the heart has several external control
mechanisms that influence both heart rate and contractility.
7. Briefly outline how the following regulate blood pressure:
BARORECEPTORS:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
CHEMORECEPTORS:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
RENAL SYSTEM:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. Define the following terms:
CARDIAC OUTPUT: _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
CONTRACTILITY: __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
17

__________________________________________________________________________
PRELOAD: ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
9. A savage dog has just jumped the fence and is sprinting towards you. You have two
choices, fight or flight; you choose flight and run away as fast as you can. Describe neural
and chemical (both systemic and local) effects exerted on the blood vessels during this
response.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10. Briefly outline the cardiovascular changes that occur during pregnancy:
SIZE AND HEART POSITION:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
BLOOD PRESSURE:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
18

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

11. A woman has just delivered a healthy baby, but is starting to haemorrhage. You measure
her pulse and blood pressure, whilst others attend to her immediate bleeding. The pulse is
rapid (124 beats/minute), thready, however her blood pressure is 102/54 mmHg. Describe
the compensatory mechanisms that are acting to maintain her blood pressure.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

19

Section 4
Nervous system
Please view the video on the nervous system available on the following link:
http://search.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/view/work/1793837
1. Explain the anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the events that must occur to generate an action potential. Comment on the
changes in the cell membrane and ion channels to explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

19

3. Complete the following table of regional brain anatomy.

Location

Function

Cerebrum

Cerebral cortex

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

20

4. Label the below diagram of a simple reflex arc by listing what structures correspond to the
letters A to E.

A. ________________________________________
B. ________________________________________
C. ________________________________________
D. ________________________________________
E. ________________________________________

21

Section 5
Endocrine system
Please view the video on the endocrine system available on the following link:
http://search.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/view/work/1793842
The hypothalamus is primarily responsible for autonomic nervous system functioning.
However, it produces and releases hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ. In
fact, it has wide-ranging control over the entire endocrine system. Anatomically, it is located
superior to the pituitary gland (hypophysis) and has a major influence on hormonal actions of
the pituitary gland.
1. Differentiate between the anatomy and hormones of the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) of the pituitary gland. List all hormones produced and
their actions.
Adenohypophysis

Neurohypophysis

22

2. Complete the following table:

Endocrine
gland

Hormones
produced

Target
organs

Hormone actions

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Pancreas

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

Ovaries

Testes

23

Section 6
Respiratory system
Please view the video on the respiratory system available on the following link:
http://search.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/view/work/1793835
1. Complete the following table:
Cell type

Life span

Function

Erythrocytes

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Platelets

25

2. If haematocrit is low (normal range: 37-47% for females), would you expect the
haemoglobin to be elevated or low (normal range: 120 to 155 g/l for females)? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the main reasons why pregnant women may experience physiological anaemia?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain clearly the role of each of the following in the regulation of respiration.
CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD: _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
OXYGEN LEVELS IN THE BLOOD: ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe in detail how pulmonary ventilation occurs. In your answer differentiate between
the mechanical process of inhalation and exhalation.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
26

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
6. Explain the role of the foetal lungs in utero, in your answer explain the roles of the vascular
shunts and how the developing foetus receives oxygen and has carbon dioxide removed.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

27

Section 7
Renal system
Please view the video on the urinary system available on the following link:
http://mcom.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/View/1665419
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs situated on either side of the vertebral column in the
superior lumbar region. They are located behind the peritoneum, attached to the posterior
abdominal wall by adipose tissue. They receive some protection from the lower part of the rib
cage. The right kidney is adjacent to the liver, and lies slightly lower than the left. On top of
each kidney is an endocrine organ called the adrenal gland.
1. Label the diagram of the kidney and the path of blood flow through the renal vessels.

2. Summarise the functions of the kidneys.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. The microscopic functional unit of the kidney is the ______________ (each kidney
contains more than one million).

28

4. Label the anatomical structures on the diagram of a nephron.

Complete the following sentences.

5. The glomerlulus is the site of ________________ ______________.
6. The proximal tubule is the major site of reabsorption of _________________ and
________________.
7. Water balance is mainly regulated by ______________ hormone.
8. Sodium ions are regulated by_________________ (a hormone secreted form the
adrenal cortex).
9. The collection duct is the major site of _______________ formation.
10.Exchange of fluids between compartments is regulated by
_________________ and ___________________.

29

11. Describe the regulation of glomerular filtration via:

a. Intrinsic control
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
b. Extrinsic control
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
12. The lower urinary tract comprises of:
a. ________________________________
b. ________________________________
c. ________________________________
13. The bladder (detrusor muscle) can normally hold up to _____________ mL of urine.
14. Describe the micturition reflex.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
15. Describe the structural and functional changes of the renal system during pregnancy.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

30

Section 8
Gastrointestinal System
Please view the video on the digestive system available on the following link:
http://search.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/view/work/1793836
1. Label the main and accessory organs of the digestive tract.

2. Explain the function of smooth muscles in the walls of the digestive tract (alimentary
canal).
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. What is the nerve supply of the alimentary canal?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

4. Use the following diagram to explain the mechanism involved in swallowing, and the
route taken by the bolus.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Outline the phases of secretion of gastric juice in the stomach.
Cephalic phase
_________________________________________________________________________
Gastric phase
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Intestinal phase

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the digestive function of the small intestine and its secretions?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. List the functions of the large intestine:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
8. Differentiate between the function of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
9.

List the functions of the liver.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10. Describe the role of bile.

11. Outline the regulation of bile secretion as referenced in the following diagram
1. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

1. Explain the location and role of the gall bladder.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. List the main changes to the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy and the
discomforts that may be experienced by women.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________

Section 9
Lymph & immune systems
1. Describe the composition and main functions of lymph.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Label the following diagram of regional lymph nodes:

3. Label the following diagram

4. Describe the function of the spleen, the thymus gland, and mucosa-associated
lymphatic tissue (MALT).
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Where is MALT found?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

6. What are the bodys main non-specific defence systems?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7. List the main features of the inflammatory response.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8. What is phagocytosis?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
9. List the main natural anti-microbial substances in the body.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
10. What is the role of T lymphocytes in providing cell-mediated immunity?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Section 10
Blood
1. Label the following diagram:

Plasma, Buffy coat: leukocytes and platelets, Erythrocytes, Formed elements.

2. Describe the composition of plasma.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. Complete the following flow diagram of the life cycle of a red blood cell:

1. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Outline the role of platelets in blood clotting.

7. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______
8.
5. Summarise in table form the main classifications of blood groups.
9. Blood
Group
14.Red
blood
cell
type
19.Antibod
ies in
plasma
24.Antigen
s in red
blood
cells
29.
30.

10.

11.

12.

13.

15.

16.

17.

18.

20.

21.

22.

23.

25.

26.

27.

28.

31. 6. Why is Anti D (Rh D immunoglobulin) sometimes given during pregnancy?

32. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________

33.

34.
35.
36. Section 11
37. Please view the videos on the muscular and skeletal systems available on the
following links:
38. http://search.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/view/work/1793838
39. http://search.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/view/work/1793840
40.
41. Musculoskeletal system
42. The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by supporting soft
tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of skeletal muscles. It
protects internal organs from injury, for example:
- Skull (cranial bones) protect the brain
- Vertebrae protect the spinal cord
- Rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
43. Complete the following sentences
1. Bones, together with skeletal muscles produce ____________. The bone tissue
stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorous (and small amounts of potassium,
sulphur, magnesium and copper), Developing bones in the fetus and some adult
bones such as the pelvis, ribs and breast bone, backbones, skull and the end of
thighbones, contain a connective tissue called red bone marrow where blood cells
(red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets) are made (haemopoiesis).
_____________________are stored in the adipose cells of yellow bone marrow. In
the newborn, all bone marrow is red. Aging has the effect of changing the bone
marrow from red to yellow.
44.
2. The ____________ skeleton protects the central nervous system, and soft tissues of
the chest cavity. The _________________ skeleton provides internal support and
positioning of limbs, supports and moves the axial skeleton.
45.
46. Bone is a vascular, hard-mineralised, living, connective tissue; it is constantly
changing and contains deposits of calcium and phosphorous.
47.
3. Identify and describe the two types of bone tissue:
a) ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b) ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
48.
4. Label the diagram of the axial skeleton.

49.
5. Label the bones on the following diagram of the appendicular skeleton.

50.

51.
6. What is the function of the periosteum?
52.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
7. What is the function of articular cartilage?
53. ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___
54. 8. What are the functions of skeletal muscles?
55.

______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______
56.
57. Section 12
58. The Pelvis, the pelvic floor and the fetal skull
59.
1. Using the table below outline the differences between the male and female pelvis
60.
61. Characteris
tic
64. General
structure &
functional
modification
s

62. Female

63. Male

65.

66.

67. Bone
thickness

68.
69.
70.
71.

72.

73. Acetabula

74.

75.

76. Sacrum

77.
78.
79.

80.

81. Coccyx
84. Pubic
arch/angle

82.

83.

85.
86.
87.
88.

89.

90.
2. Describe the pelvic floor and its function.
91.
92. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
93.
94.
95. Muscles of the pelvic floor
96.
1. The muscles of the pelvic floor are described as a funnel or a sling.
97.
98.
The superficial muscles of the pelvic floor are also known as the
_____________ & ___________ triangles.
99.
2. The deep muscles of the pelvic floor are also known as the
____________or_____________.
100.
101.
102.
3. Label the following diagrams:
103.

104.
105.
106.

Superior view of female pelvic floor muscles

107.
(Marieb & Hoehn, Fig.10.12a)

108.
109.

110.
111.
112.
113.
115.
116.

Inferior view of the muscles of the female urogenital diaphragm

114.
(Marieb & Hoehn, Fig.10.12b)

117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
123.
124.
125.

Inferior view of the superficial muscles of female pelvic floor

122.
(Marieb & Hoehn, Fig, 10.12c)

126.
The fetal skull
127.
128.
The process of birth is influenced by many factors. The mothers bony pelvis,
soft pelvic tissues (pelvic floor) and the fetal skull require anatomical adaptation to
enable progress in labour. During the second stage of labour the fetal head will
____________ to enable the narrowest part to pass through the pelvis. The fetal
skull also changes shape from globular to cylindrical, a process called
_______________.
129.
At birth, the skull bones are connected by unossified remnants of fibrous
membranes called _________________. These allow the infants head to be
compressed and moulded. They also accommodate brain growth in the fetus and the
infant. The _____________ fontanel is palpable for 1 to 2 years after birth. The
other fontanels are replaced by bone (ossified) by the time infant is _________
___________ of age.
130.
131.
Label the following diagrams of the fetal skull.
132.
133.

134.
135.
The suture lines of the fetal skull are named:
136.
1. __________________________
137.
2. __________________________
138.
3. __________________________
139.
4. __________________________
140.
141.
142.
Identify the suture lines on the diagram of the fetal skull above.

143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
Section 13
148.
149.
Genetics
150.
151.
The continuance of life is based on the principles and mechanisms of
genetics, embryology and the reproductive system. The inheritance of genetic
material from a male and female provides the diversity of the species, both normal
and abnormal. To understand the mechanisms of species continuity we need to have
knowledge of the terminology. The first section will concentrate on the language
required, and the rest of the section will concentrate on the essential components of
human development.
152.
1.
Label the series of events in meiosis I and I:
153. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
154.
155.
156.

2.

3.
159.

Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis

157. ______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____
158.
Define the following terms:
CHROMOSOMES:

160.
______________________________________________________________
___________
161.
162.
______________________________________________________________
___________
163.
164.
______________________________________________________________
___________
165.
166.
ALLELES:
167.
______________________________________________________________
___________
168.
169.
______________________________________________________________
___________
170.
171.
______________________________________________________________
___________
172.
173.

GENES:

174.
______________________________________________________________
___________
175.
176.
______________________________________________________________
___________
177.
178.
______________________________________________________________
___________
179.
180.

HOMOZYGOUS:

181.
______________________________________________________________
___________
182.
183.
______________________________________________________________
___________
184.
185.
______________________________________________________________
___________
186.
187.

HETEROZYGOUS:

188.
______________________________________________________________
___________
189.
190.
______________________________________________________________
___________
191.
192.
______________________________________________________________
___________
193.
194.
195.

3.

Differentiate between phenotype and genotype.

196.
______________________________________________________________
___________
197.
198.
______________________________________________________________
___________
199.
200.
______________________________________________________________
__________

201.
Section 14
202.
Reproductive system
203.
Please view the video on the reproductive system available on the
following link:
204.
http://search.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/view/work/1665
417
205.
206.
1. Label the following diagram:
207.
208.

209.
210.
2. Outline the seven stages of spermatogenesis (the transformation of a
spermatid to a functional sperm)
211.

212.

213.
214.
1. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
215.

216.
Section 15
217.
Embryology
218.
219.
The process of fertilisation occurs where a sperm cell enters the secondary
oocyte, into the cytoplasm and unites with the oocyte pronucleus to form a new
nucleus. This is the first step in embryonic development. However, the newly formed
embryo needs to travel to the uterine wall for implantation to occur.
220.
1. Describe the steps involved in the translocation of the embryo after fertilisation,
including cleavage, the production of a blastocyst, and the implantation of the
blastocyst.
221.
222.
______________________________________________________________
___________
223.
224. ___________________________________________________________________
______
225.
______________________________________________________________
___________
226.
227.
______________________________________________________________
___________
228.
229.
______________________________________________________________
___________
230.
231.
______________________________________________________________
___________
232.
233.
______________________________________________________________
___________
234.
235.
______________________________________________________________
___________
236.
237.
______________________________________________________________
___________
238.
239.
______________________________________________________________
___________
240.

241.
Fertilisation, implantation and placentation
2. Define the following:

Pregnancy _______________________________________________

Conceptus _______________________________________________

Gestation period __________________________________________

Preembryo ______________________________________________

Embryo ________________________________________________

Fetus __________________________________________________

242.
3. Label on the following diagram:
243.
244.
245.

4.

Label the hormones on the graph:

246.

HcG, oestrogen, progesterone

247.
5. Label the following diagram of an implanting blastocyst and formation of a 16 day
embryo:
248.
Endometrium, maternal blood vessels, amniotic cavity, bilyered embryonic
disc, chorion, amnion, chorionic villus, lacuna (containing maternal blood), ectoderm,
mesoderm, endoderm
249.
250.

251.
252.
253.
254.

6. Name the tissues that arise from the following germ layers:
a. endoderm
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
b.

mesoderm
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

c. ectoderm
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

255.
Embryonic and fetal development
1. Label the following of diagrams of a 4 and 7 week embryo:
256.

257.
2. Label the following diagrams of a 13 week fetus and the placenta.
258.
259.

260.
3. Describe the timeline of human pregnancy in diagrammatic form, in terms of:
Calculation of estimated date of birth
Trimesters
Gestational age
Fertilisation age
Embryonic/fetal development periods

Critical periods for teratogenic effects

261.
262.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
263.
4. Outline the role and source of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone during
pregnancy.
264.
265.

Oestrogen

266.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______
267.

Progesterone

268.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______
269.
270.

271.
Section 16
272.Labour and birth
1. Explain the role of oxytocin during labour.
273.

______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____
274.
2. Describe the stages of labour, including reference to the physiological changes in the
myometrium, the cervix and placenta, using the diagrams on the following page:
275.

(a).

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(b).
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(c).
276.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
______
277.

______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
_____(d).
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

278.

279.
Section 4: Transition to extra-uterine life
1. Label the following diagram comparing fetal and newborn circulation:
280.

2.

Discuss the initiation of pulmonary ventilation and respiration in the newborn.

281.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
__________
282.
3. Explain the transition from fetal to neonatal circulation.
283.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______
284.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
285.
288.