Anna University Lab Manual

EXP NO: 1
D A T
:
AIM:
8086 PROGRAMMING
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
To write an Assembly Language Program (ALP) for performing the Addition and
subtraction operation of 16-bit numbers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.N
ITEM
O
1. Microprocessor kit
2. Power Supply
SPECIFICATION
8086 kit
+5 V dc
QUANTITY
1
1
ALGORITHM:
16-bit addition
i.
Initialize the MSBs of sum to 0
ii) Get the first number.
iii) Add the second number to the first number.
iv) If there is any carry, increment MSBs of sum by 1.
v.
Store LSBs of sum.
vi) Store MSBs of sum.
16-bit subtraction
Initialize the MSBs of difference to 0
ii) Get the first number
iii) Subtract the second number from the first number.
iv) If there is any borrow, increment MSBs of difference by 1.
v.
Store LSBs of difference
vi) Store MSBs of difference.
i.
FLOWCHART:
ADDITION
PROGRAM
COMMENTS
MOV CX, 0000H
Initialize counter CX
MOV AX,[1200]
Get the first data in AX reg
MOV BX, [1202]
Get the second data in BX reg
ADD AX,BX
Add the contents of both the regs AX &
JNC L1
Check for carry
INC CX
L1 : MOV [1206],CX
If carry exists, increment the CX

Store the carry
MOV [1204], AX
Store the sum
HLT
Stop the program
SUBTRACTION
PROGRAM
COMMENTS
MOV CX, 0000H
Initialize counter CX
MOV AX,[1200]
Get the first data in AX reg
MOV BX, [1202]
Get the second data in BX reg
SUB AX,BX
Subtract the contents of BX from AX
JNC L1
Check for borrow
INC CX
L1 : MOV [1206],CX
If borrow exists, increment the CX

Store the borrow
MOV [1204], AX
Store the difference
HLT
Stop the program
3
3
OUTPUT:
ADDITION
MEMORY
DATA
SUBTRACTION
MEMORY
DATA
RESULT:
Thus addition & subtraction of two byte numbers are performed and the result is
stored.
EXPT NO: 2
MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION
DATE:
AIM:
To write an Assembly Language Program (ALP) for performing the

multiplication and division operation of 16-bit numbers .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.N
ITEM
SPECIFICATION
O
1.
Microprocessor kit
8086
2.
Power Supply
+5 V dc
ALGORITHM:
Multiplication of 16-bit numbers:
i. Get the multiplier.
ii) Get the multiplicand

iii) Initialize the product to 0.
iv) Product= product + multiplicand
v. Decrement the multiplier by 1
vi) If multiplicand is not equal to 0,repeat from step (d) otherwise store the
product.
Division of 16-bit numbers.
i. Get the dividend
ii) Get the divisor

iii) Initialize the quotient to 0.
iv) Dividend = dividend divisor
v. If the divisor is greater, store the quotient. Go to step g.
vi) If dividend is greater, quotient = quotient + 1. Repeat from step (d)
vii)
Store the dividend value as remainder.
QUANTITY
1
1
FLOWCHART:
MULTIPLICATION
PROGRAM
MOV AX,[1200]
MOV BX, [1202]
COMMENTS
Get the first data
Get the second data
MUL BX
Multiply both
MOV [1206],AX
Store the lower order product
MOV AX,DX
Copy the higher order product to AX
MOV [1208],AX
Store the higher order product
HLT
Stop the program
DIVISION
PROGRAM
MOV AX,[1200]
MOV DX, [1202]
COMMENTS
Get the first data lower nibble
Get the first data higher nibble
MOV BX, [1204]
Get the second data
DIV BX
Divide the dividend by divisor
MOV [1206],AX
Store the lower order product
MOV AX,DX
Copy the higher order product to AX
MOV [1208],AX
Store the higher order product
HLT
Stop the program
7
7
OUTPUT:
MULTIPLICATION
MEMORY
DATA
DIVISON
MEMORY
DATA
RESULT:
Thus multiplication & division of two byte numbers are performed and the result is
stored.
8
EXPT NO: 3
ASCENDING & DESCENDING
DATE:
AIM:
To write an Assembly Language Program (ALP) to sort a given array in

Ascending and descending order.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.N
ITEM
O
1.
Microprocessor kit
2.
Power Supply
SPECIFICATION
QUANTITY
8086
+5 V dc
1
1
ALGORITHM:
Sorting in ascending order:
01 and C 2.
i. Load the array count in two registers C ii) Get the first two numbers.
iii) Compare the numbers and exchange if necessary so that the two numbers are
in ascending order.
iv) Decrement C
2.
v. Get the third number from the array and repeat the process until C 2 is 0.
vi) Decrement C1 and repeat the process until C 1 is 0.
Sorting in descending order:
01 and C 2.
i. Load the array count in two registers C ii) Get the first two numbers.
iii) Compare the numbers and exchange if necessary so that the two numbers are
in descending order.
iv) Decrement C2.
v. Get the third number from the array and repeat the process until C 2 is 0.
01 and repeat the process until C 1 is 0.
vi) Decrement C
9
FLOWCHART
10
ASCENDING
MOV SI,1200H
MOV CL,[SI]
L4 : MOV SI,1200H
MOV DL,[SI]
INC SI
MOV AL,[SI]
L3 : INC SI
MOV BL,[SI]
CMP AL,BL
JNB L1
DEC SI
MOV [SI],AL
MOV AL,BL
JMP L2
L1 : DEC SI
MOV [SI],BL
L2 : INC SI
DEC DL
JNZ L3
MOV [SI],AL
DEC CL
JNZ L4
HLT
DESCENDING
PROGRAM
Initialize memory location for array size

Number of comparisons in CL
Get the count in DL
Go to next memory location
Get the first data in AL
Get the second data in BL
Compare two datas
If AL < BL go to L1
Else, Decrement the memory location
Store the smallest data
Get the next data AL
Jump to L2
Decrement the memory location
Store the greatest data in memory location
Decrement the count
Jump to L3, if the count is not reached zero
Store data in memory location
Decrement the count
Stop
COMMENTS
MOV SI,1200H
MOV CL,[SI]
L4 : MOV SI,1200H
MOV DL,[SI]
INC SI
MOV AL,[SI]
L3 : INC SI
MOV BL,[SI]
CMP AL,BL

Number of comparisons in CL
Get the count in DL
Get the first data in AL
Get the second data in BL
Compare two datas
11
JB L1
DEC SI
If AL > BL go to L1
Else, Decrement the memory location
MOV [SI],AL
MOV AL,BL
JMP L2
L1 : DEC SI
MOV [SI],BL
L2 : INC SI
DEC DL
JNZ L3
MOV [SI],AL
DEC CL
JNZ L4
HLT
Store the largest data

Get the next data AL
Jump to L2
Decrement the memory location
Store the smallest data in memory location
Decrement the count
Store data in memory location
Decrement the count
Stop
ASCENDING
MEMORY
DATA
DESCENDING
MEMORY
DATA
RESULT:
Thus given array of numbers are sorted in ascending & descending order
12
EX NO:4
AIM:
To write an Assembly Language Program (ALP) to find the largest and

smallest number in a given array.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.N
ITEM
O
1.
Microprocessor kit
2.
Power Supply
SPECIFICATION
8086
+5 V dc
QUANTITY
1
1
ALGORITHM:
(i) Finding largest number:
a. Load the array count in a register C
c. Compare the numbers and exchange if the number is small.
d. Get the third number from the array and repeat the process until C
(ii) Finding smallest number:
e. Load the array count in a register C1.
f. Get the first two numbers.
h. Get the third number from the array and repeat the process until C1 is 0.
13
b
g. C
om
par
e
the
FLOWCHART:
14
LARGEST
PROGRAM
MOV SI,1200H
MOV CL,[SI]
INC SI
MOV AL,[SI]
DEC CL
L2 : INC SI
CMP AL,[SI]
JNB L1
MOV AL,[SI]
L1 : DEC CL
JNZ L2
MOV DI,1300H
MOV [DI],AL
HLT
SMALLEST
PROGRAM
COMMENTS
Initialize array size
Initialize the count
Move the first data in AL
Reduce the count
Move the SI pointer to next data
Compare two datas
If AL > [SI] then go to L1 ( no swap)
Else move the large number to AL
Decrement the count
If count is not zero go to L2
Initialize DI with 1300H
Else store the biggest number in 1300 location
Stop
COMMENTS
MOV SI,1200H
MOV CL,[SI]
INC SI
MOV AL,[SI]
DEC CL
L2 : INC SI
CMP AL,[SI]
JB L1
MOV AL,[SI]
L1 : DEC CL
JNZ L2
MOV DI,1300H
MOV [DI],AL
HLT

Initialize the count
Move the first data in AL
Reduce the count
Move the SI pointer to next data
Compare two datas
If AL < [SI] then go to L1 ( no swap)
Else move the large number to AL
Decrement the count
If count is not zero go to L2
Initialize DI with 1300H
Else store the biggest number in 1300 location
Stop
15
1
LARGEST
MEMORY
DATA
SMALLEST
MEMORY
DATA
RESULT:
Thus largest and smallest number is found in a given array.
16
8086 PROGRAMMING
EXPT NO: 5 DATE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.N
ITEM
O
1.
Microprocessor kit
2.
Power Supply
SPECIFICATION
8086
+5 V dc
ALGORITHM:
Initialize the data segment .(DS)

Initialize the extra data segment .(ES)
Initialize the start of string in the DS. (SI)
Initialize the start of string in the ES. (DI)
Move the length of the string(FF) in CX
register.
f.
Move the byte from DS TO ES, till
CX=0.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
17
QUANTITY
1
1
FLOWCHART:
18
COPYING A STRING
PROGRAM
MOV SI,1200H
Initialize starting address
MOV DI,1300H
Initialize destination address
MOV CX,0006H
CLD
Clear direction flag
REP MOVSB
Copy the contents of source into destination until

count reaches zero
Stop
HLT
COMMENTS
INPUT
MEMORY
DATA
OU
TP
UT
MEMORY
DATA
RESULT:
Thus a string of a particular length is moved from source segment to

destination segment.
19
EXPT NO: 6
SEARCHING A STRING
DATE:
AIM:
To scan for a given byte in the string and find the relative address of the byte
from the starting location of the string.
ALGORITHM:
Initialize the extra segment .(ES)

Initialize the start of string in the ES. (DI)
Move the number of elements in the string in CX
register.
d.
Move the byte to be searched in the AL register.
e.
Scan for the byte in ES. If the byte is found ZF=0, move the
address pointed by ES:DI
to BX.
a.
b.
c.
19
20
FLOWCHART
21
MOV DI,1300H
MOV SI, 1400H
MOV CX, 0006H
CLD
MOV AL, 08H
Store the string to be searched
REPNE SCASB
Scan until the string is found
DEC DI
Decrement the destination address
MOV BL,[DI]
Store the contents into BL reg
MOV [SI],BL
Store content of BL in source address
HLT
Stop
OUTPUT:
INPUT
MEMORY
OUT
PUT
DATA
MEMORY LOCATION
DATA
RESULT:
Thus a given byte or word in a string of a particular length in the extra
segment(destination) is found .
EXNO: 7
22
8086 PROGRAMMING FIND AND REPLACE
DATE:
AIM:
To find a character in the string and replace it with another character.

ALGORITHM:
a. Initialize the extra segment .(E S)

b. Initialize the start of string in the ES. (DI)
c. Move the number of elements in the string in CX
register.
d. Move the byte to be searched in the AL register.
e. Store the ASCII code of the character that has to replace the scanned
byte in BL register.
f. Scan for the byte in ES. If the byte is not found, ZF?1 and repeat
scanning.
g. If the byte is found, ZF=1.Move the content of BL register to
ES:DI.
21
23
FLOWCHART:
24
FIND AND REPLACE A CHARACTER IN THE STRING

PROGRAM
MOV DI,1300H
MOV SI,1400H
MOV CX, 0006H
COMMENTS
CLD
MOV AL, 08H
Store the string to be searched
MOV BH,30H
Store the string to be replaced
REPNE SCASB
Scan until the string is found
DEC DI
Decrement the destination address
MOV BL,[DI]
Store the contents into BL reg
MOV [SI],BL
Store content of BL in source address
MOV [DI],BH
Replace the string
HLT
Stop
INPUT
MEMORY
DATA
DATA
OU
TP
UT
RESULT:
MEMORY
Thus a given byte or word in a string of a particular length in the extra

segment(destination)is found and is replaced with another character.
EXNO: 8
DATE:
AIM:
25
8086 INTERFACING
INTERFACING ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
To write an assembly language program to convert an analog signal into a

digital signal using an ADC interfacing.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO
1.
2.
3.
ITEM SPECIFICATION
Microprocessor kit
Power Supply
ADC Interface board
QUANTITY
8086
+5 V dc,+12 V dc
-
1
1
1
THEORY:
An ADC usually has two additional control lines: the SOC input to tell the
ADC when to start the conversion and the EOC output to announce when the
conversion is complete. The following program initiates the conversion
process, checks the EOC pin of ADC 0809 as to whether the conversion is over
and then inputs the data to the processor. It also instructs the processor to store
the converted digital data at RAM location.
ALGORITHM:
(i)
Select the channel and latch the

address.
(ii)
Send the start conversion pulse.
(iii) Read EOC signal.
(iv) If EOC = 1 continue else go to step
(iii)
(v) Read the digital output.
(vi) Store it in a memory location.
26
FLOW CHART:
27
PROGRAM TABLE
PROGRAM
COMMENTS
MOV AL,00
OUT 0D0H,AL
Load accumulator with value for ALE high

Send through output port
Send
through
output p
MOV AL,00
MOV AL,00
Introduce delay
MOV AL,00
MOV AL,00
Store the value to make SOC low the accumulator
OUT 0D0H,AL
L1 : IN AL, 0D8H
AND AL,01
Read the EOC signal from port & check for end of
conversion
CMP AL,01
JNZ L1
from por
If the conversion is not yet completed, read EOC signal

Read data from port
IN AL,0C0H
ANALOG
VOLTAGE
DIGITAL DATA ON LED

DISPLAY
HEX CODE IN MEMORY

LOCATION
RESULT:
Thus the ADC was interfaced with 8086 and the given analog inputs were
converted into its digital equivalent.
EXNO: 9
DATE:
AIM:
28
8086 INTERFACING
INTERFACING DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER
To write an assembly language program for digital to analog conversion

To convert digital inputs into analog outputs & To generate
different waveforms.
1.
2.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO
1.
2.
ITEM SPECIFICATION
Microprocessor kit
Power Supply
3.
DAC Interface board
QUANTITY
8086 Vi Microsystems
+5 V, dc,+12 V dc
-
1
1
1
THEORY:
Since DAC 0800 is an 8 bit DAC and the output voltage variation is between 5v
and +5v. The output voltage varies in steps of 10/256 = 0.04
(approximately). The digital data input and the corresponding output voltages are
presented in the table. Outputting digital data 00 and FF at regular intervals, to
DAC2, results in a square wave of amplitude 5v.Output digital data from 00 to FF
in constant steps of 01 to DAC2. Repeat this sequence again and again. As a
result a saw-tooth wave will be generated at DAC2 output. Output digital
data from 00 to FF in constant steps of 01 to DAC2. Output digital data from FF to
00 in constant steps of 01 to DAC2. Repeat this sequence again and again. As a
result a triangular wave will be generated at DAC2 output.
ALGORITHM:
Measurement of analog voltage:

(i) Send the digital value of DAC.
(ii) Read the corresponding analog value of its output.
Waveform generation:
Square Waveform:
(i)
Send low value (00) to the DAC.
(ii)
Introduce suitable delay.
(iii)
Send high value to DAC.
(iv)
Introduce delay.
(v)
Repeat the above procedure.
29
Saw-tooth waveform:
(i)
Load low value (00) to accumulator.
(ii)
Send this value to DAC.
(iii) Increment the accumulator.
(iv)
Repeat step (ii) and (iii) until accumulator value reaches FF.
(vi)
Repeat the above procedure from step 1.
Triangular waveform:
(i)
Load the low value (00) in accumulator.
(ii)
Send this accumulator content to DAC.
(iii)
Increment the accumulator.
(iv) Repeat step 2 and 3 until the accumulator reaches FF, decrement the
accumulator and send the accumulator contents to DAC.
(v) Decrementing and sending the accumulator contents to DAC.
(vi) The above procedure is repeated from step (i)
30
FLOWCHART:
31
PROGRAM
COMMENTS
Load digital value 00 in accumulator
Stop
MOV AL,7FH
OUT C0,AL
HLT
DIGITAL DATA
ANALOG VOLTAGE
PROGRAM TABLE: Square Wave

PROGRAM
COMMENTS
PROGRAM TABLE: Saw tooth Wave

PROGRAM
L2 : MOV AL,00H
L1 : OUT C0,AL
INC AL
JNZ L1
JMP L2
COMMENTS
Load 00 in accumulator
Increment contents of accumulator
Send through output port until it reaches FF
Go to starting location
27
32
PROGRAM TABLE: Triangular Wave

PROGRAM
L3 : MOV AL,00H
L1 : OUT C0,AL
INC AL
JNZ L1
MOV AL,0FFH
L2 : OUT C0,AL
DEC AL
JNZ L2
JMP L3
COMMENTS
Load 00 in accumulator
Increment contents of accumulator
Send through output port until it reaches FF
Load FF in accumulator
Decrement contents of accumulator
Send through output port until it reaches 00
WAVEFORM GENERATION:
WAVEFORMS
AMPLITUDE
Square Waveform
Saw-tooth waveform
Triangular waveform
MODEL GRAPH:
Square Waveform
33
TIMEPERIOD
Saw-tooth waveform
Triangular waveform
RESULT:
Thus the DAC was interfaced with 8085 and different waveforms have been
generated.
EXNO: 10
DATE:
34
STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING
AIM:
To write an assembly language program in 8086 to rotate the motor at different

speeds.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO
ITEM SPECIFICATION
QUANTITY
Microprocessor kit80861
Power Supply+5 V, dc,+12 V dc
1
Stepper Motor Interface board- 1
Stepper Motor
THEORY:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A motor in which the rotor is able to assume only discrete stationary angular
position is a stepper motor. The rotary motion occurs in a stepwise manner
from one equilibrium position to the next. Two-phase scheme: Any two
adjacent stator windings are energized. There are two magnetic fields active in
quadrature and none of the rotor pole faces can be in direct alignment with the
stator poles. A partial but symmetric alignment of the rotor poles is of course
possible.
ALGORITHM:
For running stepper motor clockwise and anticlockwise directions

(i) Get the first data from the lookup table.
(ii) Initialize the counter and move data into accumulator.
(iii) Drive the stepper motor circuitry and introduce delay
(iv) Decrement the counter is not zero repeat from step(iii) (v) Repeat the
above procedure both for backward and forward directions.
SWITCHING SEQUENCE OF STEPPER MOTOR:
MEMORY
A1
A2
B1
LOCATION
4500
01 0 0
4501
00 1 0
4502
10 1 1
4503
01 0 1
B2
CODE
0
1
0
0
HEX
09 H
05 H
06 H
0A H
35
FLOWCHART:
36
PROGRAM TABLE
PROGRAM
COMMENTS
START : MOV DI, 1200H

MOV CX, 0004H
Initialize memory location to store the array of

number
LOOP 1 : MOV AL,[DI] Copy the first data in AL
OUT 0C0,AL
Send it through port address
MOV DX, 1010H
L1 : DEC DX
JNZ L1
INC DI
Introduce delay
LOOP LOOP1
JMP START
1200 : 09,05,06,0A
Loop until all the datas have been sent

Go to start location for continuous rotation
Array of datas
RESULT:
Thus the assembly language program for rotating stepper motor in both clockwise and
anticlockwise directions is written and verified.
EXNO: 11
DATE:
AIM:
37
INTERFACING PROGRAMMABLE KEYBOARD AND
DISPLAY CONTROLLER- 8279
To display the rolling message HELP US in the display.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
8086 Microprocessor kit, Power supply, Interfacing board.

ALGORITHM:
Display of rolling message HELP US

1.
Initialize the counter
2.
Set 8279 for 8 digit character display, right entry
3.
Set 8279 for clearing the display
4.
Write the command to display
5.
Load the character into accumulator and display it
6.
Introduce the delay
7.
Repeat from step 1.
1. Display Mode Setup: Control word-10 H
00
0
DD
00
0
00
0
01
D
00- 8Bit character display left entry

1. - 16Bit character display left entry
2.
8Bit character display right entry
3.
16Bit character display right entry
KKK- Key Board Mode
000-2Key lockout.
38
00
D
00
K
00
K
0
K
2.Clear Display: Control word-DC H

1
1
0
1
1
0
1
CD
1
CD
1
CD
0
CA
CF
A0-3; B0-3 =FF
11
1-Enables Clear display
0-Contents of RAM will be displayed
1-FIFO Status is cleared

1-Clear all bits
(Combined effect of CD)
39
3.
1
1
Write Display: Control word-90H

0
0
1
0
0
AI
0 0
Selects one of the 16 rows of display.

Auto increment = 1, the row address selected will be incremented after each of read and
write operation of the display RAM.
FLOWCHART:
32
40
PROGRAM TABLE:
PROGRAM
START : MOV SI,1200H
MOV CX,000FH
MOV AL,10
OUT C2,AL
MOV AL,CC
OUT C2,AL
MOV AL,90
OUT C2,AL
L1 : MOV AL,[SI]
OUT C0,AL
CALL DELAY
INC SI
LOOP L1
JMP START
DELAY : MOV DX,0A0FFH
LOOP1 : DEC DX
JNZ LOOP1
RET
COMMENTS
Initialize array
Store the control word for display mode
Store the control word to clear display
Store the control word to write display
Get the first data
Give delay
Go & get next data
Loop until all the datas have been taken
Store 16bit count value
Decrement count value
Loop until count values becomes zero
Return to main program
LOOK-UP TABLE:
1200
98
68
7C
29
FF
C8
1204
FF
1C
41
OUTPUT:
E
7-SEGMENT
LED FORMAT
H
E
X
D
A
T
A
01
00
10
01
11
00
10
01
1200H
1201H
1202H
1203H
1204H
1205H
1206H
1207H
RESULT:
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
98
68
7C
C8
FF
1C
29
FF
Thus the rolling message HELP US is displayed using 8279 interface kit.
42
INTERFACING PROGRAMMABLE TIMER-8253
EXNO: 12
DATE:
A IM:
To study different modes of operation of programmable timer 8253.

THEORY:
The main features of the timer are,
Three independent 16-bit counters,

ii.
Input clock from DC to 2 MHz,
iii. Programmable counter modes,
iv. Count binary or BCD.
The control signals with which the 8253 interfaces with the CPU are CS,
RD, WR, A1, A2.The basic operations performed by 8253 are determined by
these control signals. It has six different modes of operation, viz, mode 0 to
mode 5.
i.
MODE 2 RATE GENERATOR
It is a simple divide - by N counter. The output will be low for one input
clock period. The period from one output pulse to the next equals the number
of input counts in the count register. If the count register is reloaded between
output pulses, the present period will not be affected, but the subsequent
period will reflect the new value.
MODE 3 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR
It is similar to mode 2, except that the output will remain high until one half
for even number count, If the count is odd, the output will be high for
(count+1)/2 counts and low for (count-1)/2 counts
ALGORITHM:
Mode 21.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Initialize channel 0 in mode 2

Initialize the LSB of the count.
Initialize the MSB of the count.
Trigger the count.
Read the corresponding output in CRO.
43
34
Mode 3-
Initialize channel 0 in mode 3

Initialize the LSB of the count.
Initialize the MSB of the count.
Trigger the count
Read the corresponding output in CRO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PORT ADDRESS:
1.
CONTROL REGISTER
2. COUNTER OF CHANNEL 0
5. O/P PORT OF CHANNEL 0
CONTROL WORD FORMAT:

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
SC1
SC0
RL1 RL0
0
0
1
M2
M1
M0
BCD
00 1
Mode 2 = 34 H
00
01
SC1
SC0
CHANNEL SELECT
0
0
CHANNEL 0
0
1
CHANNEL 1
1
0
CHANNEL 2
1
1
----BCD --0 BINARY COUNTER
M2
M1
M0
MODE
Mode 3 = 36 H
0
0
1
1
RL1
0
1
0
1
RL0
READ/LOAD
LATCH
LSB
MSB
LSB FIRST, MSB NEXT
01 --BCD COUNTER
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
MODE 0
MODE 1
MODE 2
MODE 3
MODE 4
MODE 5
PORT PIN ARRANGEMENT
DEBOUNCE CIRCUIT CONNECTION
1 CLK 0
2 CLK 1
3 CLK 2
44
FLOW CHART:
45
04 OUT 0
05 OUT 1
06 OUT 2
07 GATE 0
08 GATE 1
09 GATE 2
10 GND
MODE 2 RATE GENERATOR:

PROGRAM
MOV AL, 34H
OUT 0BH
MOV AL, 0AH
OUT 08H
MOV AL, 00H
OUT 08H
HLT
COMMENTS
Store the control word in accumulator
Copy lower order count value in accumulator
Copy higher order count value in accumulator
Stop
MODE 3 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR:

PROGRAM
MOV AL, 36H
OUT 0BH
MOV AL, 0AH
OUT 08H
MOV AL, 00H
OUT 08H
HLT
COMMENTS
Store the control word in accumulator
Copy lower order count value in accumulator
Copy higher order count value in accumulator
Stop
6
46
MODEL GRAPH:
RATE GENERATOR
SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR
RESULT:
Thus an ALP for rate generator and square wave generator are written and
executed.
47
EXNO: 13
DATE:
INTERFACING USART 8251
AIM:
To study interfacing technique of 8251 (USART) with microprocessor 8086

and an 8086 ALP to transmit and receive data between two serial ports with RS232
cable.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
8086 kit (2 Nos), RS232 cable.

THEORY:
The 8251 is used as a peripheral device for serial communication and is

programmed by the CPU to operate using virtually any serial data transmission
technique. The USART accepts data characters from the CPU in parallel format and
then converts them into a continuous serial data stream for transmission.
Simultaneously, it can receive serial data streams and convert them into parallel data
characters for the CPU. The CPU can read the status of the USART at any time. These
include data transmission errors and control signals. The control signals define the
complete functional definition of the 8251. Control words should be written into the
control register of 8251.These control words are split into two formats: 1) Mode
instruction word & 2) Command instruction word. Status word format is used to
examine the error during functional operation.
1...transmit enable
1...data terminal ready 1... receive enable
1... send break character
1.... reset error flags (pe,oe,fe)
1..... request to send (rts)
1...... internal reset
1....... enter hunt mode (enable search for sync characters)
48
01 ransmitter ready
receiver ready 1.. transmitter
empty 1... parity error (pe)
1.... overrun error (oe)
1..... framing error (fe), async only
1.
1...... sync detect, sync only

1....... data set ready (dsr)
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize 8253 and 8251 to check the transmission and reception of a character
2.
Initialize8253 to give an output of 150Khz at channel 0 which will give a
9600 baud rate of 8251.

3. The command word and mode word is written to the 8251 to set up for
subsequent operations
4. The status word is read from the 8251 on completion of a serial I/O
49
operation, or when the host CPU is checking the status of the device before
starting the next I/O operation.
FLOW CHART:
50
PROGRAM: TRANSMITTER END

PROGRAM
COMMENTS
MOV AL,36
Initialize 8253 in mode 3 square wave generator
OUT CE,AL
Send through port address
MOV AL,10
Initialize AL with lower value of count (clock frequency 150KHz)
OUT C8,AL
MOV AL,00
Initialize AL with higher value of count
OUT C8,AL
MOV AL,4E
Set mode for 8251(8bit data, No parity, baud rate factor 16x & 1 stop bit)
OUT C2,AL
MOV AL,37
Set command instruction(enables transmit enable & receive enable bits)
OUT C2,AL
L1:IN AL,C2
Read status word
AND AL,04
Check whether transmitter ready
JZ L1
If not wait until transmitter becomes ready
MOV AL,41
Set the data as 41
OUT C0,AL
INT 2
Restart the system
RECEIVER END
PROGRAM
COMMENTS
MOV AL,36
Initialize 8253 in mode 3 square wave generator
OUT CE,AL
MOV AL,10
Initialize AL with lower value of count (clock frequency 150KHz)
OUT C8,AL
MOV AL,00
Initialize AL with higher value of count
OUT C8,AL
MOV AL,4E
Set mode for 8251(8bit data, No parity, baud rate factor 16x & 1 stop bit)
OUT C2,AL
MOV AL,37
Set command instruction(enables transmit enable & receive enable bits)
OUT C2,AL
L1:IN AL,C2
Read status word
MOV BX,1500
Initialize BX register with memory location to store the data
MOV [BX],AL
Store the data in the memory location
INT 2
Restart the system
RESULT:
Thus ALP for serial data communication using USART 8251 is written and the
equivalent ASCII 41 for character A is been transmitted & received.
51
INTERFACING PPI 8255
EXNO: 14
DATE:
AIM:
To write ALP by interfacing 8255 with 8086 in mode 0, mode 1 and

mode 2.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
8086 kit, 8255 interface kit.
ALGORITHM:
Mode 0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Initialize accumulator to hold control word

store control word in control word register
Read data port A.
Store data from port A in memory
Place contents in port B.
Mode 1 & Mode 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Initialize accumulator to hold control word (for port A)

Store control word in control word register
Initialize accumulator to hold control word (for port B)
Place contents in control word register.
Disable all maskable interrupts, enable RST 5.5
send interrupt mask for RST 6.5 & 7.5
Enable interrupt flag
Read data from port A, place contents in port B.
52
FLOWCHART:
53
MODE 0
PROGRAM
MOV AL,90H
OUT C6,AL
IN AL,C0
OUT C2,AL
HLT
COMMENTS
Set the control word
Send it to control port
Get the contents of port A in AL
Send the contents of port B to port address
Stop
MODE 1
PROGRAM
MOV AL,0B0H
OUT C6,AL
MOV AL,09H
OUT C6,AL
MOV AL,13H
OUT 30,AL
MOV AL,0AH
OUT 32,AL
MOV AL,0FH
OUT 32,AL
MOV AL,00H
OUT 32,AL
STI
HLT
ISR:
IN AL,C0
OUT C2,AL
HLT
MODE 2
PROGRAM
MOV AL,0C0H
OUT C6,AL
MOV AL,09H
OUT C6,AL
MOV AL,13H
OUT 30,AL
MOV AL,0AH
OUT 32,AL
COMMENTS
Set the control word for mode 1
Control for BSR mode
Interrupt generation
Through 8259
Using IR2 interrupt(lower order count)
Higher order count
Set trap flag
Stop
Subroutine
Read from Port A
Send it to Port B
Stop
COMMENTS
Set the control word for mode 2
Control for BSR mode
Interrupt generation
Through 8259
54
MOV AL,0FH
OUT 32,AL
MOV AL,00H
OUT 32,AL
STI
HLT
ISR:
IN AL,C0
OUT C2,AL
HLT
BSR mode
Using IR2 interrupt(lower order count)

Higher order count
Set trap flag
Stop
Subroutine
Read from Port A
Send it to Port B
Stop
Bit set/reset, applicable to PC only. One bit is S/R at a time. Control word:
D7
D5
D4
D3
(0=BSR)
X
Bit select: (Taking Don't care's as 0)
D6
B2
B2
Control word (Set)
00
B1
00
10
00
00
01
01
11
01
D2
B1
D1
B0
D0
S/R (1=S,0=R)
B0
PC bit
0000 0001 = 01h
Control word (reset)

0000 0000 = 00h
0000 0011 = 03h
0000 0010 = 02h
0000 0101 = 05h
0000 0100 = 04h
0000 0111 = 07h
0000 0110 = 06h
0000 1001 = 09h
0000 1000 = 08h
0000 1011 = 0Bh
0000 1010 = 0Ah
0000 1101 = 0Dh
0000 1100 = 0Ch
0000 1111 = 0Fh
0000 1110 = 0Eh
I/O mode
D7
01
D6
(1=I/O)
D5
D4
GA mode select
D3
PA
D2
PCU
GB mode
D1
D0
PB
PCL
select
D6, D5: GA mode select:

o 00 = mode0 o
01 = mode1 o
1X = mode2
0 D4(PA), D3(PCU): 1=input 0=output
1 D2: GB mode select: 0=mode0, 1=mode1
2 D1(PB), D0(PCL): 1=input 0=output
Result:
Input
Mode 0
Mode 1
Mode 2
Output Input Output Input Output
The programs for interfacing 8255 with 8085 are executed & the output is
obtained for modes 0,1 & 2.
55
8051 PROGRAMMING
8 BIT ADDITION
EXNO: 15
DATE:
AIM
:
To write a program to add two 8-bit numbers using 8051 microcontroller.
ALGORITHM:
1.
2.
3.
Clear Program Status Word.

Select Register bank by giving proper values to RS1 & RS0 of PSW.
Load accumulator A with any desired 8-bit data.
w
i
t
h
5.
6.
7.
Add these two 8-bit numbers.

Store the result.
Stop the program.
56
FLOW CHART:
57
08 Bit Addition (Immediate Addressing)

ODE
C
O
M
M
E
N
T
S
4100
4101
CLR
MOV
C3
74,data1
A,# data1
4103
ADDC
A.
4105
# data 2
MOV
DPTR, #
4500H
24,data2
with
data2
90,45,00
memory
Initialize the
location
Store the result in
4108
4109
Clear CY Flag
Get the data1 in
Accumulator
Add the data1
L1
MOVX
SJMP
0@ DPTR, A F0
L1
80,FE
memory location
Stop the program
OUTPUT:
OUTPUT
MEMORY LOCATION
DATA
4500
RESULT:
Thus the 8051 ALP for addition of two 8 bit numbers is executed.
EXNO: 16
58
8051 PROGRAMMING 8 BIT SUBTRACTION
DATE:
AIM:
To perform subtraction of two 8 bit data and store the result in memory.
ALGORITHM:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Clear the carry flag.

Initialize the register for borrow.
Get the first operand into the accumulator.
Subtract the second operand from the accumulator.
If a borrow results increment the carry register.
Store the result in memory.
59
FLOWCHART:
-
60
08 Bit Subtraction (Immediate Addressing)

ADDRESS
OPERAND
4100
LABEL
MNEMONIC
COMMENTS
C3
Clear CY flag
CLR
A.
4101
MOV
4103
SUBB
data1
A.
4105
MOV
4108
MOVX
#
#
data2
DPTR, # 4500
memory
74.
data1 Store data1 in

accumulator
94,data2
Subtract
data2 from
90,45,00
Initialize F0
in memo
location
Store the difference
0@ DPTR, A
4109
L1
SJMP
L1
80,FE
OUTPUT:
OUTPUT
RESULT:
Thus the 8051 ALP for subtraction of two 8 bit numbers is executed
61
data1
Stop
EXNO: 17
AIM:
To perform division of two 8 bit data and store the result in memory.
ALGORITHM:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Get the multiplier in the accumulator.

Get the multiplicand in the B register.
Multiply A with B.
Store the product in memory.
62
FLOWCHART:
63
08 Bit Multiplication
ADDRESS
OPERAND
4100
LABEL
MOV
A ,#data1
4102 MOV B, #data2

4104
4106
75,data2
MUL
MOV
4109
MOVX
Store data2 in B reg

A,B
DPTR, #
4500H
0@ DPTR, A
INC
401A
410B
410D
410E
STOP
MNEMONIC
F5,F0
90,45,00
data1 Store data1 in

accumulator
Multiply both
Initialize memory
location
Store lower order
F0
DPTR
result
A3
MOV
A,B
MOV
0@ DPTR, A
SJMP
74.
COMMENTS
Go to next memory
location
E5,F0
STOP
80,FE
Stop
OUTPUT:
INPUT
MEMORY LOCATION
4500
OUTPUT
DATA
MEMORY LOCATION
DATA
4502
RESULT:
Thus the 8051 ALP for multiplication of two 8 bit numbers is executed
EXNO: 18
64
8051 PROGRAMMING 8 BIT DIVISION
DATE:
AIM:
To perform division of two 8 bit data and store the result in memory.
ALGORITHM:
Store hig
order
result
F
0
1.
2.
3.
4.
Get the Dividend in the accumulator.

Get the Divisor in the B register.
Divide A by B.
Store the Quotient and Remainder in memory.
65
FLOWCHART:
66
08 Bit Division
ADDRESS
OPERAND
4100
4102
4104
4015
LABEL
MOV
MOV B, # data2
4018
75,data2
DIV
MOV
MOVX
4109
410A
410C
410D
INC
MOV
MOV
HEX
CODE
74,data1
data1 in
MNEMONIC
A.
# data1
Store data2 in B reg

A,B
DPTR, # 4500H
Initialize memory
0@ DPTR, A
F0
DPTR
A3
A,B
E5,F0
0@ DPTR, A
F0
STOP
80,FE
COMMENTS
Store
84
90,45,00
next memory
location
Store quotient
STOP SJMP
OUTPUT:
4501 (divisor)
4503
DATA
(remainder)
(quotient)
RESULT:
Thus the 8051 ALP for division of two 8 bit numbers is executed
EXNO: 19
Divide
location
Store remainder Go to
Stop
INPUT OUTPUT
MEMORY LOCATION DATA MEMORY LOCATION
4502
4500 (dividend)
accumul
r
67
8051 PROGRAMMING
LOGICAL AND BIT MANIPULATION
DATE:
AIM:
To write an ALP to perform logical and bit manipulation operations using 8051
microcontroller.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
8051 microcontroller kit

ALGORITHM:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Initialize content of accumulator as FFH

Set carry flag (cy = 1).
AND bit 7 of accumulator with cy and store PSW format.
OR bit 6 of PSW and store the PSW format.
Set bit 5 of SCON.
Clear bit 1 of SCON.
Move SCON.1 to carry register.
Stop the execution of program.
68
FLOWCHART:
69
PROGRAM TABLE:
A
LABEL
MNEMONICS
COMMENT
OPERAND
4100
0
9
0,
4
5,
0
MOV
Initialize m
e
m
o
r
y
DPTR,#4500
location
Get the data in
4103
74,
FF
4105
D3
4016
82,EF
MOV
SETB
ANL
A,#FF
C
accumulator
Set CY bit
AC
Perform AND with 7th

bit of accumulator
C.
C.7
4018E5,D0 MOV A,DOH

410A
F
0
Store the result
MOVX
INC
@DPTR,A
DPTR
ORL
C.
410B
A3
410C
72,AA
410E
4110
C2,D6 CLR PSW.6 Clear 6th bit of PSW

E5,D0
MOVX
A3
INC
E.2
4113
4114
D2,90
SETB
4116
C2,99
CLR
MOV
@DPTR,A
DPTR
SCON.5
SCON.1
Go to next location
OR CY bit with 2nd bit
if IE reg
A,DOH
Go to next location
Set 5th of SCON reg
Clear 1st bit of SCON
reg
4118E5,98 MOV A,98H

411A
411B
F0
A3
MOVX @DPTR,A
Store the result

INC
DPTR
70
411C
A2,99
MOV
411E
E5,D0
MOV
A,DOH
F0
MOVX
@DPTR,A
SJMP
L2
4120
4122
80,FE
L2
C,SCON.1
G
o
to
ne
xt
lo
ca
ti
on
C
o
py 1st bit of
SCON
reg
to
C
Y
flag
Store the result
Stop
OUTPUT:
MEMORY
LOCATION
SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER FORMAT
BEFORE
EXECUTION
AFTER
EXECUTION
4500H (PSW)
OV
-
CY
00H
AC
FO
RS1
RS0
88H
4501H (PSW)
OV
-
CY
40H
AC
FO
RS1
RS0
88H
4502H (SCON)
RI
4503H (PSW)
OV
-
SM0
SM1
SM2
REN
TB8
RB8
TI
20H
0FH
P
CY
FFH
AC
FO
RS1
RS0
RESULT:
Thus the bit manipulation operation is done in 8051 microcontroller.
71
09H
72

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EXP NO: 1

MOV CX, 0000H

Get the first data in AX reg

MOV BX, [1202]

Get the second data in BX reg

Add the contents of both the regs AX &

Check for carry

If carry exists, increment the CX

Store the sum

Stop the program

MOV CX, 0000H

Get the first data in AX reg

MOV BX, [1202]

Get the second data in BX reg

Subtract the contents of BX from AX

Check for borrow

If borrow exists, increment the CX

Store the difference

Stop the program

MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION

To write an Assembly Language Program (ALP) for performing the

ii) Get the multiplicand

ii) Get the divisor

Store the lower order product

Copy the higher order product to AX

Store the higher order product

Stop the program

MOV BX, [1204]

Get the second data

Divide the dividend by divisor

Store the lower order product

Copy the higher order product to AX

Store the higher order product

Stop the program

ASCENDING & DESCENDING

To write an Assembly Language Program (ALP) to sort a given array in

Initialize memory location for array size

Initialize memory location for array size

Store the largest data

To write an Assembly Language Program (ALP) to find the largest and

Initialize array size

EXPT NO: 5 DATE:

Initialize the data segment .(DS)

Initialize starting address

Initialize destination address

Initialize array size

Clear direction flag

Copy the contents of source into destination until

Thus a string of a particular length is moved from source segment to

Initialize the extra segment .(ES)

Initialize destination address

MOV SI, 1400H

Initialize starting address

MOV CX, 0006H

Initialize array size

Clear direction flag

MOV AL, 08H

Store the string to be searched

Scan until the string is found

Decrement the destination address

Store the contents into BL reg

Store content of BL in source address