Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Institute of Technical Education and Research
Siksha OAnusandhan University
Khandagiri Square, Bhubaneswar, OR, India
e-mail: akshayasabat@soauniversity.ac.in, akshayasabat@yahoo.co.in
Subasis Pati
Research Scholar
Department of Civil Engineering
Institute of Technical Education and Research
Siksha OAnusandhan University
Khandagiri Square, Bhubaneswar,OR.India
e-mail: subasis_123@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Expansive soil is a problematic soil for civil engineers because of its low strength and cyclic swellshrink behaviour. Stabilization using solid wastes is one of the different methods of treatment, to
improve the engineering properties and make it suitable for construction. The beneficial effects of
some prominent solid wastes as obtained in laboratory studies, in stabilization of expansive soil have
been discussed in this paper.
KEYWORDS:
laboratory studies.
INTRODUCTION
Expansive soil is a term generally applied to any soil or rock material that has a potential for
shrinking or swelling under changing moisture conditions (Nelson and Miller, 1992).Severe
damages occur to structures like light building, pavements, retaining walls, canal beds and
linings etc. founded on the expansive soils. Soil stabilization may be defined as any process by
which a soil material is improved and made more stable resulting in improved bearing capacity,
increase in soil strength, and durability under adverse moisture and stress conditions (Joel and
Agbede, 2011).The wastes which are solid in nature and remain at the place of their disposal are
called as solid wastes. They may be divided into four groups based on the source of their
generation i) Industrial solid wastes (Fly ash, Blast furnace slag, Red mud, Copper slag etc.) ii)
Agricultural solid wastes (Rice husk, Bagasse, Ground nut shell etc.) iii) Domestic solid wastes
(Incinerator ash, Waste tire etc.) and iv) Mineral solid wastes (Quarry dust, Marble dust etc.).
Stabilization using solid wastes is one of the different techniques to improve the engineering
properties of expansive soils to make them suitable for construction.
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The objective of this paper is to present a review of literature on, stabilization of expansive
soil using solid wastes.
Fly Ash
Fly ash is the ash produced by combustion of pulverized coal in coal-fired electric and steam
generating plants.
Pandian et al. (2001) had added fly ash (class- F) up to 100% to black cotton soil at an
increment of 10% and found that California bearing ratio (CBR) values of black cotton soil
increased up to 20% addition of fly ash beyond it, CBR decreased. It again increased and
attained an optimum value when the percentage of fly ash was 70%.
Phani Kumar and Sharma (2004), Hakari and Puranik (2012), Mir and
Sridharan(2013),Hardha et al.(2013), Maneli et al.(2013) had also studied the effect of fly ash
(class F) on some geotechnical properties of expansive soil and had found improvement in
these properties.
Jiru and Xing (2002), Rao and Sabat(2005), Zha et al.(2008),Bose (2012) had investigated
the effect of fly ash (class-F) and lime on geotechnical properties of expansive soil and had
found positive effects.
Amu et al. (2005) had used (Class- F) fly ash and cement for stabilization of expansive soil.
It was found that stabilizing effect of 9% cement and 3% fly ash was better than the stabilizing
effect 12% cement.
Cokca (2001), Nalbantoglu (2004), Pandian and Krishna (2003) and Mishra et al.(2005) had
studied effect of class- C fly ash on different engineering properties of expansive soil and had
found varied success.
Sharma and Gupta (2013) had investigated the effect of fly ash(class-F) on sand stabilized
black cotton soil based on compaction and CBR test the optimum proportion of soil: sand :fly
ash was found to be 63:27:15.
Gopala Krishna et al. (2013) had studied the effect of fly ash (class-F) and zycosil on soaked
and unsoaked CBR of black cotton soil, the highest unsoaked CBR was obtained at 2% zycosyl
with 3% fly ash and highest soaked CBR was obtained at 2% zycosil with 4% fly ash.
Radhakrishnan et al .(2014) had studied the combined effect of (class-F) fly ash - Magnesium
chloride and fly ash-Aluminum chloride on swelling pressure (Ps), swelling potential (Sp) and
differential free swell (DFS) of expansive soil and found that the swelling properties decreases
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substantially with increase in percentage of stabilizer but remain stable after certain percentage
of the stabilizers.
Sabat and Pradhan (2014) had investigated the effect of polypropylene fiber (content and
length) on compaction properties, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), soaked CBR, and PS
of an expansive soil stabilized with optimum percentage (20%) of fly ash and had found the
optimum percentage and optimum length of fiber as 1% and 12 mm respectively with
improvement in strength and swelling behaviour.
Silica Fume
Kalkan and Akbulut (2004) had studied the effect of silica fume on consistency limits,
compaction properties, permeability, UCS and PS of expansive soil(natural clay liner) and found
that the addition of silica fume had reduced the permeability, Ps, and increased the UCS of
expansive soil.
Negi et al. (2013) had also found the positive effects of stabilization of expansive soil using
silica fume in improving the index properties of expansive soil.
Copper Slag
Havanagi et al. (2006) had mixed Copper slag (a waste generated during the manufacture of
copper) with fly ash and expansive soils in different proportions and their suitability in
embankment, sub base and base were investigated. The selected mixes were also stabilized at
3%, 6% and 9% of cement to make it suitable for base course.
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Red Mud
Kalkan (2006) had stabilized expansive clay with red mud (a waste material generated
during the production of alumina) and cement-red mud and found increase in strength and
decrease in swelling percentage and hydraulic conductivity.
Phosphogypsum
Mishra and Mathur (2004) had stabilized expansive soil using phosphogypsum and observed
the optimum percentage as 40%.
Degirmenci et al. (2007) had investigated the effect of phosphogypsum on liquid limit (wL),
plastic limit (wP), IP, OMC, MDD and UCS of expansive soil. By stabilization with
phosphogypsum, the IP reduced, MDD increased, OMC decreased, and UCS increased.
Yilmaz and Civelekoglu (2009) had studied the effect of gypsum on Atterbergs limit, UCS,
Sp, and cation exchange capacity of bentonite and concluded that up to 5% addition of gypsum
the properties of expansive clay improved significantly.
Divya Krishnan et al. (2014) had studied the combined effect of class C fly ash and
phosphogypsum on UCS of expansive soil and had found that UCS increases by addition of
these two stabilizers which increases further with increase in curing period.
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Ceramic Dust
Koyuncu et al. (2004) had stabilized Na bentonite using ceramic tile dust and found that at
40% addition of ceramic tile dust waste, the PS and Sp were reduced by 86% and 57%
respectively.
Sabat (2012) had stabilized expansive soil using waste ceramic dust. Ceramic dusts were
added up to 30% and had found positive effects on index, strength and swelling properties. From
the economic analysis it was found that ceramic dust up to 30% can be utilized for strengthening
the subgrade of flexible pavement with a substantial save in cost of construction.
Sabat and Bose (2014) had studied the effects of ceramic dust on compaction properties,
UCS, CBR, Ps and durability of fly ash-lime stabilized expansive soil. The optimum percentages
of fly ash, lime and ceramic dust were found to be 10%, 5% and 35% respectively with
improvement in strength, swelling and durability characteristics.
Brick Dust
Malhotra and John (1986) had added brick aggregates to fly ash lime stabilized expansive
soil. They concluded that after a curing period of 28 days the stabilized soil achieved the
strength and durability to be used as base course in pavement with cost less than conventional
base course materials.
Katti and Sankar (1989) had studied the CBR strength characteristic of expansive soil by
stabilizing it with lime and brick aggregates. There was significant increase in CBR value in
brick-lime stabilization compared to lime stabilization.
Abd EL-Aziz and Abo Hashema (2013) had stabilized expansive clay using lime and
homra (crushed clay bricks or calcined clay waste).They had found that, soil stabilized with
lime - homra shown significant increase in CBR,cohesion(C), angle of internal friction() and
decrease in plasticity, swelling, MDD and consolidation settlement.
Polyvinyl Waste
Oyekan et al.(2013) had studied the effect of ground polyvinyl waste(up to 30%) on index,
compaction, UCS,CBR, Sp and durability of black cotton soil .The UCS increased by about
60%,the unsoaked CBR increased by about 50% and soaked CBR increased by about 20% at
30% addition of ground polyvinyl waste.
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Bagasse Ash
When juice is extracted from the cane sugar, the solid waste material is known as bagasse.
When this waste is burned it gives ash called as bagasse ash.
Osinubi et al. (2009) had studied the effects of bagasse ash on compaction and strength
characteristics of lime stabilized black cotton soil. At 8 % lime and 4% bagasse ash combination
the highest CBR value was obtained.
Sabat (2012) had investigated the effects of bagasse ash and lime sludge on OMC, MDD,
UCS, soaked CBR and Ps of an expansive soil in order to study its cost effectiveness in
strengthening the sub-grade of a flexible pavement in expansive soil areas. The best
stabilization effects were obtained when the optimum percentage of bagasse ash was 8% and
lime sludge was 16%. The effects of compaction delay and molding water content on CBR of
the soil stabilized at the optimum proportion were also studied. At the optimum proportion the
stabilizer is cost effective and the molding water content and compaction delay affected the CBR
value of the stabilized soil significantly.
Gandhi (2012) had studied the effect of addition of bagasse ash (up to 10%) on wL, wP, IP,
sL, Shrinkage index (sI), Free Swell Index, Ps and found a decrease in all these values with
increase in percentage of bagasse ash.
Manikandan and Moganraj(2014) had found that the combined effect of bagasse ash and
lime were more effective than the effect of bagasse ash alone in controlling the consolidation
characteristics of expansive soil along with the improvement in other properties.
Wheat Husk
Attom and Shatnawi (2005) had investigated the stabilizing effects of wheat husk on
expansive soil. It was found that there was increase in shear strength and decrease in Ps in
expansive soil by stabilization with wheat husk.
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Incinerator Ash
Al-Rawas (2004) had investigated the stabilizing effects of incinerator ash (ash produced by
burning of municipal solid waste) on wL, wP,(after 1day curing ), Sp and direct shear test at 1,7
and 14 days of curing. The percentages of incinerator ash added were 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%,
25%, and 30% by dry weight of the soil. There was a reduction in Sp and C and an increase in ,
with increase in curing periods and percentage of incinerator ash.
Waste tire
Seda et al. (2007) had found that Sp and Ps reduced significantly by addition of small
particles of waste tire rubber to expansive soil.
Patil et al. (2011) had studied the swell behavior of expansive soil by adding independently
with stiff (silica sand) and flexible (granular tire rubber) granular material and found that with
increase in additive materials and increase in surcharge stress the swell reduction increases. It
was found, better swell reduction in stiff sand grains than flexible granulated tire rubber.
Mughieda and Abu-Ashour (2006) had studied the effect of grain storage dust waste (a
powder-like material produced during loading and unloading of grains in the grain storage
facilities). The dust wastes mixed varied from 0 to 8% by mass. It was found that Sp, and Ps
were reduced, C decreased while was increased with addition of grain storage dusts.
Glass Cullet
Eberemu et al.(2012) had investigated the stabilizing effects of glass cullet on engineering
properties of expansive soil. The glass cullets added were from 5-20% at an increment of 5%.
With increase in percentage addition of glass cullet, there was continuous decrease in wL, wP,
OMC, C, Ps and continuous increase in Ip, specific gravity (G), MDD, UCS, , hydraulic
conductivity and CBR.
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Quarry Dust
The quarry dust is obtained as an aggregate waste, during crushing of rubble to obtain
aggregates.
Sabat and Das (2009) had stabilized expansive soil using quarry dust and lime for
strengthening the subgrade of a rural road for low volume traffic. The properties tested were
compaction (standard proctor), UCS, soaked CBR and Ps. The stabilizer strengthened road was
found to be cost effective for low volume traffic.
Sabat (2012) had investigated the effect of lime on Atterbergs limit, compaction(modified
proctor), shear strength parameters and durability of an expansive soil stabilized with optimum
percentage of quarry dust (40%).The lime added were 2 to 7 % at an increment of 1%. The
effect of 7 and 28 days of curing were also studied on shear strength parameters. From the study
it was concluded that with increase in percentage of addition of lime the wP, wS, C, , OMC
increased, the wL, IP,, MDD of the soil-quarry dust mixes decreased. Though MDD decreased
but it was greater than the MDD of the virgin soil at 5% addition of lime. Addition of lime had
made the soil-quarry dust mixes durable. Curing had positive effects on shear parameters and
had maximum values at 5% addition of lime and 28 days of curing.
Sabat (2012) had developed statistical models for prediction of Ps of expansive soil
(Bentonite) stabilized with quarry dust and lime by correlating the percentage of stabilizers,
MDD, OMC, curing period and activity. Models were also developed to predict the Ps of
stabilized expansive soil cured at 7 and 28 days from the Ps of the expansive soil cured at 0 day
and the Ps of expansive soil cured at 28 days from the Ps of the expansive soil cured at 7 days.
The models developed were found to be very accurate in predicting the swelling pressure.
Sabat and Bose (2013) had studied the effect of fly ash quarry dust mixes with fly ash:
quarry dust as 1:2, on engineering properties of an expansive soil. The optimum proportion of
fly ash quarry dust mix was found to be 45%.
Marble Dust
Marble dusts are the wastes/dusts produced during cutting and polishing of marble.
Swami (2002) and, Palaniappan and Stalin (2009) had stabilized expansive soil using marble
dust and were successful in improving different properties of expansive soil.
Sabat and Nanda (2011) had studied the effects of marble dust on strength and durability of
rice husk ash stabilized expansive soil and found that addition of marble dust increased the
strength, decreased the swelling pressure and made the soil-rice husk ash mixes durable. The
optimum proportion of soil: rice husk ash: marble dust was found to be 70:10:20.
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Zhang et al.(2013) had found the positive effects of marble dust on strength, swelling and
durability of biomass ash stabilized expansive soil. The optimum proportion of soil: biomass
ash: marble dust was found to be 75:10:15.
Gupta and Sharma (2014) had studied the effect of fly ash, sand and marble dust on
compaction and CBR values of expansive soil ,there was approximately 200% increase in
soaked CBR in the sample having soil -52.36%,sand-22.44%,fly ash -13.2% and marble dust12%.
Baryte Powder
Srinivasulu and Rao (1995) studied the efficacy of baryte powder as a soil stabilizer. They
had added baryte powder up to 20% to an expansive soil. The IP, OMC, differential free swell
index and C decreased and MDD, , UCS and CBR values increased with increase in
percentage of baryte powder.
Pyroclastic Dust
Ene and Okagbue (2009) had examined the stabilizing effects of pyroclastic rock dust on
expansive soil .The pyroclastic rock dusts added to soil were 4%, 8% and 12% by dry weight of
the soil. A significant reduction in plasticity and Ls with increase in percentage of rock dust was
found out. MDD, OMC, shear strength and CBR values were increased with increase in
percentages of rock dusts. At 8 % of rock dust addition, the optimum value of CBR was
obtained.
Granite Dust
Ogbonnaaya and IIIoabachie (2011) had examined the stabilizing effect of granite dust on
expansive soil. The percentages of granite dusts added were from 10 to 20% at an increment of
5%. It was found that with increase in percentage of addition granite dust, there was continuous
decrease in wL, Ls, OMC, C, continuous increase in wP, MDD, unsoaked CBR and .
Mishra et al. (2014) had studied the effect of granite dust (added from 0 to 30% at an
increment of 10%) on index properties of an expansive soil stabilized with 5% lime. There was
continuous decrease in wL, IP, DFS and increase in wS up to 30% addition of granite dust.
Mine Tailings
Ramesh et al. (2013) had studied index properties of expansive soil mine tailing mixtures
without and with lime including the effect of curing period and had found improvement in the
index properties of expansive soil.
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CONCLUSIONS
From the review of literature on, stabilization of expansive soil using solid wastes, the following
conclusions are drawn:
Stabilization of expansive soil using solid wastes improves the geotechnical properties of
expansive soil.
Majority of the researchers have discussed the effects of stabilization on index properties,
compaction properties, UCS, CBR and swelling properties of expansive soil.
The effects of stabilization on, consolidation properties, shear strength, splitting tensile
strength, stiffness and hydraulic conductivity of expansive soil have not been studied by most
of the researchers.
Investigations on, effects of contaminants on geotechnical properties of stabilized soil,
mineralogical studies, durability and economic aspect of stabilization are limited in literature.
Behaviour of the stabilized soil subjected to cyclic loading is also limited in literature.
The methods of construction utilizing the solid wastes are hardly found in literature.
Results of field studies are also found to be negligible in literature.
Very few studies have been made regarding, stabilization of expansive soil using copper slag,
red mud, foundry sand, phosphogypsum, lime sludge, jerosite, kimberlite, silica fume, waste
plastic, waste glass and carpet wastes.
Negligible studies have also been done on stabilization of sulphate -rich expansive soils.
The studies regarding the use of the solid wastes as stabilizer have been mostly confined to
strengthen the sub-grade of pavement. However the studies regarding the use of the solid
wastes stabilized expansive soil in other areas like, liner material in engineered landfill,
backfill material in retaining wall, base and sub-base material in pavement and cushion
material in pavement, are negligible in literature.
Future research on the stabilization of expansive soil using solid wastes should be undertaken
by taking into consideration, the above issues.
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