RHETORIC

A core of our humanness that is a

transactional process (MYERS)

retorike- civil art of public speaking

Art of effective or persuasive speaking or
writing using figures of speech(WIKIPEDIA)

TWO VIEW OF COMMUNICATION

Art or study of using language

effectively and persuasively

-interpersonal connection are created

or destroyed

an art of enchanting the soul of an

individual (PLATO)

STARTS RELATIONSHIPS

a faculty of discovering the available

means of persuasion (ARISTOTLE)
One great art comprised of five lesser art
(CICERO)
invention invention
dispositio arrangement
elocution style
memoria memory
action delivery

CONNECTS PEOPLE

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
CONTEXT- environment, atmosphere or
setting where communication happens
PHYSICAL place and time
SOCIAL relationship of
communicator and comunicatee
CULTURAL customary judgment of
the world
SENDER or source the origin of the
message

the art of speaking well (QUINTILLAN)

MESSAGE- context of communication

a powerful instrument of error and deceit

(JOHN LOCKE)

CHANNEL medium or carrier of the

message
Auditory channel

COMMUNICATION

Visual channel

A process of people interacting through the

use of message

Tactile channel

communis to share and inform ideas or

feelings
Transmission of messages via verbal and
non-verbal use (ANG)
Dynamic and Systematic or contextual and
proactive process in which communicators
construct personal meaning through their
symbolic interactions (WOOD)
Transaction in which the participants are
mutually engage of creating meaning
(COMEAIX)

DECODER or receiver retranslate the

message
FEEDBACK information that the listener
returns to the source
BARRIERS factors that inhibit the clarity
and flow of communication
DELIVERY SYSTEM uses manuscripts,
speech, memory, impromptu
CYCLES OR STAGES OF
COMMUNICATION

 THINKING the sender thinks of an idea

ENCODING the idea will be translated into
symbols
SYMBOLIZING converting to mental
language
EXPRESSING translate into an audible
speech

BERLOS LINEAR MODEL

TRANSMITTING represented in sound

waves
RECEIVING- impulses from the sound waves
that are conducted to auditory nerves
DECODING the brain translates into its
meaningful language or symbols
FEEDBACKING the listener responds by
further thought or feelings or emotional
state
MONITORING- watching the behavior of the
listener and the speaker makes the
necessary adjustment
MODES OF COMMUNICATION
PARALANGUAGE nonverbal elements in
speech
KINESICS gestures
SEMEILOGY science of symbols and
semaphore language (traffic lights)

ARISTOTLE

WRITING
SPEECH
GOALS OF COMMUNICATION

Efficiency
Effectiveness
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
SCHRAMM

NOISE
INTERNAL- thoughts and feelings
interfere with meaning
EXTERNAL sensory stimuli which
draw people away from physical meaning
SEMANTIC alternate meaning arose
by certain symbol that inhibit meaning
PRINCIPLES OF USING LANGUAGE
1. Maxim of QUALITY
- adequate
facts and sincerity of the speaker or
message
2. Maxim of QUANTITY adequate facts
and experiences
3. Maxim of RELEVANCE the speakers
message must be relevant
4. Maxim of MANNER- the message
should ne organized and clear

LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF BARRIERS IN
COMMUNICATION

INTRAPERSONAL- communication to self

PERSONAL

INTERPERSONAL- communication with

other person, 3 to 15

-emotions, perception, physical

barriers
MONOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION
-

The speaker concentrates on the

delivery of the message without
monitoring the audience

IDEOLOGICAL / POLITICAL
-

Difference in beliefs or political

orientation

LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES
-

Lacked of shared meanings

SOCIOCULTURAL
-

Differences in culture, status of a

person or religion

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION to persuade

large audience (SONA)
MASS COMMUNICATION- communication to
an extreme large audience mediated by
audio

NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Communication without the use of
spoken language
FUNCTIONS OF NON-VERBAL
ACCENTING- calling attention and creating
emphasis
MODERATING seeks to reduce attention

 COMPLEMENTING- ensures that the speech

is parallel w/ non-verbal and what is being
said

. Personal Zone
Intimate Zone

SUBSTITUTING- replacement of the words

with non-verbal
CONTRADICTING- sending a non-verbal that
DISAGREES with what is being said
REGULATING typically used in the start
and end of speech to give the sense of the
message
REPEATING- like complementing and
accenting but with DELAY between verbal
and non-verbal
DECEIVING- non-verbal signals can be used
as a part of lying or deceit
CATEGORIES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Kinesics - Study of bodys physical
movement/ body language (gestures, head
movement, posture, eye contact, facial
expressions)
Haptics - A nonverbal communication that
uses sense of touch to convey a message
Oculesics- Study of eye and eye movement
when communicating which provide signals into
what we are thinking or feeling.
Physical Appearance- Personal qualities that
affect the judgement of a person on how to
communicate with other people. People see you
first before they hear you.
Iconics - The use of signs and symbols to relay
a message
Olfactics - The use of sense of smell to convey
a message
Proxemics of space

Study of communicative aspect

Public Zone
Social Zone
Territoriality attempt to control space

Chronemics - Study of how we communicate

through the use of time
Artifactual - Are forms of decorative
ornamentation that are chosen to representing
self-concept, these are personal belongings that
you carry or wear.
Objectics - The use of objects around you to
give message
Vocalics - The study of paralanguage which
includes the 3 major paralanguage : vocal
qualifiers (pitch, volume, rate and vocal quality),
vocal characteristics (laughing, moaning yelling)
and vocal segregates (ahmm.., ok, yeah).

VERBAL COMMUNICATIONS
LISTENING
Process of receiving, constructing, meaning
from and responding to a spoken/ non-verbal
message
TYPES OF LISTENING
INFORMATIVE - This is where you
concentrate on the message or idea being
given
APPRECIATIVE - Describes how well
speakers choose and use words, use
humour, ask questions, tell stories and argue
persuasively.

 CRITICAL - Listener trying to weigh up

whether the speaker is credible, the
message is logical and whether they are
duped or manipulated.

BARRIERS OF EFFECTIVE LISTENING

DISCRIMINATIVE - Able to identify and

distinguish inferences or emotions through
the speakers change in voice tone, their use
of pause, etc

PSYCHOLOGICAL anger, status

differences, prejudice

EMPHATIC - Focus more in listening than

talking Listening to provide emotional
support to the speaker.
COMPREHENSIVE/ ACTIVE - listening to
understand the message of the speaker
EVAULATIVE - evaluation and analyzation of
the message
THERAPUTIC medical personnel are
allowed to talk with diagnosed person
(example)
RELATIONSHIP attending or supporting
listening

FOUR STAGES OF LISTENING

ATTENDING stage where are brain
translates words and sentences

ENVIRONMENTAL noise, room lighting

LINGUISTIC monotonous voice, jargon,
delivery

PHYSIOLOGICAL headache, poor eyesight,

discomfort
PERCEPTUAL - unexpected attitude,
mannerism, accents
CONTENT speaker goes on for too long,
content is difficult
PERSONAL preoccupied with own
problems, dominant speaking

LANGUAGE
The method of human communication, either
spoken or written, consisting of the use of words
in a structured and conventional way
Language is a purely human and non-instinctive
method of communicating ideas, emotions and
desires by means of voluntarily produced
symbols.(Sapir)
An abstract system of symbols and meanings.

factors
Selectivity of attention

LANGUAGE DISORDERS

Strength of attention

Aphasia is a communication disorder that results from

Sustainment of attention

damage to the parts of the brain that contain language

UNDERSTANDING stage where we make

meaning to the words or sentences

(typically in the left half of the brain)

RESPONDING stage where we take the

meaning of message and reacting to it by
sending our own message

Mixed Receptive

REMEMBERING- stage where we memorize

information t use for effective
communication

SPEECH DISORDERS

Learning Disability
Dysprosody affects the rhythm of speech
Dysgraphia - disability to efficiently write
Stuttering, Cluttering

FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE
MICROFUNCTION
PHYSIOLOGICAL
PHATIC
RECORDING
IDENTIFYING
REASONING
COMMUNICATING
PLEASURE
MACROFUNTION
IDEATIONAL

PHRASING utterances are broken into

parts or thought units
/ - stop after phrase
// - stop after sentences

BLENDING it is saying words in phrase

as if they are one word
-

The final consonant sound of a word

is blended with the initial word
sound of the next word

INTONATION the rise and fall of the

voice when a person speaks

INTERPERSONAL
POETIC
TEXTUAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE
1. Language has TWO SIDES
2. Language is ARBITRARY
3. Language TAKES PLACE WITHIN SOCIAL
GROUPS
4. Language is DYNAMIC
5. Language is PRODUCTIVE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH
quality of voice
pitch
loudness
intonation
rate
rhythm
stress
articulation
pronunciation

INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC
ALPHABET