EXPERIMENT NO: 1

Aim of the experiment:

Speed variation of DC motor by field / flux control method.

Apparatus required:
Sl.n Name of the Item
o.
1.
D.C. Shunt motor

Type

Range

Quantity

D.C.

2.
3.
4.
5.

D.C.
M.C.
M.C.
Wirewound

6.
7.

3 Point starter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
or
armature
resistance
Tachometer
Connecting wires

220V,19A,1500RP
M,5HP
220V,19A,5HP
0-2A DC
300V
200,2A

digital
S.W.G.

2000RPM
8 S.W.G.

8.

Line tester

500V

1
As
req.
1

1
1
1
1

per

THEORY:
Field flux control method is based on the fact that by varying the flux
, the motor speed can be changed and hence the name flux control
method. A variable resistance known as shunt field rheostat is
connected in series with the shunt field winding to vary the field
resistance and hence the shunt field current. The back emf of a D.C.
motor is given by

Eb

PZN
= 60 A

=>N =

60 E b A
PZ

Eb
=>N = K*

60 A
, where K = PZ

is constant.

Eb
=>N
Eb
=>N I f

=>N

( I f )

Where I f

is field current

V I a R a
If

Hence this equation clearly states that, speed of the D.C. motor
can be controlled above the rated speed by decreasing the current in
the field circuit by including an external resistance in the form of a
rheostat as variable resistance.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
(i)
(ii)

Connect the D.C. Motor as per the circuit diagram.

Ensure that the external resistance connected in the field
circuit is minimum.
(iii) After ensuring step : (ii) switch on the D.C. supply.
(iv) Keep the applied voltage to the armature constant at its rated
value. Vary the field current of the motor by varying the
rheostat resistance

R1

in the field circuit and record the field

current and the corresponding speeds of the motor.

(v) Repeat step: (iv) for various values of field current , till the
speed of the motor is about 1.4 times the rated speed of the
motor.
(vi) Bring the rheostat resistance R1 to its minimum position again.
(vii) Switch off the motor supply to stop the motor.

(viii) Plot the graph of the field current ( I f ) V/s change in speed of
motor (N).

Tabulation:
Sl.no
.

Field
current(If)
in AMP

Speed(N)RP
M

Armature
voltage(v)
VOLT

in

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Advantage:
(i)
(ii)

As very little power is wasted in the shunt field rheostat due to

relatively small value of Ish, hence it is inexpensive.
The speed control exercised by this method is independent of
load of the machine.

Disadvantage:
(i)

Only speeds higher than the normal speed can be obtained

since the total field circuit resistance cannot be reduced below
Rsh the shunt field winding resistance.

(ii)

There is a limit to maximum speed obtainable by this method.

Precaution:
(i)
Connect the terminals properly as per the circuit diagram.
(ii) Fuse wire of proper current capacity to be used.
(iii) Do not increase the speed of the motor beyond 1.4 times the
rated speed otherwise mechanical stresses will be high, may
damage the motor.
(iv) Field current should not be decreased to a very low value.

Conclusion:
From the above experiment it was found that the shunt motor
changes its speed by varying the field flux. So satisfying the
1

working formula N .

EXPERIMENT NO: 2
Aim of the experiment:
Speed variation of DC motor by Armature voltage variation method.

Apparatus required:
Sl.n Name of the items
o.

Type

Range

Quantity

1.

D.C.

220V,19A,1500RP
M,5HP

D.C. Shunt motor

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

3 point starter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
or
armature regulator
Tachometer
Connecting wires
Line tester

D.C.
M.C.,
M.C.
-

220V,19A,5HP
0-2A DC
300V DC
200,2A

1
1
1
1

S.W.G.
-

2000RPM
8 S.W.G.
500V

1
As per req.
1

Theory:
In armature control method the speed is varied by varying the
armature voltage. The voltage across the armature is varied by
inserting a variable resistance in series with the armature which is
known as controller resistance.

The back emf of a D.C. motor /machine is given by

60 E b A
=>N= PZ
Eb
60 A
=>N=K* , where k= PZ
V I a R
=>N

is a constant

, where Eb =V - I a Ra

=>N ( V- I a Ra ) (keeping field current constant)

=>N V - I a ( Ra +R)

Circuit diagram:

Eb

PNZ

= 60 A

Procedure:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)

Connect the D.C. motor as per circuit diagram.

Ensure that the external resistance in the armature circuit is
maximum.
After ensuring step: (ii) switch on the D.C. Supply as a result
motor will start running at normal speed.
Keeping the field current to the shunt field current constant
vary the voltage across armature by the external resistance in
the armature circuit.
Record the applied voltage and the corresponding speed.
Repeat step: (iv) for various values of applied voltage across
armature and record the corresponding speed.
Bring the external resistance to its maximum position again.
Switch off the main supply to stop the motor.
Plot the graph of the armature voltage (V a) V/s speed of the
motor (N).

Tabulation:
Sl.no Armature
.
voltage(v) in VOLT

Speed
of Field
motor(N)in RPM
current(If)in
AMP

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Disadvantage:
(i)

A large amount of power is lost in the external resistance

connected in series with the armature resistance.
(ii) This method gives speed below the normal value.
(iii) For specified value of external resistance the speed reduction is
not constant. It varies with the motor load.

Conclusion:
Hence we conclude that the speed can be controlled below
rated speed by using armature resistance as per the equation N V Ia

( Ra +R).

EXPERIMENT NO: 3
Aim of the experiment:
Determination of open circuit characteristics (OCC) of D.C. shunt
generator.

Apparatus required:
Sl.
no.

Name
items

of

the Type

1.

D.C. Shunt motor

D.C.

2.
3.

D.C.
D.C.

4.
5.
6.

3-Point starter
D.C.
Shunt
generator
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat

7.
8.

Tachometer
Connecting wire

M.C.
M.C.
wire
wound
digital
S.W.G.

Range

Quantity

19A,1500RPM,220
V,5HP
220V,19A
3KW,1500RPM,220
V,19A
0-2A DC
0-300V DC
200,5A,500,2A

2000RPM
8 S.W.G.

1
AS
req.

1
1
1
1
2

per

Theory:
The open circuit characteristics is a graph obtained between field
current (If) and generated emg (Eg).
The emf generated in the armature winding of a D.C. generator under
no load operation is given by
Eg

PZN
= 60 A

=> E g = KN (P, Z and A are constant)

=> E g (keeping N constant)

Hence at constant given speed, no load emf,

Eg

is directly

proportional to the flux per pole, which in turn depends upon the
field current (If). The characteristic curve showing the relationship
between the field current ( I f ) and generated emf

Eg

at no load and

at a constant speed is known as magnetization characteristic or open

circuit characteristic.

CIRCUIT DIGRAM:

Procedure:
1) Connect the D.C. motor and the D.C. generator as per circuit
diagram.
2) Adjust the rheostat in the field circuit of the motor so that the
additional
resistance in this circuit is zero.

3) Set the potential divider feeding to the field circuit of the

generator for zero
output voltage.
4) Switch on the D.C. supply to the D.C. motor and start it using the
starter. Move the starter arm slowly till the motor builds up the
speed and finally cut out all the resistance steps of the starter.
Starter arm will then be hold by the holding magnet of the starter.
5) Record the generator emf due to residual magnetism.
6) Adjust the speed of the D.C. motor to rated value by varying the
resistance in the field circuit/armature circuit.
7) Switch on the D.C. supply across the field circuit of the generator.
8) Vary the field current of the generator in steps and record its
value and the corresponding generated emf of the generator.
Observation should be recorded upto 125% of rated voltage of the
generator.
9) Switch off the D.C. supply to stop the motor and also to
disconnected the generator field.
10)
Plot the graph of field current ( I f ) V/s output voltage ( E g
).

Tabulation:
Sl.n Field
o
current(If)
in AMP

O/P
voltage
of Speed
generator in volt RPM
(Eg)

in

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Conclusion:
We observe the open circuit characteristic from the graph
plotted in between ( I f ) and ( E g ) of the generator.

EXPERIMENT NO: 04
Aim of the experiment:
Plotting of external characteristic of D.C. shunt generator.

Apparatus required:
Sl.n
o.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Name of the item

D.C. shunt motor (as
prime mover)
3-Point starter
D.C. Shunt generator
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
Lamp bank load
Connecting wire

Type

Range

Quantity

D.C.

D.C.
D.C.
M.C.
M.C.
-

0-10A (D.C.)
0-300V (D.C.)
3.5A,50
60-50,000
rpm
-

1
1
1
1
1

resistive
S.W.G.

1
1
As per req.

Theory:
The external characteristics of D.C. generator present the graphical
relationship between the terminal voltage and the load current the
generator being operated at constant rated speed and with the same

excitation as under no load condition. The nature of the characteristics

depends upon.
1- Voltage drop in the armature winding.,
2- Voltage drop at brush contact.
3- Voltage external characteristic indicate the fall in the terminal
voltage, as the load on the generator increases.

Procedure:
1- Connect the circuit of motor and generator as per the circuit
diagram.
2- Set the rheostat (R1) so that there is no external resistant in
the field circuit of the motor.
3- Set the rheostat (R3) so that there is minimum external
resistant in the field circuit of the resistant.
4- Switch on the supply to the DC motor and start it with the help
on a three point starter. The starter arm should be moved
slowly till the motor builds up its speed.
5- Adjust the speed of the motor to rated value by varying the
resistant in the field circuit of the motor.
6- Adjust the field current of the generator by rheostat (R2) so as
the obtained rated voltage at no load.
7- Switch on the tamp back load and adjust a certain value of load
current say approximately 10% of full load current. Record the
load current and terminal voltage.
8- Repeat step (4) for various the values of load current. Till load
current of the generator.
9- Switch off the load on the generator.
10- To stop the DC motor, switch off the DC supply.
VS
11- Plot he graph of load current I L
terminal voltage (V).

Tabulation:
Si.N
o.

Terminal
Voltage (V)

Load current (I)

Speed in RPM

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Conclusion:
We above the external characteristics from the graph plotted in
between I L

VT

of the D.C. shunt generator.

EXPERIMENT NO:05
Aim of the experiment:
Determination of efficiency of DC motor by brake test.

Apparatus required:
Sl.n
o.
1
2
3
4
5

Name of the item

Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Tachometer

FUSE RATING:

Type

Range

Quantity

M.C.
M.C.
M.C.

0 10 A
0 300 V
250 , 1.5 A
1200 , 0.8
A

1
1
1

M.C.
Digital

Fuse rating = 40 % of rated current

= 40/100 * 17 = 6.8 A
10 A

Theory:

60-50,000
rpm

1
1

In this method the losses are measured separately and from their
knowledge efficiency at any desired load can be predetermined. Hence
the only running test needed is the no load test. This test is applicable
to the machine in which flux is practically constant i.e shunt wound
and compound wound machines. The machine is to run as a motor at
its rated voltage. The speed is adjusted to rated speed with help of
shunt field regulator. The no load current and field current are
measured using ammeters. This test is convenient and economical
because power required to test a large machine is small i.e. only input
power is required. The efficiency can be predetermined at any load
because constant losses are known. In this test we are not taking into
account the change in iron loss from no load to full load. In this test it
is impossible to know that whether commutation would be satisfactory
at full load and whether temperature rise would be within specified
limits.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.

2. The starter handle must be kept in OFF position before switching ON
the supply.
3.

The motor must be started at no load condition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The supply is switched ON by closing the DPST switch.
3. The field rheostat is adjusted till the motor attains its rated speed.
4. The readings of the ammeters and voltmeter are noted under no
load conditions.
5. The rheostat is brought back to the minimum position and the
supply is switched OFF.
6. The DC resistance of the armature is determined using a
voltmeter and an
ammeter.

FORMULA:

Constant Losses WC = VIO (Io Ish)2 Ra Watts

As a Motor:
Input power = VLIL Watts
Ia =IL If Amps
Armature Cu loss = Ia2 Ra Watts
Total Loss = Wc + Cu loss Watts
Output power = Input Total loss Watts
% Efficiency = Output/Input * 100
As a Generator:
Ia =IL + If Amps
Armature Cu loss = Ia2 Ra Watts
Total Loss = Wc + Cu loss Watts
Output power = VLIL Watts
Input power = Output + Total loss Watts
% Effi ciency = Output/Input * 100

Tabulation:
Si.N
o.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

VO
Volts

Ia
Amps

Ra
If
Amps

OHMS

W1

W2

Spee
d (N)
RPM

Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT NO: 05
Aim of the experiment:
Determination of efficiency and voltage regulation by open circuit test on single phase
transformers.

Apparatus required:
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Name of the
items
Transformer
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Voltmeter
Single phase varic

Type
1-
M.I.
dyn
M.I.
1-

Range
1 kva
0-2A
5A, 1500V
0-300V
0-270V,5A

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1

Theory:
In the test low voltage winding (primary) is connected to a supply of a normal voltage
and frequency (as per the rating of transformer) and the high voltage winding is left open.
The primary winding draws very low current hardly 3 to 5 percent of full load current under
this condition. As such copper losses in the primary winding will be negligible. The mainly
iron losses occurs in the transformer under no load or open circuit condition, which are
indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit. Hence total iron losses =
(wattmeter reading). From observations of this test, the parameters

R0

and

w0
Xm

of the

parallel branch of the equivalent circuit can also be calculated, following the steps given
below.
Power draw

w 0 = V 0 * I0

cos

Thus, no load power factor cos=

W 0 / V 0 * I0

Core loss component of no load current,

I m = I0

cos

And magnetizing component of no load current,

I m = I0

Equivalent resistance representing the core loss,

R0 =V I w

sin

Magnetizing reactance representing the magnetizing current,

X m =V/ I m

Procedure:
i)
ii)

Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

Ensure that the setting of the variac is at low output voltage.

iii)
iv)
v)

Switch on the supply and adjust rated voltage across the transformer circuit.
Record no load current, voltage applied and no load power, corresponding to the
rated voltage of the transformer winding.
Switch off the A.C. supply.

Tabulation:
Sl.n
o.

Voltmeter

Ammeter reading

reading ( V 0

( I 0 ) In amp

) in volt

Wattmeter
reading (
W0

) in

watt
1.

Calculation:

Conclusion:
It is observed that since normal frequency is applied to the low voltage side normal
flux will be set up in the core. Hence normal iron loss will occurs so in the A.C. test a watt
meter reading gives only the measurement of iron loss i.e.__________________ watt.
No load current

I 0 =____________amp and no load power factor cos=______________.

EXPERIMENT NO: 06
Aim of the experiment:
Determination of efficiency and voltage regulation by short circuit test on single phase
transformers.

Apparatus required:
Sl.n Name of the
o.
items

Type

Range

Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.

Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Transformer

M.I.
M.I.
dyn
1-

0-2A
0-300V
1 kva

1
1
1
1

5.
6.
7.

Single phase varic

Connecting wire
Combination plier

1-
insulated
insulated

0-270V,5A
-

1
As per req.
1

Theory:
In this theory test low voltage winding is short circuit and low voltage hardly 5 to 8
percent of the rated voltage of the high winding is applied to this winding. this test is
performed at rated current following in both winding. Iron losses occurring in the
transformer under this condition is negligible because of very low applied voltage. Hence
the total loss occurring under short circuit are mainly the copper losses of both the
winding which are indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit. Thus the total full
load copper loss=

W se

(reading of wattmeter). The equivalent resistance Req and

reactance Xeq referred to a particular winding can also be calculated from the observation
of this best following the step given below. Equivalent reactance referred to H.V. winding.
R eq =

W se / I 2

also equivalent impedance to H.V. winding Zeq=

V se / I se

Thus equivalent reactance referred to H.V. winding X eq=

Z eq

Req

Procedure:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

Connected the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

Adjust the setting of variac so that output voltage is zero.
Switch on the A.C. supply to the circuit.
Increases the voltage applied slowly, till the current in the winding and of the
transformer is full load of rated value.
Record short circuit current corresponding applied voltage and power with full load
current following under short ckt test condition.
Switch off the A.C. supply.

Tabulation:
Sl.n
o.

Voltmeter reading ( V se
) in volts

Ammeter
reading ( I se
) in amp

Wattmeter
reading (
W se

) in watt

1.

Calculation:
Conclusion:
From the above calculation it is observed that the parameter of the transformer
equivalent impedance (Zeq),equivalent resistance (Req),equivalent reactance (Xeq) where
found to ____________ to ___________,_______________. respectively.
It is observed that since the applied voltage is very low the resistance from losses are also
small and may be negligleble, so in the short circuit test the wattmeter reading Wse
gives only measurement of copper loss.

EXPERIMENT NO: 07
Aim of the experiment:
Polarity test and parallel operation of two single phase transformers.

Apparatus required:
Sl.n
o.

Name of the
items

Type

Range

Quantity

1.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Transformer
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Load
Combination plier
Screw driver
Connecting wire

M.I.
M.I.
Dyn
insulated
-

2
3
1
3
1
1
1
As per req.

Theory:
Parallel operation to transformer is frequently necessary in the power system network,
which consist of a number of transformers installed at generating stations, substations etc.
when operating two or more transformers in parallel connection (on the primary as well as
secondary side), their satisfactory performance require the following condition must be
satisfied for single phase transformer.
a). the same polarity.
b). the same voltage ratio.

Polarity:
Polarity of the two transformers connected in parallel can be either right or wrong.
The wrong polarity of the transformer connected in parallel, would result in a dead short
circuit on the transformer.

Voltage ratio:
An equal voltage ratio of two transformers operating in parallel is necessary to avoid
no load circulating current. In case of unequal voltage ratio, circulating current will flow in
the close circuit formed by the primary and secondary sides, even at no load, which result
in additional

I 2 R loss. The no load circulating current should not be permitted to exceed

10% of its normal rated value for satisfactory parallel operation.

Procedure:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

v)
vi)
vii)

Take two transformers having same voltage ratio and percentage impedance.
Find the polarity L.T. and L.H. side of both transformer.
Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Ensure that the two secondary
have been connected properly as per the polarity determined.
Close the switch s1 to energize both the primary. Ensure that the switch s2 is
kept open in case the voltage ratio of the two transformer are unequal. There will
be a circulating current which may be recorded.
Close the switch s2 adjust a particular load on the secondary and record the
reading of all the instrument connected in circuit.
Repeat step(v) for various value of load current up to the rated capacity of the
two transformer operating in parallel.
Switch off the load slowly open the switchs2 an then switch off supply to
primary of the transformer.

Procedure for the polarity check of the transformer

before operating in parallel:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Connected the circuit as per the diagram.

Switch on the supply to the primary circuit where the primaries of the
transformers are connected in parallel.
The voltmeter connected in the secondary circuit of the transformers will red
either zero or twice of the secondary terminal voltage of each transformer.
If the voltmeter reads zero. Connected a1 to a1 and a2 to a2 for the secondary
to be in parallel.
In case the voltmeter reads twice the secondary terminal voltage, then
connected a1 to a2 and a2 to a1 for parallel operation of the two transformer.

Precautions:

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Connection should be connect and tight.

Voltage ratio of both the transformer should be same.
Same polarity must be connected together.
Give the rated voltage to the primary side.

Tabulation:
Sl.n
o.

V L (in

volt)

I L (i

n
amp)

W L (i

I 1 (i

n
n
watt) amp)

W 1 (i

I 2 (i

W 2 (i

n
n
watt) amp)

n
watt)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Conclusion:
We were performed the parallel operation of the two single phase.

EXPERIMENT NO: 09
Aim of the experiment:
Study of 3 point and 4 point starter .

Apparatus required:
Sl.n
o.

Name
of
instruments

1.
2.
3.

3-point starter
4-point starter
Three phase DC motor

Theory:

the Type

Range

Quantity

3-point starter:
During starting period full load across the armature no back emf to flow in armature.
Hence heavy current in drawn from supply.
This may damage the commutator, brushes and blow out the fuse to avoid this
happening resistance in front starter is introduced in series with armature.
The three point starter consist of three terminal named as
A-armature terminal of motor
F-shunt field terminal of motor
L- line terminal
The other parts of the starter are
No volt relay coil (NVRC)
Starting handle
Starting resistance
Brush studs
Over lode relay coil (OLRC)
When the motor connected to supply and move the handle showing the clockwise
direction the motor start to run.
The armature current, which flow from the supply to armature through starting
resistance.

 The no volt release coil, when consist of thin wires of may turns is in series with the
shunt field winding.
The field current through the NVRC magnetized and at traced the starting handle
strongly to keep it in ON position due to spring.
There is an overall release coil which consists of few turns of thick wire. It is
connected in series with the armature.
In case of fault or overload the machine will draw excess current which flows
through OLRC and armature.
This all sufficiency magnetized attracts the tripping plunger which short ckt the
terminal of no volt release coil.
Now NVRC is demagnetize and release the starting handle and the machine coil
disconnected for supply.

Four point starter:

A four point starter with its internal wiring connected to a long shunt compound
generator.
From the figure it is clear that when the armature touch is studs line current divided
in to 8 parts.
One parts passes through starting resistance.
Second parts passes through no volt release coil and protective resistance.
Third parts passes through shunt and its field rheostat (Rh).
Since this arrangement NVRC cut in dependent of in short field ckt so it is will not
be attached by the change of the short field ckt

 It means the electric magnetic pull entered by holding coil will always be sufficient
and will present the spiral opting from resisting the armature to the position.
For stopping the motor the line back the starting arm is opened rather then
thronging back the starting arm.
In shunt motor the line switch can be operated without carry operated arc.
The electromagnetic energy stored in the field doesnt appear at the switch out is
discharge gradually through the arm.
On the other hand if the starting arm is drawn back the field ckt is broken out each
connected bottom.
Precaution:
While stopping the motor all the resistance in the field rheostat in contact.
Conclusion:
From the above experiment we success studied about 3-point and 4-point DC motor starter
connecting and short to DC shunt motor

EXPERIMENT NO: 10
Aim of the experiment:
Determination of regulation of transformer by direct loadings.

Apparatus required:
Sl.no. Name of the instruments

Type

Range

Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4

MI
MI
Dynamometer
Resistive

0-300 V
0-15A
10A,300V
1KW,230v

1
1
1
1

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Load box

Transformer Specification:Primary Winding:-1 KVA, 230 Volt, 4.35 amp,

Secondary winding:-1 phase, 115volt, 8.7 Amp

Theory:Performance of the transformer can be determined s follows from the

observation of load test.

Power input to the transformer=W(reading of wattmeter)

(cos being unity for lamp bank load)
VI
Thus, efficiency at a particular load n= W 1 100

No load voltage across secondary=E2

Terminal voltage across secondary at a particular load =V2
Then regulation of the transformer at that load =E2-V2/E2100%

Procedure:
Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
Ensure that there is no load on the secondary winding of the
transformer.
Switch on the AC supply and record that no load voltage across
the winding.
Adjust approximately 10% full load current in the secondary by
switching on certain lamps in the lamp bank load record the
reading of all the meters.
Repeat step one for various load current till the full load value.
Reduce the load on the transformer by switching off the bulbs in
the lamp load.
Switch off the AC supply.

Circuit Diagram:-

Tabulation:Sl.n
o.

Load
position

Primary side
Voltage
in
(volts)

Current
in (amp)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Calculation:
V
input power ( P I P ) 100
Effiency =
out put power (V S I S)

Secondary side
Voltage
in (volts)

Current
in (amp)

%=

V S IS
100
V P IP

No load secondary voltageFull load secondaryvoltage

100
% of voltage regulation =
Noload secondary voltage

Conclusion:
From the above experiment we found that the voltage regulations of
transformer by direct loading are . %.