Report On Wireless Blackbox Testing For Vehicle Monitoring

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM - 590018.
An Internship Report
On
ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Submitted By
SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUNASI

[1JB14LDE14]
Internship carried out
At
RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER, JAYANAGAR 4 TH T BLOCK,
Bangalore- 560041.
Internal guide
Mrs. CHETANA R
Associate Professor
ECE Dept., SJBIT
External guide
Ms. SANGEETHA C
Embedded Engineer
RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER,
Jayanagar 4th T block,
Bangalore-560041
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
S. J. B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
B G S HEALTH AND EDUCATION CITY
Kengeri, Bangalore-560060.
2015-2016
II Jai Sri Gurudev II

Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust
S. J. B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BGS Health & Education City, Kengeri, Bangalore - 560060.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Internship work entitled ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
carried out by SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUANSI [1JB14LDE14] is bonafide student of
S J B Institute of Technology in DIGITAL ELECTRONICS BRANCH as prescribed by
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM during the academic
year 2015-2016. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment
have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the Departmental library. The Internship report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Internship work
prescribed for the said Degree.
Signature of Guide
Signature of HOD
Signature of Principal
[Mrs. CHETANA R]
[Dr. NATARAJ K R]
[Dr. PUTTARAJU]
Associate professor
Professor & Head
Principal
Dept. of ECE
Dept. of ECE
SJBIT, Bangalore
Declaration
I, Sarvesh Veerappa Arahunasi, student of Third semester M.Tech, Digital Electronics, SJB
Institute of Technology, Bangalore, hereby declare that the Internship entitled Advancements
in Embedded Systems has been independently carried out by me, and submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for award of Master of Technology degree in Digital Electronics
by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 20152016.
Further the mater embodied in the dissertation has not been submitted previously by anybody for
the award of any degree or diploma to any other university.
Place: Bangalore
Date:

1JB14LDE14
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction & euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible because
Success
is
the
abstract
of
hard
work
&
perseverance, but steadfast of all is
encouragement guidance. So I acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement

served as a beacon light & crowned our efforts with success.
I am grateful to His divine soul Sri Sri Sri Jagadguru Dr. Balagangadharanatha Maha
Swamiji and I am grateful to His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Nirmalanandanatha Maha
Swamiji for providing me an opportunity to complete my academics in this esteemed college.
I would like to express my profound grateful to his holiness Reverend Sri Sri
Prakashnath Swamiji, Managing Director, SJBIT for providing an opportunity to complete my
academics and present this Internship.
I am grateful to Dr. Puttaraju, Principal for his kind co-operation and encouragement.
I am extremely grateful to Dr. Nataraj K R , Head of the Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, for his co-operation and encouragement.
I express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to Mrs. CHETANA R, Associate
professor for the valuable guidance throughout my Internship.
I express my
deepest
gratitude
and
sincere
thanks
to
Ms. SANGEETHA C
Embedded Engineer, RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER, for her valuable guidance during the
course of this internship and continuous suggestions to make the project successful.
I am highly indebted to Mrs. Uma S & Mrs. Rekha S, Project Coordinators who have
been source of inspiration to me and have extended their fullest support throughout the internship
duration.
I also thank all the staff members of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department for their help during the course of my internship.

Last but not the least I thank my parents, family members & friends, for their
continuous and great support and encouragement throughout my internship
Regards,
SUMMARY
The Embedded Systems Internship Programme instituted by the RV-VLSI Design Center aims at
developing the skills of Professional students to contribute to the development of the embedded
sector. The summary gives an overview of my four months internship which includes the
activities, meetings and experiences. Below is a summary of my experience.
During my four months of internship in RV-VLSI, the department in which I worked is
embedded domain. We are concentrated on embedded software domain which involves software
development by coding in C in Keil and dumping on the microcontroller. The tools used to
develop the embedded software are KEIL MICROVISION AND FLASHMAGIC.
The main role of the intern is to develop coding in c and simulating those codes onto
microcontroller and check the results. I also assisted in organising and coordinating activities for
the Institute, (Personal Productivity Skills, Resource Mobilisation and Proposal Writing)
Reflecting on my experience at RV-VLSI, the internship programme has made immeasurable
impacts in my aptitude in varied fields such as: Team work, Report writing/Analytical writing,
Organisational and intercultural competence, Programme Organisation and Coordination. The
internship programme has broadened my knowledge base.
It has been a wonderful experience in RV-VLSI and I recommend the institute organizes more of
such programs to widen its sphere of operation. It will be of much benefit to the institute if it
continues to create similar platforms for young people in embedded who have dedication as a
way of building their capacity and bringing them to appreciate the embedded sector and share in
the vision.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
iii
CHAPTER 1 ABOUT THE ORGANISATION
CHAPTER 2 ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL
2..2 INTRODUCTION TO FLASHMAGIC
14
CHAPTER 3 TASKS PERFORMED

3.1 WIRELESS BLACK BOX USING SENSORS AND
18
19
GPSTRACKING FOR ACCIDENTAL MONITORING OF

VEHICLES
3.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW
21
3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
23
3.3.1 Power Supply For Arm Controller
23
3.3.2 16x2 LCD Display
23
3.3.3 Interfacing Peripherals With LPC 2148
24
3.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
25
3.4.1 Accelerometer Sensor
25
3. 4.2 Arm7 Lpc2148
27
3.4.3 GSM Module
30
3.4.4 GPS Module
36
3.4.5 Temperature Sensor
39
3.4.6 Moisture Or Humidity Sensor
40
3.4.7 Fire Sensor
42
3.4.8 Buzzer
42
43
3.4.10 DC Motor
45
3.5 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

3.5.1 KEIL VERSION 4
47
47
3.5.2 Flash Magic
48
3.6 FLOWCHART
49
3.7 RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
51
CHAPTER 4 REFLECTION ON THE INTERNSHIP
54
4.1 INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE IN LEARNING THE GOALS 54

4.2 NON-TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
57
4.2.1 Communication Skills
57
4.2.1.1 Verbal Communication
57
4.2.1.2 Non-Verbal Communication
58
4.2.1.3 Written Communication Skills
59
4.2.2 Interpersonal Skills
60
4.2.3 Time Management
61
4.3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
66
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Creating a project
2.2
Select a device
2.3
Copying startup.s to project folder
2.4
Add or create source files
2.5
Choose target option
10
2.6
Create HEX file
10
2.7
Write .C code or .ASM code by choosing a new page
11
2.8
Debug the code
11
2.9
Check the results
12
2.10 Window to select peripherals and to see the results
13
3.1
Proposed system
18
3.2
Overall schematic of the proposed system for
20
Monitoring vehicular accidents

3.3
Block diagram of proposed system
21
3.4
Power supply for ARM Controller
23
3.5
16X2 LCD Display
24
3.6
Interfacing peripherals with LPC2148
24
3.7
ADXL accelerometer sensor
25
3.8
ARM7 LPC2148 architecture
28
3.9
SIM300 GSM modem
31
3.10 SIM300 hardware description
34
3.11 VK16U6 GPS Module
37
3.12 LM35 Temperature sensor
39
3.13 Moisture
41
3.14 Fire sensor
42
3.15 Buzzer
43
3.16 16X2 LCD Display
44
3.17 Dc motor
46
3.18 Flowchart of the system
49
i
3.19 Prototype of the system
51
3.20 LCD Display
52
3.21 Accident alert message
52
ii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITTLE
PAGE
3.1
AT Commands for SMS services
33
3.2
VK16U6 Pin description
37
3.3
16X2 LCD Display pin description
44
iii
CHAPTER 1
ABOUT THE COMPANY

RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER
FOUNDER & CEO: MR. VENKATESH PRASAD

He finished his school in St. Josephs Boys High School, Bangalore and his B.E in R.V
Engineering College, Bangalore. Currently he is the CEO of RV-VLSI DESIGN
CENTER, Bangalore and Director of Nanochip Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
He previously worked as a Director of Conexant Systems India Pvt. Ltd, Sr. Engineer at
Conexant Systems Inc., Mentor Consulting at Mentor Graphics, Principal Engineer at
AMCC, Sr. Applications engineer at Synopsys, Deputy Engineer at Bharat Electronics.
His goals are to bridge the industry academia gap by being an interface between
academia
and
industry
facilitating
meaningful
interactions
between
professional
institutions and industry on curriculum development, UG and PG projects, faculty

enrichment programs and many similar activities which will help grow the VLSI and
Embedded ecosystem.
HISTORY
RV-VLSI Design Center is a VLSI and Embedded system skill development

center.
Established in 2006, by RV group of educational institutions with Nanochip

solutions Private Limited.
RV-VLSI is part of the RSS Trust and one among the 28 RV institutions in
Bangalore.
Dept. of ECE, SJBIT, Bangalore
Page 1
This is a unique combination of a design center, VLSI finishing school and an

educational institute to make budding engineers industry ready.
Through the partnership with EDA vendors, foundries and industry experts they
have established a benchmark for skill development programs in VLSI and
Embedded Systems in India.
Specialties
ASIC VLSI, FPGA Training, Embedded Systems Training, Corporate Training,

RTL Verification Using System Verilog and UVM, ASIC Physical Design.
VISION
The main vision of the organization is to be the pioneer in providing nanometer

technology solutions to address mega challenges.
To provide a steady stream of employable and productive engineers and create a

talent pool for the Electronics and Semiconductor in the country.
To prepare students to learn new methods and adapt changes quickly.
To provide a holistic approach to skill development in embedded domain. The

sessions carried out in class, lab and live projects are designed to gain industry
experience.
MISSION
The main mission of the organization is to be the leader in providing innovative

solutions to its customers by employing passionate, dedicated and professional
engineers who strive to consistently exceed the expectations set by the customers.
Make available to the industry a steady stream of highly skilled solution experts.
To work with industry and build a long term strategic alliance by employing
ethical and innovative business models.
OBJECTIVE
To make Budding Engineers industry ready in VLSI and Embedded domain.
Page 2
SERVICES OFFERED BY ORGANISATION

Nanochip is pleased to provide services in the area of embedded systems. Our experts
come with many years of industry Experience and have worked in reputed companies on
complex projects. We are pleased to offer our services in the area of RTOS, device
drivers development, software engineering, program management, QA and testing.
The experts in the organization have knowledge in the Telecom, Mobile communications,
Networking, Network Security, Automotive electronics, Aerospace, Renewable energy
and consumer electronics.
SUPPORT
Value added partners
1. Nanochip Solutions
Our partnership with Nanochip Solutions, multiple EDA vendors and foundry
enables us to conduct our programs in an industry like environment.
2. Altera
Altera Authorized Training Partner, instructor led Altera certified programs in

FPGA Design.
3. VTU
Jointly offer skill development programs leading to advance diploma.

Page 3

4. IEEE
RV-VLSI and IEEE jointly offer blended learning programs in VLSI.
5. Mentor Graphics
Higher education partner
6. IESA
Industry member and skill develop partner.
7. Towerjazz
Foundry partner
8. Synopsys
Higher education partner
Page 4
INDUSTRY EXPOSURE
By Learning to Solve Industry Level Design Challenges through the modules of our
programs and live projects students acquire good exposure to mid-level and complex
design scenarios. This gives an ability to ramp up with a short TTP- Time to be
Productive when hired by companies.
INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE
Spread over 10,000 Sq. ft., the industry modeled campus features modern rooms,
Exclusive lab and cubicle work spaces with scribble boards for team discussions.
High End EDA tools from multiple international EDA vendors, which are used in the
industry extensively. Access to Semiconductor Fab Technology for multiple processes
nodes and design flows.
INTERNSHIP OPPORTUNITIES
Students get the opportunities to apply for internships inside RV-VLSI to assist the
project managers in academic research and design.
Page 5
CHAPTER 2
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

The department in which we are carrying out as intern is embedded domain. We are
concentrated on embedded software domain which involves software development by
coding in C on the microcontroller. The tools used to develop the embedded software are
KEIL MICROVISION AND FLASHMAGIC.
The main role of the intern is to develop coding in c and simulate the codes onto
microcontroller and check the results. The responsibility of the intern is to thorough with
the technologies growing in the industry.
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF KEIL

The Keil Software LPC2148 development tools listed below are programs you
use to compile your C code, assemble your assembly source files, link and locate object
modules and libraries, create HEX files, and debug your target program. Vision for
Window is an Integrated Development Environment that combines project management,
source code editing, and program debugging in one single, powerful environment. The
ARM7 ANSI Optimizing C Compiler creates re locatable object modules from your C
source code. The ARM Macro Assembler creates re locatable object modules from your
LPC21XX assembly source code. The Linker/Locator combines re-locatable object
modules created by the Compiler and the Assembler into absolute object modules. The
Library Manager combines object modules into libraries that may be used by the linker.
The Object-HEX Converter creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules.
Development Tools
The Keil development tools for ARM offer numerous features and advantages that help
you quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and
are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals. The Vision IDE and Debugger is
the central part of the Keil ARM development tools. Vision offers a Build Mode and a
Debug Mode. In the Vision Build Mode you maintain the project files and generate the
application. Vision uses either the GNU or ARM ADS/Real View development tools.
Page 6

In the Vision Debug Mode you verify your program either with a powerful CPU and
peripheral simulator that connects the debugger to the target system. The ULINK allows
you also to download your application into Flash ROM of your target system.
Getting Started
The Vision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code
editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The
Vision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded
programs that work. The Vision editor and debugger are integrated in a single
application that provides a seamless embedded project development environment. The
Vision IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is the easiest way for most
developers to create embedded applications using the Keil development tools.
To launch Vision, click on the icon on your desktop or select Keil Vision which
version you are using from the Start Menu
Create a Project
Vision includes a project manager which makes it easy to design applications for an
ARM based microcontroller. You need to perform the following steps to create a new
project:
Start Vision and select the toolset
Create a project file and select a CPU from the device database.
Create a new source file and add this source file to the project.
Add and configure the startup code for the ARM.
Set tool options for target hardware.
Build project and create a HEX file for PROM programming.
Start Vision
Vision is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the program icon.
The Step-wise procedure for KEIL is showing below in screenshots.
Page 7

Step 1: Creating a Project
Fig 2.1: Creating a project

Step 2: Select the Device
Fig 2.2: Select a device

Page 8

Step 3: Click Yes if you want to create .C file and No to create .ASM file
Fig 2.3: Copying startup.s to project folder.

Step 4: Add/Create Source Files
Fig 2.4: Add or create source files
Page 9

Step 5: Choose OPTIONS For Target Device
Fig 2.5: Choose target option
Fig 2.6: Create HEX file

Page 10

Step 6: Write The .C/.ASM code And Compile the code
Fig 2.7: Write .C code or .ASM code by choosing a new page

Step 7:Debug the Code
Fig 2.8: Debug the code
Page 11
Fig 2.9: Check the results
Page 12

Step 8:See the simulated results using peripherals:
Fig 2.10: Window to select peripherals and to see the results
Page 13
2.2 INTRODUCTION OF FLASH MAGIC

NXP Semiconductors produce a range of Microcontrollers that feature both on-chip Flash
memory and the ability to be reprogrammed using In-System Programming technology.
Flash Magic is Windows software from the Embedded Systems Academy that allows
easy access to all the ISP features provided by the devices.
These features include:
Erasing the Flash memory (individual blocks or the whole device)
Programming the Flash memory
Modifying the Boot Vector and Status Byte
Reading Flash memory
Performing a blank check on a section of Flash memory.
Reading the signature bytes
Reading and writing the security bits
Direct load of a new baud rate (high speed communications)
Sending commands to place device in Boot loader mode.
Flash Magic provides a clear and simple user interface to these features. Under Windows,
only one application may have access the COM Port at any one time, preventing other
applications from using the COM Port. Flash Magic only obtains access to the selected
COM Port when ISP operations are being performed. This means that other applications
that need to use the COM Port, such as debugging tools, may be used while Flash Magic
is loaded.
Screenshot of Flash Magic Window

The window is divided up into five sections. Work your way from section 1 to section 5
to program a device using the most common functions. At the very bottom left of the
window is an area where progress messages will be displayed and at the very bottom
right is where the progress bar is displayed. In between the messages and the progress bar
is a count of the number of times the currently selected hex file has been programmed
since it was last modified or selected.
Page 14
Five Step Programming

For each step there is a corresponding section in the main window as described in the
User Interface Tour.
Step 1 Connection Settings

Before the device can be used the settings required to make a connection must be
specified.
COM Port Settings

Select the desired COM port from the drop down list or type the desired COM port
directly into the box. If you enter the COM port yourself then you must enter it in one of
the following formats: COM n n Any other format will generate an error. So if you
want to use COM 5 (which is not present on the drop down list) you can directly type in
either COM 5 or 5.
Baud Rate Settings

Select the baud rate to connect at. Try a low speed first. The maximum speed that can be
used depends on the crystal frequency on your hardware. You can try connecting at
higher and higher speeds until connections fail. Then you have found the highest baud
rate to connect at.
Device Selection
Select the device being used from the drop down list. Ensure you select the correct one as
different devices have different feature sets and different methods of setting up the serial
communications.
Interface Selection
Select the interface being used, if any. An interface is a device that connects between
your PC and the target hardware. If you simply have a serial cable or USB to serial cable
connecting your COM port to the target hardware, then you can choose "None (ISP)".
Choosing the correct interface will automatically configure Flash Magic for that
interface, along with enabling and disabling the relevant features.
Page 15
Oscillator Frequency
Enter the oscillator frequency used on the hardware. Do not round the frequency, instead
enter it as precisely as possible. Some devices do not require the oscillator frequency to
be entered, so this field will not be displayed. Once the options are set ensure the device
is running the on-chip Boot loader if you are using a manual ISP entry method. Note that
the connection settings affect all ISP features provided by Flash Magic.
Step 2: Erasing
This step is optional, however if you attempt to program the device without first erasing
at least one Flash block, then Flash Magic will warn you and ask you if you are sure you
want to program the device.
Select each Flash block that you wish to erase by clicking on its name.
If you wish to erase all the Flash then check that option.
If you want to check to erase a Flash block and all the Flash then the Flash block
will not be individually erased.
If you wish to erase only the Flash blocks used by the hex file you are going to
select, then check that option.
Step 3: Selecting the Hex File

This step is optional. If you do not wish to program a Hex File then do not select one
Step 4: Options
Flash Magic provides various options that may be used after the Hex File has been
programmed
Verify After Programming

Checking the Verify after Programming option will result in the data contained in the
Hex File being read back from Flash and compared with the Hex File after programming.
This helps to ensure that the Hex File was correctly programmed. If the device does not
support verifying then this item will be disabled.
Page 16
Step 5 Performing the Operations

Step 5 contains a Start button clicking the Start button will result in all the selected
operations in the main window taking place. They are:
Erasing Flash
Programming the Hex File
Verifying the Hex File
Filling Unused Flash
Generating Checksums
Programming the clocks bit
Programming the Security Bits
Executing the firmware
Page 17
CHAPTER 3
TASKS PERFORMED
I have done a Mini-project which was instructed by the company and the title of the
project is Wireless black box using Sensors and GPS tracking system for accidental
monitoring of vehicles. In this work, wireless black box using Sensors and GPS tracking
system is developed for accidental monitoring. The system consists of cooperative
components of an accelerometer, microcontroller unit, GPS device and GSM module. In
the event of accident, this wireless device will send mobile phone short message
indicating the position of vehicle by GPS system to family member, emergency medical
service (EMS). If the value of the sensors exceeds the threshold, a decision is made as if
accident has occurred. The proposed system also incorporates temperature and fire sensor
as an additional safety measure. The system is compact and easy to install under rider
seat. The system has been tested in real world applications.
Fig 3.1: Proposed system
Page 18
3.1 WIRELESS BLACK BOX USING SENSORS AND GPS

TRACKING FOR ACCIDENTAL MONITORING OF
VEHICLES
In recent years of development there has been tremendous advancement in the use of
accelerometers right from usage of air bag system in automobile to the recent
introduction of vehicle stability control systems using single and dual-axis , low g
accelerometer and angular rate sensors. In the past few years, a vibrant market for
accelerometer in consumer electronics application has emerged, including drop detection
for hard disc drives, motion-based computer game controllers, dead reckoning in personal
navigation devices and motion awareness for cell phones.
A newly developed sensor technology called the MEMS Accelerometer is used in this
project to detect an accident and its place of occurrence. Accelerometer is a device which
can detect a tilt or a sudden jerk in any of the 3 axes (x, y, z). It can be used to detect any
unusual acceleration and tilting of vehicles which indicates that the vehicle is out of
control and could have suffered an accident. The accelerometers output can be analyzed
by the microcontroller to find if it has crossed the threshold.
This project aims to develop a system to automatically detect a vehicular accident and
alert the family members and medical services about it. This system locates the place of
the accident and directs the emergency medical services to the accident site.
GPS system is deployed to locate the place of the accident and GSM technology is used
to send messages to emergency services and intimate the family. If the medical services
get an alert through GSM message about an accident and its location through GPS
coordinates they can reach the event spot immediately. If the person who has suffered the
accident receives medical help in time he can survive the accident and many important
lives can be saved. The system is easy to build and compact in size so that it can be easily
installed in any vehicles.
Page 19
Fig 3.2: Overall schematic of the proposed system for monitoring vehicular accidents.
The proposed system mainly aims at:
Develop a complete system that

o Detects a fire emergency using temperature sensor and activates the
microcontroller which raises a buzzer alarm.
o Detects the occurrence of a vehicular accident by using a MEMS sensor.
o Alerts the nearest hospital / family about the accident location by using
GSM/GPS module.
To Reduce the Human Death Ratio due to Road Accident.
To provide maximum assistance even in less densely populated and remote areas.
Page 20
3.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The fundamental block diagram of Wireless Black box using Sensors and GPS tracking
for Accidental monitoring of Vehicles is shown in Fig 3.3.
Block Diagram Description
Fig 3.3: Block diagram of the proposed system
The principle behind this project is explained as follows. The total equipment of this
project is placed inside a vehicle is not visible to others, hence called as a black box.
MEMS accelerometer is a miniaturized sensor which detects the tilt in the vehicle in the
entire three axes and provides acceleration values. The output of MEMS accelerometer is
Page 21

an analog voltage equivalent to the changes in the acceleration when there is a tilt in the
vehicle. A suitable threshold value will be set and if the output of MEMS exceeds this
threshold, the system will conclude that an accident has occurred.
Upon this event, the microcontroller will be intimated by the MEMS sensor to proceed
with further actions. We use a GPS module to track the location of the vehicle where the
accident has occurred. GPS can get the graphical location of the vehicle in terms of
longitude and latitude values using which the event spot can be traced. The location
values are given to microcontroller which in turn gives this information to GSM module.
GSM module is used to send message to the emergency medical services and family
members about the accident event and the location of the event. The GSM module will be
provided with AT commands for SMS services.
If the engine temperature exceeds the threshold value, temperature sensor activates the
microcontroller which in turn activates the buzzer. Also, fire sensor is incorporated to
intimate the rider in case there is any fire in the vehicle. Temperature and fire sensor
provide additional safety measures along with accident monitoring system.
The proposed system is expected assist the accident victim at the earliest and thereby it is
a real time event. Since LPC2148 microcontroller operates at high speeds of 60 MHz, it
is best suited for the system. Also, it can be operated in power down mode and idle mode
and thereby provides high power efficiency. The sensors, GSM module and GPS module
used are compact in size and hence the entire system is compact and can be easily fitted
inside a two wheeler.
LPC2148 works with a supply voltage of 3.3V. Hence the available 5V is converted to
3.3V by in built power supply unit consisting of AMS1117 voltage regulator. The serial
communication between microcontroller and LPC2148 is through RS232.
Page 22
3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3.1 Power Supply for Arm Controller
ARM microcontroller works with a supply voltage of 3.3V. Hence the available 5V
supply is initially converted to 3.3V by AMS1117 which is a 5V to 3.3V linear regulator.
The Advanced Monolithic Systems (AMS) provides an output current of 1A and
maximum dropout voltage of 1.3V. AMS1117 voltage regulator is as shown in fig 3.4.
Fig 3.4: Power supply for ARM controller

The four data lines of 16X2 LCD is connected to four pins on port0. When RS (Register
Select) is high, LCD is operated in instruction mode, data mode otherwise. R/W (Read or
Write) = HIGH implies LCD is operated in read mode and R/W= LOW implies LCD is
operated in write mode. Data or instruction is executed by the LCD module only when a
pulse is applied to EN
(Enable) pin. In the proposed system, LCD display is used to
display the temperature and humidity values at the time of accident and also display
message sent to conform that the message has been delivered to the necessary
members and EMS. Interfacing of 16X2 LCD display with LPC2148 is shown in fig 3.5.
Page 23
Fig 3.5: 16x2 LCD display
3.3.3 Interfacing Peripherals with LPC 2148

As shown in the fig 5, LPC 2148 has three 10 bit ADC pins. As shown in the fig 3.6, one
of the axes of MEMS accelerometer is connected to an ADC pin AD0.1, the temperature
sensor LM35 is connected to AD0.2 and the humidity sensor to AD0.3. The analog
output of MEMS is proportional to the change in acceleration due to tilt in the vehicle.
This is converted into a 10 bit digital value which is compared with the threshold to
detect accident. LPC2148 has two UART ports namely UART0 and UART1 for serial
communication. The location values of event spot are read from GPS module through
RX0 of UART0 and the AT commands are sent to GSM module through TX1 of
UART1.
Fig 3.6: Interfacing peripherals with LPC2148
Page 24
3.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

The various hardware components incorporated in the proposed system are:
Accelerometer sensor(ADXL335)
ARM LPC 2148
GSM module(SIM 300)
GPS module(V.KEL)
Temperature sensor
Moisture or Humidity sensor
Fire sensor
Buzzer
LCD Display
DC motor
3.4.1 Accelerometer Sensor

An accelerometer is an electromechanical device which measures acceleration.
The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with signal
conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum fullscale range of 3 g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing
applications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration.
The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ
capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to suit the
application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and a range of 0.5
Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis.
Fig 3.7: ADXL Accelerometer sensor
Page 25

The ADXL335.is available in a small, low profile, 4 mm x 4 mm x 1.45 mm, 16-lead,
plastic
lead frame chip scale package (LFCSP_LQ). They are typically used in one of
three modes:
As an inertial measurement of velocity and position;
As a sensor of inclination, tilt, or orientation in 2 or 3 dimensions, as referenced from
the acceleration of gravity (1 g = 9.8m/s2);
As a vibration or impact (shock) sensor.
There are considerable advantages to using an analog accelerometer as opposed to an

inclinometer such as a liquid tilt sensor inclinometers tend to output binary
information (indicating a state of on or off), thus it is only possible to detect when the tilt
has exceeded some threshold angle. The accelerometer used here is the 3-Axis
accelerometer with an easy analog interface and running at a supply voltage of 3.3V,
which makes it ideal for handheld battery powered electronics.
Features
3-axis sensing
Small, low profile package, 4 mm x 4 mm x 1.45 mm LFCSP
Low power: 350 uA (typical)
Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V
10,000 g shock survival
Excellent temperature stability
BW adjustment with a single capacitor per axis
Applications
Cost sensitive, low power, motion- and tilt-sensing applications
Mobile devices
Gaming systems
Disk drive protection
Image stabilization
Sports and health devices.
Page 26
3.4.2 ARM7 LPC 2148

Introduction to ARM
Increasingly, embedded systems developers and system-on-chip designers select specific
microprocessor cores and a family of tools, libraries, and off-the-shelf components to
quickly develop new microprocessor-based products and applications. ARM is one of the
major options available for embedded system developer. Over the last few years, the
ARM architecture has become the most pervasive 32-bit architecture in the world, with
wide range of ICs available from various IC manufacturers. ARM processors are
embedded in products ranging from cell/mobile phones to automotive braking systems. A
worldwide community of ARM partners and third-party vendors has developed among
semiconductor and product design companies, including hardware engineers, system
designers, and software developers. ARM7 is one of the widely used micro-controller
family in embedded system application. This section is humble effort for explaining basic
features of ARM-7.
ARM is a family of instruction set architectures for computer processors based on a
reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture developed by British company
ARM Holdings. A RISC-based computer design approach means ARM processors
require significantly fewer transistors than typical processors in average computers. This
approach reduces costs, heat and power use. These are desirable traits for light, portable,
battery-powered device including smart phones, laptops, tablet and notepad computers,
and other embedded systems. A simpler design facilitates more efficient multi-core CPUs
and higher core counts at lower cost, providing higher processing power and improved
energy efficiency for servers and supercomputers.LPC2148- is the widely used IC from
ARM-7 family. It is manufactured by Philips and it is pre-loaded with many inbuilt
peripherals making it more efficient and a reliable option for the beginners as well as
high end application developer.
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU
with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller
with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide
memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the
maximum clock rate.
Page 27

Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/2/4/6/8 are ideal for
applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and pointof-sale. A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed
device, multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2Cs, and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB,
make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol
converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large
buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit
ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPJO lines with up to nine edge or
level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly suitable for
industrial control and medical systems.
Fig 3.8: ARM7 LPC 2148 architecture
Page 28
ARM7TDMI-S Processor
The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which offers high
performance and very low power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related
decode mechanism are much simpler than those of micro programmed Complex
Instruction Set Computers. This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput and
impressive real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-effective processor core.
Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of the processing and memory systems
can operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being executed, its successor
is being decoded, and a third instruction is being fetched from memory.
The ARM7TDMI-S processor also employ s a unique architectural strategy known as
THUMB, which makes it ideally suited to high-volume applications a with memory
restrictions, or applications where code density is an issue. The key idea behind THUMB
is that of a super-reduced instruction set. Essentially, the ARM7TDMI-S processor has
instruction sets:
The standard 32-bit ARM instruction set.
A 1 6-bit THUMB instruction set.
The THUMB set's 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach' twice the density of
standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARM's performance advantage over a
traditional 16-bit processor using I 6-bit registers. This is possible because THUMB code
operates on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. THUMB code is able to provide
up to 65% of the code size of ARM, and 160% of the performance of an equivalent ARM
processor connected to a 16-bit memory system. The ARM7TDMI-S processor is
described in detail in the ARM7TDMI-S datasheet that can be found on official ARM
website.
Page 29
Features
16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
8 to 40 kB of on chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program

memory. 128 bit
wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz
operation.
One or two (LPC2 I 41/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit AID converters provide a total
of 6/4 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 us is per channel.
Single 10-bit D/A converter provide variable analog output.
Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock
input.
Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with
settling time of 100 us.
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from I

MHz to 30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50 MHz.
Power saving modes include idle and Power-down.
Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, BrownOut Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
Single power supply chip with Power-On Reset (POR) and BOD circuits.
CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V 10 %) with 5 V tolerant

I/O pads.
3.4.3 GSM Module

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard set
developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe
protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. A
Modem is a device which modulates and demodulates signals as required to meet the
communication requirements. It modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital
information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted
Page 30

information. A GSM Modem is a device that modulates and demodulates the GSM
signals and in this particular case 2G signals.
SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz,
DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz .SIM300 provides GPRS multi-slot class 10
capabilities and support the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4. With a
tiny configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85 mm, SIM300 can fit almost all the space
requirement in your application, such as Smart phone, PDA phone and other mobile
device. The physical interface to the mobile application is made through a 60 pins boardto-board connector, which provides all hardware interfaces between the module and
customers boards except the RF antenna interface.
Fig 3.9: SIM 300 GSM modem
Features
SIM300 can be used in three frequency bands: EGSM 900, DCS 1800, and PCS 1900.
The band can be set by AT COMMAND, and default band is EGSM 900 and DCS 1800.
Provides the industry standard serial RS232 interface for easy connection to computers
and other devices.
Provides serial TTL interface for easy and direct interface to microcontrollers.
Page 31
On-board 3V Lithium Battery holder with appropriate circuitry for providing backup for
the modules internal RTC.
Can be used for GSM based Voice communications, Data/Fax, SMS, GPRS and TCP/IP
stack.
Can be controlled through standard AT commands.
Comes with an onboard wire antenna for better reception.
The SIM300 allows an adjustable serial baud rate from 1200 to 115200 bps (9600
default).
Modem a low power consumption of 0.25 A during normal operations and around 1 A
during transmission.
Operating Voltage: 7 15V AC or DC
Supported SIM card: 1.8V, 3V
AT Commands
AT commands are the instructions that are used to control a modem. T is the
abbreviation of Attention. Every command line starts with AT or at. Thats why
modem commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands such as ATD (dial),
ATA (answer), ATH (hook control) and ATO (return to online datasheet) that are used to
control dial-up modems are also supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones.
Besides this common AT command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones support
an AT command set that is specific to the GSM technology which includes SMS related
AT commands.
AT commands with a GSM/GPRS modems or mobile phone can be used to access
following information and services:
Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device or MODEM and SIM card.
SMS services
MMS services
Fax services
Data and Voice link over mobile network
Page 32
AT Commands for SMS Services

Command
AT+CSMS
AT+CPMS
AT+CMGF
AT+CSCA
AT+CSMP
AT+CSDH
AT+CSCB
AT+CSAS
AT+CRES
AT+CNMI
AT+CMGL
AT+CMGR
AT+CMGS
AT+CMSS
AT+CMGW
AT+CMGD
Description
Select message service
Preferred message storage
Message format
Service Centre address
Set text mode parameters
Show text mode parameters
Select cell broadcast message types
Save settings
Restore settings
New message indications to TE
List messages
Read message
Send message
Send message from storage
Write message to memory
Delete message
Table 3.1: AT commands for SMS services
A simple AT command to send an SMS is as follows:

AT+CMGF = 1
OK
// modem supports text mode
AT+CMGS = +741******7
>accident occurred
<ctrl_z>
+CMGS: 198 //message ID OK
Page 33
Hardware Description
Fig 9: SIM300 hardware description
MAX232 IC
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial
port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits, so that devices
works on TTL logic can share the data with devices connected through Serial port (DB9
Connector).
Serial Port/DB9 Connector

User just needs to attach RS232 cable here so that it can be connected to devices which
Have Serial port / DB9 Connector. The serial port connector pin configuration is as
follows:
Pin 1 : DCD(Data carrier detect)
Pin 2 : RxD(Receive Data)
Pin 3: TxD(Transmit Data)
Pin 4 : DTR(Data Terminal Ready)
Page 34

Pin 5 : SG(Signal Ground)
Pin 6 : DSR(Data Set Ready)
Pin 7 : RTS(Request To Send)
Pin 8 : CTS(Clear To Send)
Pin 9 : Ring Indicator
Power Supply Socket

This power supply socket which is actually named as AC/DC Socket provides the
functionality to user to connect external power supply from Transformer, Battery or
Adapter through DC jack. User can provide maximum of 12V AC/DC power supply
through AC/DC socket. This is power supply designed into maximum protection
consideration so that it can even prevent reverse polarity DC power supply as well as DC
conversion from AC power Supply. It also includes LM317 Voltage Regulator which
provides an output voltage adjustable over a 1.2V to 37V.
Indicator LED
Indicator LEDs just used to indicate status accordingly. Power LED will keep on until the
power supply is enabling to this board by using push-on push-off switch. Network Status
LED will show whether inserted SIM card successfully connected to service providers
Network or not, in short signal strength. Module On/Off indicator LED will show status
of GSM modules power on/off.
Advantages of GSM
Worldwide Roaming
Since GSM service is obtainable in added than 200 countries, clienteles are
capable to roam globally without altering their devices or their facility plans.
Security
GSM facilities are extremely protected, with skills in place that can defend
against both snooping and service riding.
Page 35

Reasonable Devices and Facilities
GSM suppliers switch a huge portion of the cellular marketplace and so are
capable to deliver a huge diversity of reasonable devices and facilities.
Extensive Spectrums Obtainable
The GSM expertise usages five bands of MHz rate; 450, 850, 900, 1800 and 1900
MHz Builders are capable to yield devices that can choice up two or three diverse
occurrence bands.
3.4.4 GPS Module

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a
network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by the U.S.
Department of Defense. Military action was the original intent for GPS, but in the 1980s,
the U.S. government decided to allow the GPS program to be used by civilians. The
satellite data is free and works anywhere in the world.GPS devices perform the following
operations:
Maps, including streets maps, displayed in human readable format via text or in a
graphical format,
Turn-by-turn navigation directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via

text or speech,
Directions fed directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe,
Traffic congestion maps (depicting either historical or real time data) and suggested
alternative directions.
Information on nearby amenities such as restaurants, fueling stations, and tourist

attractions.
The GPS module used in the proposed system is VK16U6 with TTL output and built in
antenna. It is as shown in the fig 3.11.
Page 36
Fig 3.11: VK16U6 GPS module
Pin Description
Description
Pin
VCC
This pin provides voltage to the GPS receiver
GND
This is the ground pin
RX
This the UART receive (TTL) pin
TX
This the UART transmit (TTL) pin
VCC_N
This is for enabling uBlox module. Module is turned ON when

this pin is connected to GND and it is turned OFF when it is
connected to VCC. This arrangement is made in order to save
the power i.e. once you have obtained the fix, you can turn off
the GPS module.
PPS
This is to determine whether the GPS module has obtained a

GPS fix or not. Based on the location of GPS receiver, it takes
some time( 30 sec to 1 min) to obtain the fix.
Table 3.2: VK16U6 pin description
Page 37
Features
C / A code 1.023MHz code stream
Receive bands: L1 [1575.42 MHz]
Tracking channels: 50
Timing accuracy: 1us
Maximum Altitude: 18,000 m
Maximum speed: 500 m / s
Acceleration: <4g
Tracking Sensitivity:-162dBm
Acquisition sensitivity:-146dBm
Recapture Time: 0.1s [average]
Operating temperature: -30 Degree to 80 Degree
Package size: 28 * 28 * 8.4mm
Advantages
Data Rate: 9600 bps (default) [Optional: 1200,2400,4800,19200,38400,57600,115

200,230400,460800,921600]
Data refresh rate: 1Hz-5Hz refresh rate.
PPS indicator: Do not position before the light is on or off; positioning flashes.
Enable control: support external IO trigger the switching state of the control modu
le.
Satellite quality control: a rich set of satellite quality control and prevent elegant s
oftware settings.
Scenarios: from the walking mode Car mode static mode portable mode
airborne mode and 2D & 3D locate the user can freely set.
Applications
Astronomy
Vehicle tracking system and person tracking system
Automated vehicles
Military applications
Page 38
Mobile phone navigation systems
Robots with self-navigation
Surveying
Measurements of earthquakes
3.4.5 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output
voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required
to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade
scaling. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to
provide typical accuracies of 1/4C at room temperature and 3/4C over a full -55C to
150C temperature range. Lower cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer
level. The low-output impedance, linear output and precise inherent calibration of the
LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The
device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35
device draws only 60 pA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1C
in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a -55C to 150C temperature range,
while the LM35C device is rated for a -40C to 110C range (-10 with improved
accuracy). The LM35-series devices are available packaged in hermetic TO transistor
packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in the plastic
TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D device is available in an 8-lead surface-mount
small-outline package and a plastic TO-220 package. LM35 temperature sensor is as
shown in the fig 3.12.
Fig 3.12: LM35 temperature sensor
Page 39
Features
Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade)
Linear + 10-mV/C Scale Factor
0.5C Ensured Accuracy (at 25C)
Rated for Full -55C to 150C Range
Suitable for Remote Applications
Low-Cost Due to Wafer-Level Trimming
Operates from 4 V to 30 V Less than 60-pA Current Drain
Low Self-Heating, 0.08C in Still Air
Non-Linearity Only 1/4C Typical
Low-Impedance Output, 0.1 0 for 1-mA Load
Applications
Power Supplies
Battery Management
HVAC
Appliances
3.4.6 Moisture or Humidity Sensor

Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect
human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of
water vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Humidity measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of
the product and the health and safety of the personnel.
Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial &
domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be
properly controlled & monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications,
humidity
control
is
required
for
respiratory
equipments,
sterilizers,
incubators,
pharmaceutical processing, and biological products. Humidity control is also necessary in

chemical gas purification, dryers, ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production,
and food processing. In agriculture, measurement of humidity is important for plantation
Page 40

protection (dew prevention), soil moisture monitoring, etc. For domestic applications,
humidity control is required for living environment in buildings, cooking control for
microwave ovens, etc. In all such applications and many others, humidity sensors are
employed to provide an indication of the moisture levels in the environment.
Applications
It agriculture, measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection (dew

prevention), soil moisture monitoring, etc.
For domestic applications, humidity control is required for living environment in

buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc.
Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial and

domestic applications.
In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be properly controlled

and monitored during wafer processing.
In medical applications, humidity control is required for respiratory equipments,

sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing, and biological products.
Humidity control is also necessary in chemical gas purification, dryers, ovens, film
desiccation, paper and textile production, and processing.
Fig 3.13: Moisture or Humidity Sensor
Page 41
3.4.7 Fire Sensor

The Fire sensor is used to detect fire flames. The module makes use of Fire sensor and
comparator to detect fire up to a range of 1 meter.
Fig 3.14: Fire sensor
Features
Allows your robot to detect flames from upto 1 M away
Typical Maximum Range: 1 m.
Calibration preset for range adjustment.
Indicator LED with 3 pin easy interface connector.
Input Voltage : +5VDC
3.4.8 Buzzer
A buzzer is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electro mechanical or
piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or key stroke.
Page 42
Fig 3.15: Piezoelectric Buzzer

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments
and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LEDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike
in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions
given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The
data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of
the character to be displayed on the LCD.
Features
5 x 8 dots with cursor
Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
+ 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)
1/16 duty cycle
B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)
N.V. optional for + 3V power supply
Page 43
Fig 3.16: 16x2 LCD display
Pin Description
PIN
NO.
1
FUNCTIONS
NAME
GROUND (0V)
GROUND
Supply voltage 5v (4.7v 5.3v)
Vcc
Contrast adjustment through a variable resistor
VEE
Selects a command register when low , and Data register

when high
Register select
Low to write the register , High to read from register
Read/Write
Sends data to data pin when a high to low pulse is given
Enable
7-14
8-bit data pin
DB0-DB7
15
Backlight Vcc (5V)
Led+
16
Backlight Ground (0V)
Led-
Table 3.3: 16x2 LCD display pin description
Page 44
3.4.10 DC Motor
A DC motor relies on the fact that like poles repels and unlike magnetic poles attracts
each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic
field aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current on or off in a coil its
magnet field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of the current in the
coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched 180. A simple DC
motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with a series
of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack slots around iron pole pieces
(called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires terminating on a commutator. The armature
includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the center of the motor and the power shaft
of the motor and the commutator connections. The winding in the armature continues to
loop all the way around the armature and uses either single or parallel conductors (wires),
and can circle several times around the stack teeth. The total amount of current sent to the
coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the
electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates
what direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off
coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields
interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the
stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a force on the armature which causes it to
rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their
magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor. At high power levels, DC
motors are almost always cooled using forced air.
The commutator allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The current in the coil
is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving contact with the commutator.
Now, some brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil
on and off and have no brushes to wear out or create sparks.
Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected
provides different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC
motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The
introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field .circuit allowed speed
Page 45

control. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable. Today DC motors are still
found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel
rolling mills and paper machines.
The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the
motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets),
and rotating electrical magnets.
Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple
control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high
intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the carbon brushes and springs
which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator. These
components are necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the
spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor. Brushes consist of conductors.
Features
6mm shaft diameter with internal hole
125gm weight
Same size motor available in various rpm
5kgcm torque
No-load current = 60 mA (Max), Load current = 300 mA (Max)
Fig 3.17: DC Motor
Page 46
3.5 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

3.5.1 KEIL VERSION 4
Keil vision 4 the Vision4 IDE is a window-based software development platform that
combines a robust and modern editor, project manager, and makes facility. I.Alision4
integrates all the tools you need to develop embedded applications including C/C++
compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and a HEX file generator.
Vision4 helps expedite the development process of your embedded application by
providing the following:
Full-featured source code editor
Device Database for configuring the development tool
Project Manager for creating and maintaining your projects
Integrated Make Utility functionality for assembling, compiling, and linking your
embedded applications
Dialogs for all development environment settings
True integrated source-level and assembler-level Debugger with high-speed CPU

and peripheral Simulator
Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for
connecting to the Keil ULINK Adapter family
Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash
ROM
Links to manuals, on-line help, device datasheets, and user guides.
The Vision4 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you to
develop embedded applications quickly and successfully. The Keil tools are easy
to use, and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals in a timely
manner.
The Vision4 IDE & Debugger is the central part of the Keil development tool
chain. Vision4 offers a Build Mode and a Debug Mode.
In Build Mode you maintain the project, the project files, write your code, select
the target hardware and device, and generate the application.
Page 47
In Debug Mode you verify and debug your program with the integrated; powerful
Simulator or directly on target hardware with the Keil ULINK USB.
3.5.2 FLASH MAGIC

It is used to dump the code to microcontroller from PC. Flash Magic is a free, powerful,
feature-rich Windows application that allows easy programming of Philips FLASH
microcontrollers. Custom applications built for Philips microcontrollers on the Flash
Magic platform can be used to create custom end-user firmware programming
applications, or generate an in-house production tine programming tool. The Flash
Memory In-System Programmer is a tool that allows in-circuit programming of FLASH
memories via a serial RS232 link, Computer side software called. Flash Magic is
executed that-accepts the Intel HEX format file generated from compiler Keil to be sent
to target microcontroller. It detects the hardware connected to the serial port.
Page 48
3.6 FLOWCHART
Fig 3.18: Flow chart of the system
Page 49

Fig 3.18 depicts the flowchart of the proposed system. The three ADC pins of LPC2148
is connected
to
MEMS
sensor,
temperature sensor and humidity sensor. The
microcontroller uses polling method to read the values from these pins. Initially it
acquires the data from the MEMS accelerometer. The analog output of MEMS sensor is
converted to a digital value by the 10 bit ADC and it is compared with the standard
threshold value. If the MEMS output is greater than the threshold, the system will
conclude that accident has occurred. On the other hand, if the value is less than the
threshold, it will read the output of temperature sensor i.e. LM35. After digitization and
comparison of this value, the system will decide whether the engine temperature has
exceeded the limit or not. After MEMS and temperature sensor, fire sensor is polled and
if it detects any fire within the specified range, immediately buzzer is activated and the
rider is intimated.
When accident is detected or temperature exceeds the threshold, the GPS module is used
to obtain the exact location of the event in terms of latitude and longitude values. These
values are sent to the family members and emergency medical services through GSM
module with the help of AT commands.
Page 50
3.7 RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

3.7.1 Results
The project Wireless black box using Sensors and GPS tracking for accidental monitoring
of vehicles was designed to monitor accident event and to provide immediate assistance.
This system can be easily fitted in two wheelers and can provide accurate results in real
time scenario. With the help of GPS system incorporated in the project, the event location
can be traced to provide the victim with necessary medical services. The prototype of the
system is as shown in fig 3.19. And after sending the message it is clearly shown as
message sent and this is shown in fig 3.20, finally the message is reached to mentioned
phone number and this is how message looks like as shown in fig 3.21.
Fig 3.19: Prototype of the system
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Fig 19: LCD display
Fig 20: Accident alert message
3.7.2 Conclusion
More than 50% deaths in India occur due to road accidents. A considerable part of these
incidences are due to lack of immediate medical assistance for the accident victim. The
proposed system Wireless Black Box using MEMS accelerometer and GPS tracking for
accidental monitoring of vehicles mainly aims at providing immediate assistance for
accident victims even in remote areas where human help and medical services cannot be
expected.
In conclusion, an innovative wireless black box using MEMS accelerometer and GPS
tracking system has been developed for motorcycle accidental monitoring. The system
can detect the accident from accelerometer signal using threshold algorithm and locate
the vehicle through GPS module. After accident is detected, short alarm massage data
Page 52

(alarm massage and position of accident) will be sent via GSM network. The system has
been tested in real world applications and the test results are reliable without any false
alarm.
The system has the following advantages:
The vehicle which has undergone an accident can be identified and immediate
medication can be provided to the victim.
The proposed system will provide necessary assistant to the victim even in
remote areas.
The proposed system will intimate the rider in case of excessive temperature
and also alerts the rider in case of fire in the vehicle by activating the buzzer.
The system is compact and can be easily placed in the two-wheeler.
All the peripherals used are low power consuming modules and hence the
entire system consumes less power and provides high efficiency.
The system has the following disadvantage:
In some places where there is no provision of GSM network, it is difficult for

communication.
3.7.3 Future Scope
The system can be enhanced by interconnecting a camera to the controller

module that takes the photograph of the accident spot which makes the
tracking easier and also can help in identifying the vehicle that is responsible
for the accident in case of hit and run incident.
In case the vehicle has been stolen, its location can be identified by sending !
symbol to the GSM module.
Page 53
CHAPTER 4
REFLECTION NOTES
This report is a description of my four month internship carried out as compulsory
component of the M.Tech course. The internship was carried out within the organization
RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER, Bangalore in the year 2015. Since I was interested in
hardware designing and embedded system designing, even company was on the path of
designing so they allowed me to work as intern in their company. This internship report
contains my activities that have contributed to achieve a number of my stated goals.
At the beginning of the internship I formulated several learning goals, which I wanted to
achieve:
To understand the functioning and working conditions of an IT company
To see and experience the work in a professional environment
To see if this kind of work is a possibility for my future career
To use my gained skills and knowledge
To see what skills and knowledge I still need to work in a professional

environment
To learn about the organizing of a research project (planning, preparation,

permissions etc.)
To learn about research methodologies
To get technical knowledge and to collect all possible unknown resources

available
To get non-technical knowledge from the employees and co-works
To enhance my communication skills
To build a network
4.1 INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE IN LEARNING THE GOALS

In this chapter I reflect on the internship. Regarding my learning goals I shortly discuss
my experiences; if I have achieved my goal, whether I experienced difficulties and what I
think I have to improve.
Page 54

The functioning and working conditions of IT company: At the beginning I did not have
any experience of working within an IT company. Although I have seen one, I understand
better the functioning like the organization structure and setting up projects. Trying to
operate as a non-profit organization I saw the importance of financial support and
personal capacity. The dependence on extern institutions and people force you to have a
flexible attitude. During my stay I also experienced the dependence. There was often
uncertainty whether and when projects could start. In the first instance the dependence
and uncertainty was annoying, but it forced me to be flexible and to see what other things
I could do.
Enhancing communication skills: Sometimes I experienced communication difficulties. I
thought that I could communicate well in English and with my basic knowledge of
English, but employees were with huge talented and knowledge. Therefore I was reserved
in communication at the beginning, but in the course of months it went better. My stay
has contributed to my communication skills, but I would like to pay more attention to it
in the future. I can come across as reserved and uncertain. To contribute more to projects
and to progress faster, I want to learn to make a more confident impression and to express
my ideas and opinions more certain.
The use of skills and knowledge gained in the university: It is difficult to say what skills
and knowledge gained in my study I could put in practice in my internship. I can think of
the use of the experience from my projects. Some theoretical knowledge gained during
my graduation and post-graduation do helped me a lot to carry forward my assigned work
in the internship research in general; I was taught some basics on data collection, data
processing and setting-up research projects. This is reasonable and I have seen that within
research projects you acquire the skills and knowledge needed.
Skills and knowledge that might be improved to work in a professional environment:
Although we learn and develop the necessary skills and knowledge while working in an
industry, there are several things that I could improve already. I did not have totally clear
idea what activities I could have done to reach my learning goals. Therefore during my
stay I had some difficulties to determine tasks that I could carry out.
In advance of my internship I talked with the organization about the project in
which I could participate, however clear agreements on my activities were made. Other
Page 55

aspects to which I want to pay attention in general are: defining a clear research question
and determine what data collection and analysis is suitable. I often have the tendency to
concentrate more on data collection activities. Also in the internship I have seen that it is
important to have your research clear, because it guides you in the process.
The participation in the meeting with upper management and conversation with
co-workers made me enthusiastic. Before I had some doubts whether internship in this
company could end in useful results and career, I witnessed there were many customers
each with their own interests towards the company products. However even our manager
promised that our project will also be showcased to the several customers because of
which we became really more committed. It was interesting to hear the ideas and
discussions between the project manager and co-workers and even general meetings were
held with all different project teams.
These kinds of meetings are of importance, because they contribute to a better
understanding among the different fields of engineering. It permits that information can
be passed and topics can be discussed in more depth. It is also a way to make each other
enthusiastic and it stimulates to put things into action. Through the internship I learned
about conservation and management, but I want to learn more about it. Especially the
regulation, protection and management by policy and the way how employees inside the
industry interact and work in teams were interesting topics.
The influence on future career plans: Before my internship, I had some doubts about my
future career. I was not sure if I would choose to continue in IT industry or teaching. I
also did not know what type of research I would like to do. Through this internship, I
have seen what elements of my career I like and I got enthusiastic again to continue in IT
industry. I have found out that part of the research should contain innovative technical
works as I did in the internship.
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4.2 NON-TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

4.2.1 Communication Skills
4.2.1.1 Verbal Communication
Verbal communication, also known as speaking, is an important form of communication
in a healthcare facility. During the course of a work day most healthcare workers spend
time talking with coworkers, supervisors, managers, or patients. Planning and organizing
our thoughts is a critical part of verbal communication. This involves thinking about who
will receive the message and what we want to convey. Making notes before a phone call,
having an agenda for a meeting, or researching information we wish to give to someone
in advance are all methods we can use to ensure clear communication. Five rules to
incorporate while conveying a message, known as the 5 Cs of Communication was
thought us during our internship activity:
Clear: Speak in black-and-white terms to clearly state your message. Allow

questions from the recipient of your communication to ensure you are understood.
Concise: Do not ramble. Your important message can be lost in the nonessential
information you include get to the point.
Consistent: Make the message consistent at all times. If we are telling our
supervisor about an incident that we have observed, do not change the story to
make it more dramatic. Reported our findings in a consistent, accurate manner.
Do not tell one person what you saw and later change your observations as you
retell the story to another person.
Credible: People can tell if your words are insincere make sure your message is
real. Do not heap praise on someone just because you want to win their favor. It is
important that you mean what you say.
Courteous: Words and phrases such as hello, thank you, please, excuse
me, and Im sorry are easy, effective ways to demonstrate respect. Being
courteous when you communicate sets the right tone and attitude. Courtesy is
mandatory in the workplace, even if you are interacting with someone you dislike.
Keep your personal feelings out of your work interactions.
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Having an open mind during verbal communication is also very important.
Making assumptions about what someone is going to say before he or she speaks might
cause you to miss the essence of the message. If you have had disagreements with the
speaker, you might negatively translate a message into your assumption about what you
are hearing. Keeping an open mind and listening respectfully without emotion is critical
to open, clear communication.
The
relationships
most
successful communicators in the IT profession form positive
with coworkers and
top
management through mutual respect and
professionalism. Having a bad day is no excuse for using an irritated tone when speaking
with a coworker. Personal problems should not be brought into the workplace.
4.2.1.2 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Nonverbal communication is a critical form of communication. This natural, unconscious
language reveals your true feelings and intentions in any given moment. When you
interact with others, you continuously give and receive wordless signals. All of your
nonverbal behaviors the gestures you make, the way you sit, how fast or loud you talk,
how close you stand to others, whether or not you make eye contact send strong
messages. These messages do not stop when you stop speaking. Even when you are quiet,
youre still communicating your thoughts and feelings.
Frequently, what we say and what we communicate through body language are
two different things. When faced with these mixed signals, the listener has to choose
whether to believe your verbal or nonverbal message. Often, a listener will be more
influenced by nonverbal signals because these tend to be more reliable than words.
Hand and arm gestures, touch, and eye contact (or lack of eye contact) are some
aspects of nonverbal communication that can vary significantly depending on a persons
cultural background. Of course, it is important to remember that, within cultures, there is
great variation in communication. This discussion can be used to guide you in your
communication so that you do not needlessly offend someone.
Gestures: Some gestures commonly used in the United States may be offensive to
someone from another culture. An example of this is the use of a finger or hand to
indicate for someone to come here. In some cultures, this gesture may be used
Page 58

to call dogs. Pointing with one finger is not done in some Asian cultures and may
be considered rude. Some cultures use the entire hand to point to something.
Touch: In the United States, it is common for someone to pat a childs head as an
affectionate gesture. However, in some Asian cultures, this might be considered
inappropriate because they believe the head to be a sacred part of the body.
Eye Contact: In Western culture, direct eye contact is understood as being

attentive and honest. In many cultures, eye contact may seem disrespectful and
rude.
4.2.1.3 Written Communication Skills

Many employers consider written communication skills to be one of the most important
job skills an employee can have. Studies have indicated that the ability to write well
seems to be diminishing among students. Therefore, if you can write a message clearly
and accurately, that skill will benefit you in the working world. As you study to become
an IT worker, you must practice using clear, concise writing in your assignments which
was trained during my internship. Composing written communications can be done
effectively if you possess good writing skills. Written communication requires the
presentation of clear, logical thoughts. Today, few written communications are actually
written by hand, except quick notes like telephone messages. The vast majority of written
communications are prepared electronically. As a result, keyboard skills are essential in
todays IT world.
Written communications offer an excellent opportunity to make a good
impression on others, but developing these skills takes time and effort. Writing requires
thought, preparation, skill, and confidence. Throughout our IT career, our training in the
internship might be used and help to write a variety of communications such as original
letters, memos, responses to information requests, telephone messages, e-mails, and
supply orders. This will also help to fill out a variety of forms on a regular basis. Of
course, to obtain a job we may be asked to present a cover letter, job application, and a
rsum, all of which will require us to possess good writing skills.
Page 59

Employability Skills: Good writing means using several key elements to get your point
across. Those elements include using grammar correctly, recognizing and correctly using
the parts of speech, spelling and punctuating properly, and using clear, concise words.
Writing an Effective E-mail: When you are writing a business e-mail to an instructor, a
fellow employee, or supervisor about a work-related subject keep the following
guidelines in mind:
Include a specific subject line. If you do not put anything in the subject line,
chances are your e-mail will not be a top priority.
Keep your message focused. E-mails are meant to be short and to the point. Long,
rambling messages may be only partially read or ignored.
Identify yourself. When e-mailing an instructor, be sure to include the following:

your name; the course name and its section number (if it has one); the days on
which the course is offered; and your brief, focused message. Do not assume that
the instructor knows immediately who you are by your name.
Do not e-mail an angry message. If you find yourself e-mailing in anger, resist the
urge. Ask the intended recipient (maybe it is your instructor or supervisor)
politely if you may have a meeting with them concerning the topic you wish to
discuss. By the time you have the meeting; you may have calmed down and will
be able to speak rationally.
Proofread your e-mail. Your point will be taken more seriously if you express
yourself intelligently with excellent spelling and grammar.
Be courteous. When asking for assistance and requesting a response, thank the
sender by saying something like, thank you for your quick response, or I
appreciate your assistance in this matter.
Do not assume that your e-mail is private. Your message can be easily
intercepted. Do not include any private information about any person. Be
professional in your communications and refrain from gossiping.
Avoid any fancy fonts. Keep your message clear by using a standard font such as
Times New Roman or Helvetica.
Page 60
4.2.2 Interpersonal Skills

Interpersonal skills involve getting along with people at all levels in the work place;
customers, co-workers, supervisors etc. These skills enable a person to work with others
in a positive and harmonious manner. A person with good interpersonal skills shows
empathy and enthusiasm maintains a positive flexible attitude and acts in a professional
manner, even under stressful circumstances.
Everyone has a need for affiliation and association. Life is full of interdependent
relationships that, to work successfully, take coordination, patience, and communication.
People who are perceived as highly accomplished in getting along well with other people
in most situations are said to have good interpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills combine
an ability to be proactive with a capacity for sustaining effective and productive
interaction between and among group members. A person who demonstrates effective
interpersonal behavior has acquired the ability to sustain trust, openness, emotional
support, and the expression of strong feelings.
4.2.3 Time Management

Time management in the workplace is one of those things that can make your life so
much easier. So it still amazes me the amount of people that either dont use it enough or
avoid it altogether. Some people say "I'm well organized", when I ask them why they
aren't using time management skills. Being organized is only part of the battle. It starts
with setting goals for what needs to be done. Then being disciplined to complete those
goals.
One of the biggest obstacles for people is to change bad habit behaviors. This is
not easy for most and not something that can be done overnight. Accomplish this and
youre on your way. With only twenty four hours to complete responsibilities at work and
home. We need ways to help beat the challenges and roadblocks. By using time
management you will achieve this. Ignoring them on the other hand will guarantee you
that you will waste time and lose potential profits.
4.2.3.1 Developing time management skills in the workplace is a journey that may begin
with this Guide, but needs practice and other guidance along the way.
Page 61
One strategy in building an effective time management in the workplace is to help

yourself become aware of how you use your time
First: try our exercise in time management: How do you spend your time each
day?
Strategies on using time
Blocks of time and breaks
Minimize distractions under your control
Weekly reviews Weekly reviews and updates are also an important strategy. Each
week, review your assignments, your notes, and your calendar. Be mindful that as
deadlines approach, your weekly routine must adapt to them! What is the best
time in a week you can review?
Prioritize your assignments

when beginning your workday, get in the habit of starting with the most difficult
subject or task. Youll be fresh, and have more energy to take them on when you
are at your best. Colleagues, clients and customers (even bosses!) are also less
likely to interrupt you at the beginning of your workday. For more challenging
projects, try to be flexible: for example, build in reaction time when you can get
feedback on assignments before they are due. What topic or procedure has always
caused you problems?
Achieve stage one--get something done! The Chinese adage of the longest
journey starting with a single step has a couple of meanings: First, you launch the
project! Postpone unnecessary activities until the work is done!
Identify resources to help you
Use your free time wisely
1. You Could Be Fired.

If you are caught you could be terminated, and there will likely be little an attorney
can do for you. Texas is an employment-at-will state. There are exceptions of
course, but the bottom line is you need to balance the potential reward against a
very real risk.
Page 62

2. You Are Being Recorded.
You would be surprised how many times employees' workplace recordings hurt
their case because of what they say on the recording. And heres the kicker, you
cant just decide it didnt help and delete it, which leads to tip #3.
3. Dont Delete Any Part Of The Recording.
If you delete any part of the recording or attempt to edit it, the recording might
never be admitted into evidence in the case, and worse, you will subject yourself to
spoliation of evidence charge, meaning the jury may be instructed they can
presume what you deleted hurt your case and that is why you deleted it. Thats not
something you want the judge instructing the jury.
4. Record What People Will Likely Deny Later.
If its a sexual harassment case, record the harasser making inappropriate sexual
remarks or others admitting they were sexually harassed by the same harasser. If
its a discrimination case, record the discriminatory remarks made by your
supervisor. Record termination meetings. But remember what you record that
doesnt help you will often be used against you.If you are walking or biking to
work, when best to listen? Perhaps you are in a line waiting? Perfect for routine
tasks like flash cards, or if you can concentrate, to read or review a chapter. The
bottom line is to put your time to good use.
Review notes and readings just before meetings
this may prompt a question or two about something you dont quite understand, to ask
about, or after. It also demonstrates that you are interested and have prepared.
How would you make time to review?
Is there free time you can use?
Daily/weekly planner
Write down appointments, meetings and deadlines on a chronological log book or chart.
If you are more visual, sketch out your schedule. First thing in the morning, check what's
ahead for the day always go to sleep knowing you're prepared for tomorrow.
Long term planner
Use a monthly chart so that you can plan ahead.
Long term planners will also serve as a reminder to constructively plan time for yourself
Page 63

Utilizing these tips can be the foundation of time management.
Many managers also find this resource scheduling software
a useful tool in guiding their team toward a successful conclusion.
Benefits out of internship:

Experiential learning opportunities, including internships are a key opportunity to explore
career possibilities, gain hands-on experience and meet top management in the company.
What you get out of an internship depends, at least in part, on what you put into it.
Self-initiative: Whenever problems were initiated in any project I started showing interest
and enthusiasm to know the problem and learning new concepts out of it. Use to discuss
with other employees to learn about their project, dint wait for someone to put out a call
for volunteers. Use to go ahead and ask if I can work on it. Stepped out of my comfort
zone - volunteer for projects that will be challenging that gauged me to develop skills in
those areas.
Professionalism: My dress code, timeliness, preparation and documentation of records
had a great impact your successful completion of internship.
Learning: While employees are usually hired on the basis of their skills, most supervisors
assume that interns need more training. Viewed the experience as a chance to obtain
training and enhance your skills. Also, encouraged my supervisor to point out my
weaknesses, and accept criticism with interest not defensiveness. This was an opportunity
for me to train myself to learn from others.
Form relationships: Internships give you the opportunity to meet other interns and
employees. It was huge advantage of being inside of a company. Use to have some
formal and non-formal talks during the break times. The more individuals we can meet
within the organization, the better our prospects of making contact with someone will
increase, who can assist when we are looking for full-time employment, which I partially
done during my internship.
Learned About the Employer: During breaks, lunch, or slow times use to ask co-workers
about their jobs and interview experiences. Found out what they do on a day-to-day basis
and what they like/dislike.
Page 64
Tried to get a sense for what the staff look for when evaluating candidates for
full-time openings. I made my mind to pick up valuable information that can be
useful in a cover letter or resume which I can apply in the future to that company
or similar organization.
Got to know top decision-makers they can provide valuable insight as to why and
how things are done.
Interns were also asked to attend meetings (e.g., regular staff meetings, division
meetings) as this is a good strategy for learning about the companys
organizational culture.
Building Network:
Collected business cards May help when looking for a full-time job.
Always sent thank you e-mails/notes to those who helped me in some way. Wrote
a thank you note to my supervisor when I finished my internship.
In touch with the co-workers and supervisor.
Identify Potential Career Paths: By observing the workings of an organization from the
inside, you can discover titles of specific positions that interest you, determine the best
educational route necessary and employ steps to reach those positions.
Enhance Resumes: Internships always add muscle to a resume. They demonstrate to
potential employers that you have focus, commitment, and practical experience to
quickly and productively launch yourself into a job. Internships also show you
understand enough about your career objectives and the current job climate to have
foreseen the need for this experience and were resourceful enough to get it.
Promote Contacts: Meeting people who have the power to assist your career progress,
known as networking, may occur in any internship. The people you contact during an
internship can boost your knowledge of the career field, and give you good references
and job leads in the future.
Boost Job Offers After Graduation: A study by the National Association of Colleges and
Employers found that 35% of the 624 companies surveyed view interns as their first
choice for new full-time employees. Companies always appreciate an intern who has a
working knowledge of their organization prior to arrival.
Page 65

Ease Transition from academy to Real World: For many graduates, the shift from college
student to college grad is a bumpy ride. The days of not having to show up in the outside
world until your first class, jumping out of bed five minutes before class, throwing on
some sweats, and trudging off for a two-minute commute to class are history. Learned the
ropes of the post-college world, what employers expect me to contribute and how I
expected to perform on the job makes transitioning easier.
Improved Social I.Q. Skills: Surviving in the working world involves more than just book
knowledge and an intimate understanding of word processors. Lessons in life also
involve social skills, including teamwork, conversing with co-workers, and knowing
when to stay quiet and when to speak up. Internships gave me a head start in learning
day-to-day social skills on the job.
4.3 CONCLUSION
On the whole, this internship was a useful experience. I have gained new knowledge,
skills and met many new people. I achieved several of my learning goals, however for
some the conditions did not permit. I got insight into professional practice. I experienced
that financing, as in many organizations, is an important factor for the progress of
projects. There is still a lot to discover and to improve. The methods used at the moment
are still not standardized and a consistent method is in development.
The internship was also good to find out what my strengths and weaknesses are. This
helped me to define what skills and knowledge I have to improve in the coming time. It
would be better that the knowledge level of the language is sufficient to contribute fully
to projects. After my master I think that I could start my working career. However I could
perform certain tasks in research better if I practice/know more the research
methodologies. It would also be better if I can present and Express myself more
confidently. At last this internship has given me new insights and motivation to pursue a
career in embedded domain.
Page 66
REFERENCES
[1] N Purushotham, J Madan Kumar, Wireless Black Box using MEMS Accelerometer and
GPS Tracking for Accidental Monitoring of Vehicles, March-2014.
[2] P Ajay Kumar Reddy , P Dileep Kumar , K Bhaskar Reddy, E Venkataramana , M
Chandra sekhar Reddy , BLACK BOX FOR VEHICLES.
[3] Shaik khadar Basha1, P
Sireesh Babu, Wireless black box report for tracking of
accidental monitoring in vehicles.

[4] Ramchandra Patil , Shivaraj Hublikar, Design and Implementation of Car Black Box
with Collision Avoidance System using ARM.
[5] Pallakila Sai Avinash, K.ThenKumari, "Wireless Black Box Using MEMS Accelerometer
and GPS Tracking for Accidental Monitoring of Vehicles.
[6] N Watthanawisuth, T. Lomas and A Tuantranont, Wireless Black Box Using MEMS
Accelerometer and GPS Tracking for Accidental Monitoring of Vehicles, 2-7 Jan 2012.
[7] Abid khan , Ravi Mishra GPS GSM Based Tracking System International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume3Issue2- 2012.

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM - 590018.

ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUNASI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

II Jai Sri Gurudev II

Professor & Head

SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUNASI

perseverance, but steadfast of all is

encouragement guidance. So I acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department for their help during the course of my internship.

CHAPTER 1 ABOUT THE ORGANISATION

CHAPTER 2 ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL

2..2 INTRODUCTION TO FLASHMAGIC

CHAPTER 3 TASKS PERFORMED

GPSTRACKING FOR ACCIDENTAL MONITORING OF

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3.1 Power Supply For Arm Controller

3.3.2 16x2 LCD Display

3.3.3 Interfacing Peripherals With LPC 2148

3.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

3.4.1 Accelerometer Sensor

3. 4.2 Arm7 Lpc2148

3.4.3 GSM Module

3.4.4 GPS Module

3.4.5 Temperature Sensor

3.4.6 Moisture Or Humidity Sensor

3.4.7 Fire Sensor

3.4.9 16x2 LCD Display

3.5 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

3.5.2 Flash Magic

3.7 RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CHAPTER 4 REFLECTION ON THE INTERNSHIP

4.1 INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE IN LEARNING THE GOALS 54

4.2.1 Communication Skills

4.2.1.1 Verbal Communication

4.2.1.2 Non-Verbal Communication

4.2.1.3 Written Communication Skills

4.2.2 Interpersonal Skills

4.2.3 Time Management

Copying startup.s to project folder

Add or create source files

Choose target option

Create HEX file

Write .C code or .ASM code by choosing a new page

Debug the code

Check the results

2.10 Window to select peripherals and to see the results

Overall schematic of the proposed system for

Monitoring vehicular accidents

Block diagram of proposed system

Power supply for ARM Controller

16X2 LCD Display

Interfacing peripherals with LPC2148

ADXL accelerometer sensor

ARM7 LPC2148 architecture

SIM300 GSM modem

3.10 SIM300 hardware description

3.11 VK16U6 GPS Module

3.12 LM35 Temperature sensor

3.14 Fire sensor