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Contents
1. Preface ... 2
2. Contents . 3
3. Introduction . 4
4. What is Percentage? .. 4
5. Strategy... 5
6. The Percentage calculation Techniques ...... 6
7. The Application of Unitary Method 11
8. The Application of Venn diagram . 14
9. Percentage Increase/Percentage Decrease.... 19
10. The Technique of Net Effect of Successive
Percentages.. 24
11. The Percentage Change in the Product of Two or More
Quantities .... 27
Introduction:
What is Percent?
Strategy:
`
Just Keep one thing in mind; while calculating the percentage value of
a given quantity (Q); try to extract the information that from which
quantity it is compared (C) and then put it in the denominator and then
multiply it by 100 and finally put % sign after that (just to nullify the
From the above discussion we could conclude and easily digest the
following in our mind:
= .
= . .
Q.2:
=
Q.3:
= ( ) %
= %
Q.4:
= ( ) %
= %
Q.5:
The salary of a person is increased from Rs.4050 to
Rs.4500. Find the percentage increased in his salary?
Sol:
% = ( ) %
= %
) %
= %
%=(
Sol 1: ( ) % = %
Sol 2: ( ) % = %
Sol 3: ( ) % = %
Sol 4: ( ) % = %
Sol 5: ( ) % = %
Sol 6: ( ) % = %
Q8: P, Q and R are three numbers. The ratio of P and Q is 2:3
and that of Q and R 2:1. Find:
1. + =
+=
= (
) % =
%
2. + =
+ + =
= ( ) % = %
Q.9: The salary of Ram is 20% more than the salary of Mohan.
Find the salary of Mohan is what percent less than the salary of
Ram?
Short Trick:
: = :
= :
= ( ) %
= %
Q.10: The salary of Ram is 20% less than the salary of Mohan.
Find the salary of Mohan is what percent more than the salary
of Ram?
Short Trick:
: = :
= :
= ( ) %
= %
Short Trick:
= ( ) %
= %
= ( ) %
= %
Short Trick:
=
=
=
= =
Sol 1:
) %
= %
= (
Sol 2:
= (
) %
= %
Short Trick:
=
= =
= =
Sol:
=(
) %
= %
Recall your unitary method which we are used to apply to solve the
questions involving the quantities having either direct or inverse
relation among them. Here we have to apply unitary method involving
the quantities having direct relation. Let us discuss it with the help of
the following example:
The cost of 13 pen is 520. Find the cost of 15 pens.
We were used to approach the question as below in our childhood
classes:
13 Pen Rs.520
1 Pen Rs.40
15 Pen Rs.600
i.e.
Given Value
Corresponding No of Unit Asked
Corresponding No of Unit
Short Trick:
Sol:
=
%
( )%
=
Q. 2: The sum of 35% and 24% of a number is 472. Find 3/4th of the
number.
Short Trick:
Sol:
= %
= %
= (+)% %
=
Q. 3: The difference between a number and its 39% is 732; then find
the number.
Short Trick:
Sol:
=
%
( )%
=
Q. 4: Find the difference of 28.50% and 37.50% of 75.
Short Trick:
Sol:
= % %
(. . )%
%
= .
=
Short Trick:
Sol:
=
%
( )%
=
=
Short Trick:
Sol: % = %
% = % % = %
% %
=
( )% =
Q.7: In a village; 45% of the total population are males while 30% of the
total population are females. If the number of the children in the village
is 1500; find the difference of the number of the males and the number
of the females in the village?
Short Trick:
Sol: % = % (% + %) = %
% %
=
( )% =
Q.8: Raju spends 15% of his monthly salary on house rent; 20% on food;
10% on travelling; 25% on childrens education and 5% on
miscellaneous. After all these expenditures he deposited Rs.6250 in his
savings bank account. Find how much amount did he spend on food
and house rent per month?
Short Trick:
Sol:
= % (% + % + % + % + %) = %
( + )%
( + )% = .
%
Short Trick:
Sol:
% = %
% = % % = %
% =
( )%
Q.10: In an exam, 6% candidates passed from class 11th. From class 12th,
an equal number of candidates appeared for the exam and 7%
candidates got passed with 80 more candidates got passed than class
11th. Find the number of candidates appeared from each class.
Short Trick:
Sol:
= ()% % =
Q.11: In an examination, a candidate must get 80% marks to pass. If a
candidate, who gets 210 marks, fails by 50 marks, find the maximum
marks.
Short Trick:
Sol:
= % %
=
(+)
%
% =
Short Trick:
Sol:
= % %
=
()
%
% =
Short Trick:
Sol:
= % %
=
()
% =
Q.14: A candidate who gets 30% of the marks in a test fails by 50 marks.
Another candidate who gets 320 marks fails by 30 marks. Find the
maximum marks.
Short Trick:
Sol: . =
=
%
(+)
%
% =
Short Trick:
Sol: . =
()
= %% % =
Q.16: In an exam, A scores 280 marks which are 20 more than passing
marks. B got 80% marks which are 60 more than the passing marks.
What is the passing percentage of the exam?
Short Trick:
%
Sol: % =
%
= ()+ ( ) = %
Q.17: A student got a total of 70% marks in an exam of 4 subjects. In
the three subjects he scores 81, 66 and 60 marks. If the maximum marks
of each subject are 100, then find the marks obtained in 4th subject.
Short Trick:
Sol:
=
=
% ( + + ) =
You are aware from your childhood classes about the Venn diagram;
and learned a formula related to it for two sets A and B having a
common value as described below:
( ) = () + () ( )
First of all you forget about this formula. If you will try to apply it in the
questions you will involve yourself only in mathematical equations and
calculations. You would not be able to perceive the question logically
that what is going on psychologically behind the scene.
Let us equip ourselves with the psychological steps to conclude the
question easily and with the help of mental calculation:
First; let us learn how to read a Venn diagram according to the given
keywords as described below:
Which Portion
Represent
A
Only A A but
not B
Description
Answer
Entire Portion
x+y
Remove B from A x
A and B
Always the
Intersection
(Common)
Portion
Either A or B (OR Only A + Only B +
simply A or B)
Both
A or B but not
Exclude Both
both
from A or B
x+z+
y
x+z
You could perceive and digest it easily into your mind with the help of
the following diagram:
2. See the solution below extracted from the DO NOT LIKE Venn
diagram:
1) 40 + 10 = 50
2) 20 + 10 = 30
3) 40
4) 20
5) 10
6) 40 + 20 + 10 = 70
7) 40 + 20 = 60
3. Now this time we are given the information about how many
people are there in the office who DO NOT LIKE both tea and
coffee which is 10.
Now from the LIKE and DO NOT LIKE Venn diagram:
Total = [LIKE only T + LIKE only C + LIKE both] + DO NOT LIKE both
Total = Either-or LIKE + DO NOT LIKE both = (20 + 40 + 15) + 10 =
85
Conclusion:
Sol: We could conclude the following from the discussion till now:
Now Consider the DO NOT PLAY Diagram and conclude the answers
using unitary Method:
1. =
2. =
( + )% =
3. =
4. =
( + )% =
5. =
% =
% =
% =
6. =
( + + )% =
7. =
( + )% =
%
8. =
9. =
% =
( + )% =
( + )% =
10.
11.
12.
% =
%
% =
%
% =
%
13.
14.
15.
( + +
)% =
=
( + )% =
Q5: In a factory, 72% people like tea while 44% people like coffee. If
20% people like neither tea nor coffee and144 people like both tea and
coffee; find the total number of the people in the office; if.
Solution:
% =
%
Q.6: In a factory, 72% people like tea while 44% people like coffee. If
EACH of them like either tea or coffee and 64 people like both tea and
coffee; find the number of the people who like only coffee.
Sol: EACH of them like either T or C There are NO people in the office
who DO NOT LIKE both T and C
% =
%
We will apply the concept of initial and final value of given fraction.
What we would mean by the INITIAL and FINAL vale of a fraction
Initial = D
Final = D N
+ Increase
- Decrease
For Example
(
+
):
+ =
(
):
=
So for quick calculation you would have to learn the fractional value
of some percentages. Some are as below:
100% = 1
1 % =
50 % =
3 % =
25 % =
62 % =
6 % =
16 % =
3 % =
66
1 %
9 %
%=
%=
%=
%=
The rest is the story of unitary method as discussed below with the
help of atomic examples (Later we will discuss the combination of
these first four cases):
Short Trick:
I = Rs.640
Short Trick:
Sol:
I %
=
F = Rs.6250
Short Trick:
Sol:
I = Rs.275
Short Trick:
Sol:
%
=
F = Rs.250
Short Trick:
Sol:
Amount
Remainder
Rs.1050
.
=
( ) = .
Q.6: A man had Rs.39200 in his locker. During first year; he deposited
25% of the amount in his locker; while during next year he deposited
Short Trick:
Sol: 39200
Amount after 2 years
Increased Amount
.
( )
= .
= . . = .
Q.7: The present population of a town is 108000. During first year; the
Short Trick:
Sol:
108000
After 3 years
( )
Q.8: 10% people of a village having died of cholera. Due to fear; 25% of
the remaining people left the village; then the population of the town
reduces to 4050. Find the decrease in the number of the people in the
town?
Short Trick:
Sol: Initially
Remaining People
4050
.
=
( )
=
=
=
Short Trick:
Sol:1
Rs.3645000
years
After 3
( ) = .
Short Trick:
Sol:2
Before 3 years
Rs.3645000
Q.10: The
value
of
a
land
appreciates
at
the
rate
of
%per
(
)
=
annum.
1. After 2 years.
2. Before 2 years.
Short Trick:
Sol:1 Rs.2381400
After 2 years
.
=
( )
= .
Short Trick:
Sol:2 Before 2 years
Rs.2381400
.
( )
= .
Short Trick:
Sol:
Received Amount
R
R
R
Rs.1200
.
=
( ) = .
= . . = .
Q.12: Raju spends 40% of his monthly salary on house rent; 10%
Short Trick:
Sol: No use of 40% and 10% to conclude the answer
Remaining Amount %
After Spending on Travelling
.
= (
Saves = Rs.2250
) = .
Short Trick:
Sol:
Salary
% + % R
% Rs.16000 = %
.
=
( ) = .
f i
100
i
110 95
S
S
100 100
100
S
104.5 100
4.5%
%N
+ %
OR + ? %
100
100 100
100 N
100 10 100 (5)
` S
S
100
100
100
100 100 100 (5) 10 100 10 (5)
100 N
100
10 (5)
100 N 100 (5) 10
100
10 (5)
xy
N 10 (5)
x y
4.5%
100
100
S
xy
N x y
%
100
By putting the values of x and y with sign i.e.; for percentage increase
put the values with positive sign and for the percentage decrease put
the values with negative sign.
Now we would be able to apply in the following questions without
going into the details:
Q.1: A man increases the price of his article by 17%. After that
he allows the discount of 17% on the increased price to his
customers. Find his net profit or loss percentage in the deal.
Short Trick:
Sol: % =
= . % . %
Q.2: The population of a town decreases by 12% during the year
1988. If the percentage increase in the population of the town
in the beginning of 1990 is observed to be 1.2%; find at what %
it is increased during 1989?
Short Trick:
Sol: . = +
= %
Sol: % = +
= % %
% = (
) %
( ) ( )
% = (
) %
() ()
% = (
) %
% = %
OR (In Short Way):
% = + +
= %
% = (+% %)
% = . %
Hence we could conclude that we can also use the net effect method
for finding the percentage change in the product of two or more
quantities.
We will extensively use it for finding the percentage change in AREA
(Product of Two Quantities) of 2D figures and the percentage change
in the VOLUME (Product of Three Quantities) of 3D figures. We will
we discuss the questions related to percentage change in AREA of 2D
figures (Volume questions are asked in SSC and equivalent exams; so
we will skip its discussion here)
Q.1: The length of a rectangle is increased by 10% while its breadth the
reduced by 5%. The area of the new rectangle would be what
percentage more than the area of the original area of the rectangle?
Sol: % =
= . %
Q.2: The adjacent sides of a square are increased by 10% and 20%
respectively. The area of the rectangle so formed would be what
percent more than the area of the square?
Sol: % = + +
= %
= %
= %
Sol.2: % = + +
= %
Q.5: The radius of a circle is increased by 2 cm; from 5 cm to 7 cm. Find
the percentage change in the area of the circle.
Sol: % = = %
% = + +
= %
Q.6: The base and height of a triangle is increased by 10% and 20%;
then the area of the triangle increases to 529 meter square. Find the
original area of the triangle.
Sol: % = + +
=
= %
% =
%
= %
Sol: %() % = %
% = +
= %
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