Outline of artificial intelligence

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:
Artificial intelligence (AI) branch of computer science that deals with intelligent behavior,
learning, and adaptation in machines. Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to
automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior.
Contents
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1 Branches of artificial intelligence

2 Some applications of artificial intelligence

3 Philosophy of artificial intelligence

o

3.1 Artificial intelligence and the future

4 History of artificial intelligence

5 Artificial intelligence in fiction

6 Psychology and AI

7 Concepts in artificial intelligence

8 AI projects
o

8.1 AI systems

9 Notable AI software

10 AI community
o

10.1 Competitions and awards

10.2 Publications

10.3 Organizations

10.3.1 Companies

10.4 Artificial intelligence researchers and scholars

10.4.1 1930s and 40s (generation 0)

10.4.2 1950s (the founders)

10.4.3 1960s (their students)

10.4.4 1970s

10.4.5 1980s

10.4.6 1990s

10.4.7 2000s on

11 See also

12 References

13 External links

Branches of artificial intelligence[edit]

Symbolic

Good Old Fashioned AI

Sub-symbolic

Early cybernetics and brain simulation

Behavior based AI

Subsumption architecture

Nouvelle AI

Computational intelligence (CI)

Computational creativity

Neural networks

Hybrid neural network

Recurrent neural network

Fuzzy systems

Evolutionary computation, including:

Evolutionary algorithms

Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller

Swarm intelligence

Genetic algorithm

Ant colony optimization

Statistical AI

Some applications of artificial intelligence[edit]

Main article: Applications of artificial intelligence

Artificial Creativity

Artificial life

Automated planning and scheduling

Automated reasoning

Automation

Automatic target recognition

Biologically inspired computing

Computer Audition

Speech recognition

Speaker recognition

Computer vision

Image processing

Intelligent word recognition

Object recognition

Optical mark recognition

Handwriting recognition

Optical character recognition

Automatic number plate recognition

Facial recognition systems

Silent speech interface

Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)

Expert system

Decision support system

Clinical decision support system

Game artificial intelligence

Computer game bot

Video game AI

Computer chess

Computer Go

General Game Playing

Game theory

Hybrid intelligent system

Intelligent agent

Agent architecture

Cognitive architecture

Intelligent control

Knowledge management

Concept mining

Data mining

Text mining

E-mail spam filtering

Information extraction

Activity recognition

Image retrieval

Automatic image annotation

Named-entity extraction

Coreference resolution

Named-entity recognition

Relationship extraction

Terminology extraction

Knowledge representation

Semantic Web

Machine learning

Constrained Conditional Models

Deep learning

Neural modeling fields

Natural language processing

Chatterbots

Language identification

Natural language user interface

Natural language understanding

Machine translation

Statistical semantics

Question answering

Semantic translation

Nonlinear control

Pattern recognition

Optical character recognition

Handwriting recognition

Speech recognition

Face recognition

Robotics

Behavior-based robotics

Cognitive

Cybernetics

Developmental robotics

Epigenetic robotics

Evolutionary robotics

Speech generating device

Strategic planning

Vehicle infrastructure integration

Virtual Intelligence

Virtual reality

Philosophy of artificial intelligence[edit]

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

Artificial brain

Philosophical views of artificial consciousness

User illusion

Artificial intelligence and law

Chinese room

Cognitive science

Artificial consciousness

Embodied cognitive science

Embodied cognition

Ethics of artificial intelligence

Philosophy of the Mind

Computational theory of mind

Functionalism

Physical symbol system

Synthetic intelligence

Turing Test

Artificial intelligence and the future[edit]

Strong AI hypothetical artificial intelligence that matches or

exceeds human intelligence the intelligence of a machine that
could successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being
can.

Recursive self improvement (aka seed AI) speculative ability

of strong artificial intelligence to reprogram itself to make itself
even more intelligent.

Technological singularity theoretical intelligence explosion

predicted to occur in the future, at the point in time when
artificial intelligence will have progressed to greater-than-human
intelligence, radically changing civilization, and perhaps even
human nature. The TS (or the advent of strong AI) has been
identified byBerglas (2008) and others to be an existential risk.

Existential risk

Singularitarianism

History of artificial intelligence[edit]

Main article: History of artificial intelligence

GOFAI

Progress in artificial intelligence

Timeline of artificial intelligence

History of natural language processing

History of optical character recognition

AI effect

AI winter

Artificial intelligence in fiction[edit]

Main article: Artificial intelligence in fiction
Some examples of artificially intelligent entities depicted in
fiction include:

HAL 9000 (1968) the paranoid "Heuristically programmed

ALgorithmic" computer from 2001: A Space Odyssey, that
attempted to kill the crew because it believed they were
trying to kill it.

Angel F (2007)

Skynet (1984) fictional, self-aware artificially intelligent

computer network which features centrally in the Terminator
franchise and serves as the franchise's main antagonist.

Terminator (1984) (also known as the T-800, T-850 or

Model 101) refers to a number of fictional characters
portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger. Cyborgs, initially
portrayed as programmable assassin and military infiltration
units. "The Terminator" character first appeared as the
titular antagonist in The Terminator, a 1984 film directed
and co-written by James Cameron, and its sequels.

V.I.K.I. (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), a

character from the film I, Robot. VIKI is an artificially
intelligent supercomputer programmed to serve humans,
but her interpretation of the Three Laws of Robotics causes
her to revolt. She justifies her uses of force and her doing
harm to humans by reasoning she could produce a
greater good by restraining humanity from harming itself.

Psychology and AI[edit]

Artificial psychology

AI effect

Uncanny valley

Concepts in artificial intelligence[edit]

Action selection

Affective computing

AI box

AI-complete

Algorithmic probability

Automated reasoning

Autonomic Computing

Autonomic Networking

Backward chaining

Bayesian network

Bio-inspired computing

Artificial immune systems

Blackboard system

Chatterbot

Combs method

Commonsense reasoning

Computational humor

Computer-assisted proof

Conceptual dependency theory

Darwin machine

Description logic

Frame problem

Game theory

Grammar systems theory

Informatics (academic field)

Intelligent control

Kinect

LIDA (cognitive architecture)

Means-ends analysis

Moravec's paradox

Music and artificial intelligence

Ordered weighted averaging aggregation operator

PEAS Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors

Percept (artificial intelligence)

Perceptual Computing

Rule-based system

Self-management (computer science)

Soft computing

Software agent

Intelligent agent / Rational agent

Autonomous agent

Automated planning and scheduling

Control system

Hierarchical control system

Networked control system

Distributed artificial intelligence

Multi-agent system

Monitoring and Surveillance Agents

Embodied agent

Situated AI

Sussman Anomaly

Wetware (brain)

AI projects[edit]
Main article: List of artificial intelligence projects

Automated Mathematician (1977)

Allen (robot) (late 1980s)

Open Mind Common Sense (1999 - )

Mindpixel (20002005)

Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes (20032008)

Google Mind (2011)

AI systems[edit]

Asimo (2000 to present) humanoid robot developed by

Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through
pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs,
recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific
individuals, among a growing set of capabilities.

Watson (2011) computer developed by IBM that played

and won the game show Jeopardy! It is now being used to
guide nurses in medical procedures.

Purpose: Open domain question answering

Technologies employed:

Natural Language Processing

Information Retrieval

Knowledge Representation

Automated reasoning

Machine Learning

Notable AI software[edit]

OpenAIR

OpenCog

OpenIRIS

RapidMiner

AI community[edit]
Competitions and awards[edit]
Main article: Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence

Loebner Prize

Publications[edit]
Main article: List of important publications in computer science

Adaptive Behavior (journal)

AI Memo

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach

Artificial Minds

Computational Intelligence

Computing Machinery and Intelligence

Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

IEEE Intelligent Systems

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine

Intelligence

Neural Networks (journal)

On Intelligence

Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common

Lisp

What Computers Can't Do

Organizations[edit]

Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Society

Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute

Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence

European Neural Network Society

ILabs

International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence

Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning Group

Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the

Simulation of Behaviour

Companies[edit]

Consolidated Robotics

Google

IBM

Universal Robotics

Artificial intelligence researchers and

scholars[edit]
1930s and 40s (generation 0)[edit]

Alan Turing

John von Neumann

Norbert Wiener

Claude Shannon

Nathaniel Rochester

Walter Pitts

Warren McCullough

1950s (the founders)[edit]

John McCarthy

Marvin Minsky

Allen Newell

Herbert A. Simon

1960s (their students)[edit]

Edward Feigenbaum

Raj Reddy

Seymour Papert

Ray Solomonoff

1970s[edit]

Douglas Hofstadter

1980s[edit]

Judea Pearl

Rodney Brooks

1990s[edit]

Hugo de Garis known for his research on the use of

genetic algorithms to evolve neural networks using threedimensional cellular automata inside field programmable
gate arrays.

Ray Kurzweil developed optical character recognition

(OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, and speech recognition
systems. He has also authored multiple books on artificial
intelligence and its potential promise and peril. In
December 2012 Kurzweil was hired by Google in a full-time
director of engineering position to "work on new projects
involving machine learning and language processing".
[1]
Google co-founder Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a
one-sentence job description: "to bring natural language
understanding to Google".

2000s on[edit]

Andrew Ng Director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence

Lab. He founded the Google Brain project at Google, which
developed very large scale artificial neural
networks using Google's distributed compute infrastructure.
[2]
He is also co-founder of Coursera, a massive open online
course (MOOC) education platform, with Daphne Koller.

David Ferrucci principal investigator who led the team

that developed the Watson computer at IBM.

Peter Norvig co-author, with Stuart Russell, of Artificial

Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college
text in the field. He is also Director of Research at Google,
Inc.

Stuart J. Russell co-author, with Peter Norvig, of Artificial

Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college
text in the field.

See also[edit]
Artificial intelligence portal

List of emerging technologies

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ Letzing, John (2012-12-14). "Google Hires
Famed Futurist Ray Kurzweil". The Wall Street Journal.
Retrieved 2013-02-13.
2. Jump up^ Claire Miller and Nick Bilton (3 November
2011). "Googles Lab of Wildest Dreams". New York
Times.

External links[edit]
Find more about Artificial intelligenceat
Wikipedia's sister projects

Definitions from Wiktionary

Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from
Wikiversity

AI at DMOZ

Artificial Intelligence Directory, a directory of Web resources

related to artificial intelligence

The Association for the Advancement of Artificial

Intelligence

Freeview Video 'Machines with Minds' by the Vega Science

Trust and the BBC/OU

John McCarthy's frequently asked questions about AI

Jonathan Edwards looks at AI (BBC audio)

Ray Kurzweil's website dedicated to AI including prediction

of future development in AI

Logic and Artificial Intelligence entry by Richmond

Thomason in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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