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ABSTRACT
The input parameters to the model are the wind resource, capital costs of
wind farm development and capital costs of offshore and onshore grids necessary
to deliver this to different load centres within the E.U.
Climate change is happening. It is a fact that in 2002, the extent of the Arctic
ice cover was 14% below the average of the last 24 years. The effects of climate change
will be irreversible. Action must be taken now, not just by Governments around the world,
but by local communities who can show their support in tackling this global threat.
The electricity generating industry is the biggest single source emitter of CO2
worldwide due to a reliance on fossil fuels (such as coal, oil and gas) for energy. Unless
something is done about this, climate change will not be successfully tackled. Wind farms
are the most economical and technologically advanced means to produce electricity that
is 100% green and does not impact negatively on the environment.
Green Power
Most of our energy is derived from burning fossil
fuels, either directly in the home or indirectly in power
stations. Energy use can have a detrimental effect on the
environment, For example,
• Acid rain erodes our landscapes and affects our lakes and rivers
• Oil Spills: We are all too familiar with how easily accidents can happen while
oil is being transported by sea. Oil leaks can kill birds and animals and
pollute beaches.
WHY WIND?
It's clean.
Wind power does not produce dangerous waste, nor does it contribute to global
warming.
It's abundant and reliable.
Ireland is one fo the windiest countries in Europe
and this resource is much greater in the colder
months of the year, when energy demand is at its
highest. Wind power, combined with a full range of
renewable energy technologies, such as wave and
solar, could meet all of all electricity needs.
Technology is being developed to store wind
power as hydrogen, which can then be used to
power fuel calls in power stations and in vehicles
It's affordable.
Offshore wind turbines are producing power more
cheaply than the newest nuclear power station.
The UK Government's figures show that all wind
power will be cheaper than nuclear power by 2020.
It works.
Denmark already gets 20% of its electricity from
wind power.
It creates jobs.
The wind could bring thousands of new jobs, many of them using offshore
engineering skills used by the declining oil and gas industries.
It's popular.
Wind energy is one of the most popular energy technologies. Opinion surveys
regularly show that just over eight out of ten people are in favour of wind energy,
and less than one in ten (5%) against it.
It's popular with farmers.
Their land can continue to be used for growing crops or grazing livestovk. Sheep,
cows and horses are not disturbed by wind turbines.
Energy pay back.
The average wind farm will pay back the energy used in its manufacture within
three to five months. This compares favourable with coal power stations, which
take about six months.
One of the safest energy technologies.
No member of the public has ever been injured by wind energy, or wind turbines
anywhere in the world, despite the fact that there are now over 68,000 operational
wind turbines world-wide.
Tourism.
Wind farms attract tourists. The UK's first commercial wind farm received 350,000
visitors in its first ten years of operation.
Community funding.
Wind farm developers usually contribute financially to the local community in
which the wind farm is being built.
wind farms
“In the future the land under wind farms may
become another new habitat protected from
people-pressure and there is no doubt that climate
change will create new habitats just as surely as it
will destroy some old ones
An extract from :
Flora Hibernica
The wild flowers, plants and trees of Ireland
by Jonathan Pilcher and Valerie Hall.
Our objective is to build wind farms, on and offshore over a number of countries as quickly as possible.
This will help solve the problem of global warming and meet international targets, which are
continuously tightened to reduce this growing problem. 1MW of electricity generated by a wind turbine
will supply around 700 households with electricity.
CONSTRUCTION
OPERATIONAL
Monitoring performance
Airtricity is committed to minimising the harmful
effects of its operations on the environment by means
of a programme of continuous improvement.
Improved environmental performance will only be
achieved if individual businesses and their staff take
the issues seriously, at Airtricity – we do !
Key performance indicators include :
greener electricity
Airtricity is proud to be the No.1 for Renewable Energy, offering our
customers greener electricity that's up to 13% cheaper.
Least Cost Delivered MWh
The core question is which wind farm locations will produce the least cost
electricity within and on the periphery of Europe. The following input parameters
are all used to examine particular examples of the delivered cost of electricity to
load centres.
• Wind resources
• Capital costs of wind farm development
Costs of offshore and onshore grids necessary to deliver this to different load
centres within the E.U
Benefits to Airtricity
Results
Load-factor
With all wind capacity installed at one location, the frequency of no wind
production is around 13%. Periods of full load are also quite frequent, occurring
approximately 30% of the time. The distribution of load factors has two peaks; one
at full load and the other at zero load. This is to be expected, considering the
shape of a turbine power curve. This pattern is reflected at all locations in the ‘no
dispersion’ scenario. As capacity is added successively to each location, the
probability of no wind production falls to zero. The distribution of load factors takes
on a more Gaussian shape; with just one peak around 55% load factor. The
majority
of production is clustered around the median value with 2/3 of all load factors
between 30-70% of total capacity.
Variability
As dispersion increases, the probability of large changes in power from
one period to the next falls to zero. This contrasts with the single location case,
where changes of up to 100% of installed capacity can occur. With Europewide
geographic dispersion of wind capacity across the six locations, the majority of
changes in power are less than 10% of installed capacity.
References
• 1 Greenpeace, Sea Wind Europe, Feb. 2004
• 2 Greenpeace, Sea Wind Europe, Feb. 2004
• 3 EWEA, Wind Energy The Facts; An Analysis of Wind Energy in the EU-25, Feb.
2004
• 4 Giebel, G.: On the Benefits of Distributed Generation of Wind Energy in Europe.
PhD thesis from the Carl vonOssietzky Universität Oldenburg. Fortschr.-Ber. VDI
Reihe 6 Nr. 444. Düsseldorf, VDI Verlag 2001. ISBN 3-18-344406-2
• 5 Joensen, A., L. Landberg, and H. Madsen: A new measure-correlate-predict
approach for resource assessment Proceedings of the European Wind Energy
Conference, Nice, France, 1-5 March 1999, pp. 1157-1160, ISBN 1 902916 00 X
• 6 Kaltschmitt, M: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Stromerzeugung aus Windkraft
und Solarstrahlung am Beispiel Baden-Württembergs. Forschungsbericht des
Instituts für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, Stuttgart 1990 (in
German)
• 7 Steinberger-Willms, R.: Untersuchung der Fluktuationen der Leistungsabgabe von
räumlich ausgedehnten Windund Solarenergie-Konvertersystemen in Hinblick auf
deren Einbindung in elektrische Versorgungsnetze. Dissertation an der Universität
Oldenburg. Verlag Shaker, Aachen 1993, ISBN 3-86111-740-1, ISSN 0945-0726 (in
German)
• 8 Landberg, L., M.A. Hansen, K. Vesterager, and W. Bergstrøm: Implementing Wind
Forecasting at a Utility. Risoe National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, March 1997.
Risø-R-929(EN), ISBN 87-5502229-4
• 9 Ernst, B.: Short-Term Power Fluctuations of Wind Turbines from the Ancillary
Services Viewpoint. Diplomarbeit, Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik
e.V., Querschnitts-Projektbereich Windenergie (Mittlerweile: Forschungsbereich
Information und Energiewirtschaft). (1999) Kassel, Germany.
• 10 Landberg, L.: The Availability and Variability of the European Wind Resource. Int
J Solar Energy 18, pp. 313-320 (1997)
• 11 http://reisi.iset.uni-kassel.de/