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Short communication
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 2 February 2015
Received in revised form
6 November 2015
Accepted 10 November 2015
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary Brazilian red pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi)
essential oil and an antimicrobial agent on weanling pig growth performance, diarrhea occurrence, pH of
the digestive content, small intestine histology, and intestine microbial counts. Ninety weanling castrated
male pigs (5.67 0.78 kg BW and 21-d old) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment
with ve treatments, six replications per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit (pen). The
treatments were a basal diet supplemented with 0 (negative control), 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg Brazilian red pepper essential oil vs with 120 mg/kg chlorohydroxyquinoline (antibiotic treatment). At the
end of the experimental period one animal from each pen was slaughtered to record the pH of digestive
contents, small intestine histology, and intestine microbial counts. Treatments had no effect (P4 0.05) on
growth performance, diarrhea occurrence, pH of the digestive content, villus height, crypt depth, and
intestinal microbial counts of weanling pigs. However, pigs fed the diet containing 500 mg/kg essential
oil had greater villi density (P o0.05) than those fed diets containing the antibiotic or 1000 and 1500 mg/
kg essential oil. Thus, both Brazilian red pepper essential oil and the antibiotic are of limited benet for
enhancing the growth of weanling pigs. However, the effectiveness of growth enhancer additives may be
reduced in low challenging situations as demonstrated by the current study.
& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Additives
Microbiota
Performance
Phytogenics
Piglets
1. Introduction
The use of natural additives for food preservation and disease
control in humans, animals, and plants are of scientic and industrial interest. Continued advances in modern technology are
facilitating the isolation and characterization of active components
present in plants, along with improving our understanding about
their potential actions and, hence, human-interest applications
(Costa et al., 2013).
Traditionally, antibiotic growth promoters were used to enhance piglet performance during weaning period; however,
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: fdgois16@gmail.com (F.D. Gois),
peucairo@hotmail.com (P.L.G. Cairo), vinicius@dzo.ua.br (V. de Souza Cantarelli),
larissa@uesc.br (L.C. do Bomm Costa), rfontana@uesc.br (R. Fontana),
ivanalaman@gmail.com (I.B. Allaman), msbardella@gmail.com (M. Sbardella),
fernandomvet@yahoo.com.br (F.M. de Carvalho Jnior),
batista.leandro@pucpr.br (L.B. Costa).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.009
1871-1413/& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
possible bacterial cross-resistance has limited the use of the antibiotics as growth promoters (Brenes and Roura, 2010). Thus, the
potential application of plant extracts, essential oils, oleoresins,
and their puried compounds is being investigated as alternative
feed strategies to enhance weanling pig performance during this
critical period (Hashemi and Davoodi, 2011).
Brazilian red pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae) exhibits antimicrobial activity in vitro (Lima et al., 2006) and
also has various medicinal properties, including antioxidant
(Bendaoud et al., 2010), antitumoral (Matsuo et al., 2011) and
antifungal (Johann et al., 2010) properties. However, there is in the
literature, one study with Brazilian red pepper in broiler feed. Silva
et al. (2010) found an increase on weight gain and nal body
weight when broiler chickens were fed dietary red pepper essential oil (4000 mg/kg). Therefore, it has been hypothesized that
red pepper could replace performance-enhancing antibiotics also
in weanling pig diets. To our knowledge there are not studies that
evaluated Brazilian red pepper in swine feed.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary Brazilian red
25
Table 1
Basal diet composition (as-fed basis) fed to piglets throughout the 35-day experimental perioda.
Ingredients (%)
Pre-starter diet
(114 days)
Starter diet
(1435 days)
31.02
16.11
15.00
20.00
5.00
3.16
4.10
0.21
1.88
0.40
0.25
0.55
0.31
0.20
0.02
0.10
0.20
1.50
33.71
43.63
6.00
4.00
1.50
2.20
2.60
1.27
1.59
0.42
0.40
0.20
0.40
0.23
0.11
0.04
0.20
1.50
14.57
20.23
0.85
0.71
0.51
1.46
0.83
0.88
0.25
14.15
20.63
0.83
0.66
0.45
1.37
0.79
0.82
0.24
a
b
zil).
c
Prius L72 (71.5% lactose)-Auster Nutrio Animal Ltda. (So Paulo, Brazil).
Quantities per kg of feed: 50 mg of manganese; 160 mg of zinc; 246 mg of
iron; 14 mg of copper; 1.5 mg of iodine; 15000 IU of vitamin A; 3000 IU of vitamin
D3; 110 IU of vitamin E; 5.5 mg of vitamin K3; 4.4 mg thiamine; 9.2 mg of riboavin; 6.6 mg Pyridoxine; 38 g of vitamin B12; 1.6 mg of folic acid; 27 mg of
Pantothenic acid; 44 mg of niacin; 0.14 mg of biotin; 0.36 mg of selenium.
d
Table 2
Effects of dietary Brazilian red pepper essential oil and an antimicrobial agent on
the body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG),
feed:gain ration (F:G), diarrhea occurrence (DF) (n 18/group), and villi density
(VD) in the duodenum and jejunum (n 6/group) of weanling piglets during the
35-day post-weaning period.
Variables
Performance:
Initial BW (kg)
Final BW (kg)
ADFI (g)
ADG (g)
F:G
DF (%)
VD duodenumc
VD jejunum
Treatmentsa
ANT
500
1000
1500
5.64
14.85
497.82
321.23
1.71
36.00
25.44c
32.75
5.65
16.99
557.29
311.56
1.80
37.50
33.75ab
32.22
5.66
16.30
543.14
345.53
1.72
37.83
39.56a
28.89
5.65
14.84
478.88
308.65
1.61
38.17
18.29c
27.00
5.65
16.66
538.84
323.79
1.90
28.00
26.56bc
37.50
SEMb
P-value
0.078
103.9
34.88
0.001
2.692
0.81
2.55
0.10
0.14
0.36
0.16
0.25
0.00
0.31
a
ANT Antibiotic (120 mg/kg chlorohydroxyquinoline); 0; 500; 1000; or
1500 mg/kg of red pepper essential oil.
b
Standard Error of the Mean.
c
Different letters in the row indicate a signicant difference between the values by the Tukey test (5%).
26
Fig. 1. Electron-micrographs of the duodenum mucosa of piglets at 35 days of age. (ANT Antibiotic; 0; 500; 1000; or 1500 mg/kg of Brazilian red pepper essential oil)
et al. (2000). To analyze the intestine ultrastructure, the duodenum and jejunum samples were processed following the methodology described by Rigueira et al. (2013). The best images from
each sample were chosen for the measurement of villi density
(number of villi per area) (villi/847.882 mm2).
For the microbial counts, samples from the jejunum (150 cm
from the ileocecal junction) and cecum (homogenized content)
were placed in sterile containers by using a glass slide scraping.
Total counts of aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteria and Lactobacillus,
were determined within 24 h as described by Montagne et al.
(2012).
2.5. Statistical analysis
The data were submitted to analysis of variance, considering a
randomized complete block design experiment and the pen as the
experimental unit. When P o0.05, the means were compared by
Tukey. R software (R Development Core Team, 2014) was used for
statistical analysis.
4. Conclusions
The results of this study revealed that neither Brazilian red
pepper essential oil nor the antibiotic were of any benet to the
performance of weanling pigs. However, the effectiveness of
growth enhancer additives may be limited in low challenging situations or rigorous sanitary control of the facilities, as observed in
the current study. Therefore, further information is required on the
compounds present in Brazilian red pepper essential oil, in addition to their effects and potential application under different
conditions in swine feed.
Conict of interest
All authors declare that there are no conicts of interest concerning to the information provided in this paper.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia-FAPESB for granting aid for this research-APP0052/
2011.
27
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