FDDI

CDDI

FAST
ETHERNET

GIGABIT
ETHERNET

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI 1. FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI)

    merupakan LAN token ring

CDDI     kapasitas penyaluran data 100 Mbps
    jangkauan 200 km
    mampu melayani 1000 stasiun
FAST
ETHERNET  memakai serat optik multimode dengan light-
emitting diode (LED) [FORD01] [TANE97]

GIGABIT
ETHERNET

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI
1.1 Mode Serat Optik

CDDI

FAST
ETHERNET

GIGABIT
ETHERNET
1.2 Standar FDDI
100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI The Medium Access Control (MAC) :
MAC meliputi pengaturan frame format, token
handling, addressing, algorithms for calculating
cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value, and error-
CDDI
recovery mechanisms.

The Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) :

FAST data encoding/decoding procedures, clocking
ETHERNET
requirements, and framing

The Physical-Medium Dependent (PMD) :

GIGABIT
ETHERNET the characteristics of the transmission medium,
including fiber-optic links, power levels, bit-
error rates, optical components, and connectors.
100VG-
ANYLAN
The Station Management (SMT) :
FDDI station configuration, ring configuration,
and ring control features, including station
HPPI
insertion and removal, initialization, fault
isolation and recovery, scheduling, and statistics
collection [FORD01].
FIBRE  
CHANNEL
FDDI
1.3 FDDI vs. IEEE dan OSI MODEL

FDDI mirip dengan standar IEEE 802.3

CDDI
Ethernet dan IEEE 802.5 Token Ring serta
OSI model, yakni pada layer fisik dan data
FAST link.
ETHERNET

GIGABIT
Perbedaannya kalau Token Ring tidak
ETHERNET
memperbolehkan stasiun membuat token baru
sebelum token datang kembali, sedangkan FDDI
100VG-
ANYLAN mengijinkan stasiun membuat token baru
setelah stasiun tersebut menyelesaikan
HPPI
transmisinya. [TANE97]

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI
1.4 FDDI Station-Attachment Types
FDDI memiliki tiga pilihan koneksi :
CDDI
a.single-attachment station (SAS):
attaches to only one ring (the primary)
FAST
ETHERNET through a concentrator. One of the primary
advantages of connecting devices with SAS
GIGABIT attachments is that the devices will not
ETHERNET
have any effect on the FDDI ring if they

100VG-
are disconnected or powered off.
ANYLAN
Concentrators will be discussed in more
detail in the following discussion.
HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI
b.dual-attachment station (DAS):

each FDDI DAS has two ports, designated A

CDDI
and B. These ports connect the DAS to the
dual FDDI ring. Therefore, each port
FAST provides a connection for both the primary
ETHERNET

and the secondary ring. As you will see in

GIGABIT
the next section, devices using DAS
ETHERNET
connections will affect the ring if they
are disconnected or powered off.
100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI
c.Concentrator
an FDDI concentrator (also called a dual-
CDDI attachment concentrator [DAC]) is the
building block of an FDDI network. It
attaches directly to both the primary and
FAST
ETHERNET secondary rings and ensures that the
failure or power-down of any SAS does not
GIGABIT
bring down the ring. This is particularly
ETHERNET useful when PCs, or similar devices that
are frequently powered on and off, connect
100VG- to the ring.
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI
1.5 FDDI fault tolerance

a. Dual Ring
CDDI
If a station on the dual ring fails or is
powered down, or if the cable is damaged, the
FAST
dual ring is automatically wrapped (doubled
ETHERNET
back onto itself) into a single ring.

GIGABIT
ETHERNET

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI

CDDI

FAST
ETHERNET

GIGABIT
ETHERNET

100VG- When a cable failure occurs, devices on either side

ANYLAN
of the cable fault wrap. Network operation
continues for all stations. It should be noted that
HPPI FDDI truly provides fault-tolerance against a
single failure only. When two or more failures
occur, the FDDI ring segments into two or more
FIBRE
CHANNEL
independent rings that are unable to communicate
with each other.
 Optical Bypass Switch
FDDI

CDDI

FAST
ETHERNET

GIGABIT
An optical bypass switch provides continuous dual-ring
ETHERNET
operation if a device on the dual ring fails. This is used
both to prevent ring segmentation and to eliminate failed
100VG- stations from the ring. The optical bypass switch performs
ANYLAN
this function through the use of optical mirrors that pass
light from the ring directly to the DAS device during
HPPI normal operation. In the event of a failure of the DAS
device, such as a power-off, the optical bypass switch
will pass the light through itself by using internal
mirrors and thereby maintain the ring's integrity. The
FIBRE
CHANNEL benefit of this capability is that the ring will not enter
a wrapped condition in the event of a device failure.
 b.Dual Homing
FDDI
Critical devices, such as routers or mainframe hosts, can
use a fault-tolerant technique called dual homing to
provide additional redundancy and to help guarantee
CDDI
operation. In dual-homing situations, the critical device
is attached to two concentrators. Figure shows a dual-
homed configuration for devices such as file servers and
FAST routers.
ETHERNET

GIGABIT
ETHERNET

100VG-
ANYLAN

One pair of concentrator links is declared the active

HPPI link; the other pair is declared passive. The passive link
stays in back-up mode until the primary link (or the
concentrator to which it is attached) is determined to
FIBRE
have failed. When this occurs, the passive link
CHANNEL automatically activates.
 1.6 FDDI Frame Format
FDDI
The FDDI frame format is similar to the format of a Token
Ring frame. This is one of the areas where FDDI borrows
heavily from earlier LAN technologies, such as Token Ring.
CDDI
FDDI frames can be as large as 4,500 bytes.

FAST
ETHERNET

GIGABIT
ETHERNET

FDDI Frame Fields

100VG- Preamble---A unique sequence that prepares each station for an
ANYLAN upcoming frame.
Start Delimiter---Indicates the beginning of a frame by employing a
signaling pattern that differentiates it from the rest of the
frame.
HPPI Frame Control---Indicates the size of the address fields and whether
the frame contains asynchronous or synchronous data, among other
control information.
Destination Address---Contains a unicast (singular), multicast
FIBRE (group), or broadcast (every station) address. As with Ethernet
CHANNEL and Token Ring addresses, FDDI destination addresses are 6 bytes
long.
 1.6 FDDI Frame Format
FDDI

Source Address---Identifies the single station that sent the

frame. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI
CDDI
source addresses are 6 bytes long.
Data---Contains either information destined for an upper-
FAST layer protocol or control information.
ETHERNET
Frame Check Sequence (FCS)---Filed by the source station with
a calculated cyclic redundancy check value dependent on frame
GIGABIT contents (as with Token Ring and Ethernet). The
ETHERNET
destination address recalculates the value to determine
whether the frame was damaged in transit. If so, the frame
100VG- is discarded.
ANYLAN
End Delimiter---Contains unique symbols, which cannot be
data symbols, that indicate the end of the frame.
HPPI
Frame Status---Allows the source station to determine
whether an error occurred and whether the frame was
recognized and copied by a receiving station.
FIBRE
CHANNEL
 Pengkodean FDDI
FDDI
©©©
tidak lagi menggunakan Manchester Encoding tetapi
CDDI menggunakan 4B/5B/NRZI, yakni 4 bit data dikodekan
dengan 5 bit kode pensinyalan yang kemudian ditandai
FAST dengan Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI).[STAL00]
ETHERNET

Pengkodean ini dimaksudkan agar tercapai sinkronisasi dan

GIGABIT
ETHERNET diperolehnya pola pengkodean yang unik [TANE97].
Pergeseran timing transmitter dan receiver yang
100VG-
ANYLAN menyebabkan keduanya tidak sinkron lagi dapat terjadi
karena sinyal berpropagasi dengan transisi (+Volt ke 0 Volt )
HPPI yang terbatas, misal selalu +Volt dalam waktu yang panjang.
Oleh sebab itu diperlukan lebih banyak transisi sinyal

FIBRE
(melalui pengkodean) untuk menjaga agar transmitter dan
CHANNEL
receiver tidak kehilangan momen sinkronnya.
 2. COPPER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (CDDI)
FDDI

Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) is the

CDDI implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper
wire. Like FDDI, CDDI provides data rates of 100 Mbps and
FAST uses a dual-ring architecture to provide redundancy. CDDI
ETHERNET
supports distances of about 100 meters from desktop to
concentrator.
GIGABIT
ETHERNET

CDDI is defined by the ANSI X3T9.5 Committee. The CDDI

100VG-
ANYLAN standard is officially named the Twisted-Pair Physical
Medium Dependent (TP-PMD) standard. It is also referred to
HPPI as the Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface (TP-DDI),
consistent with the term Fiber-Distributed Data Interface

FIBRE
(FDDI). CDDI is consistent with the physical and media-
CHANNEL
access control layers defined by the ANSI standard.
 2. COPPER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (CDDI)
FDDI
The ANSI standard recognizes only two types of cables for
CDDI: shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded twisted
CDDI pair (UTP). STP cabling has a 150-ohm impedance and
adheres to EIA/TIA 568 (IBM Type 1) specifications. UTP is
FAST
data-grade cabling (Category 5) consisting of four
ETHERNET
unshielded pairs using tight-pair twists and specially
developed insulating polymers in plastic jackets adhering to
GIGABIT
ETHERNET
EIA/TIA 568B specifications.

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
 PengkodeanCDDI
FDDI
©©©
Digunakan MLT-3, yakni
CDDI • bila bit 0 : tidak ada perubahan pensinyalan,
• bila bit 1 : ada perubahan transisi :
• bila pensinyalan terakhir adalah nonzero +V
FAST
ETHERNET atau nonzero –V, maka berikutnya adalah
0 Volt;
• bila pensinyalan terakhir adalah 0 Volt, maka
GIGABIT
ETHERNET berikutnya adalah
• nonzero +V bila nonzero bit sebelumnya
100VG- adalah –V,
ANYLAN
• nonzero –V bila nonzero bit sebelumnya
adalah +V [STAL00].
HPPI
Efek MLT-3 adalah terkonsentrasikannya sebagian
besar energi sinyal pada frekuensi < 30 MHz
sehingga mengurangi emisi radiasi yang berikutnya
FIBRE
CHANNEL dapat memperkecil interferensi.
FDDI
3. FAST ETHERNET
LAN berkapasitas 10 Mbps banyak memerlukan
perangkat pendukung seperti repeater, bridge,
CDDI
router untuk memperoleh transfer rate yang tinggi.

FAST Komite IEEE 802.3 menyempurnakannya dengan

ETHERNET
meningkatkan kapasitas dengan cara
mempertahankan format paket, antarmuka,
GIGABIT deteksi kesalahan, dan prosedur yang lama tetapi
ETHERNET
dengan mengurangi waktu bit dari 100 ns menjadi
10 ns.
100VG-
ANYLAN

Standarnya disebut IEEE 802.3c yang tidak

HPPI memperbolehkan pemakaian hub, tap vampire,
maupun BNC [TANE97].

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI
Kabel yang digunakan fast ethernet
 UTP sebanyak 4 buah kapasitas 25MHz(kategori
3) dengan mekanisme seperti gambar yang
CDDI
kemudian disebut 100BaseT4,
 UTP sebanyak 2 buah kapasitas 125 MHz
FAST (kategori 5) dengan mekanisme fullduplex
ETHERNET
yang kemudian disebut 100BaseTX, dan
menggunakan pengkodean 4B/5B,
GIGABIT  Fiber optic sebanyak 2 strand dengan mekanisme
ETHERNET
fullduplex yang kemudian disebut 100BaseFX

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
 100BaseT Physical Layer
FDDI ©©©

CDDI

FAST
ETHERNET

GIGABIT
ETHERNET Characteristics of 100BaseT Media Types
Characteristics 100BaseTX 100BaseFX 100BaseT4
Cable Category 5 UTP, or 62.5/125 micron multi- Category 3, 4, or
100VG- Type 1 and 2 mode fiber 5 UTP
ANYLAN STP
Number of pairs or 2 pairs 2 strands 4 pairs
strands

HPPI Connector ISO 8877 (RJ-45) Duplex SCmedia- ISO 8877 (RJ-45)
connector interface connector
connector (MIC) ST
Maximum segment 100 meters 400 meters 100 meters
length
FIBRE
Maximum network 200 meters 400 meters 200 meters
CHANNEL
diameter
FDDI
4. GIGABIT ETHERNET
Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of the
CDDI IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard. Gigabit
Ethernet builds on the Ethernet protocol
but increases speed tenfold over Fast
FAST
ETHERNET
Ethernet, to 1000 Mbps, or 1 Gbps.

GIGABIT
ETHERNET
This MAC and PHY standard promises to be a
dominant player in high-speed LAN
100VG- backbones and server connectivity. Because
ANYLAN
Gigabit Ethernet significantly leverages

HPPI
on Ethernet, network managers will be able
to leverage their existing knowledge base
to manage and maintain Gigabit Ethernet
FIBRE
CHANNEL networks.
 GIGABIT ETHERNET PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
FDDI

To accelerate speeds from 100-Mbps Fast

CDDI Ethernet to 1 Gbps, several changes need
to be made to the physical interface.

FAST
ETHERNET
It has been decided that Gigabit Ethernet
will look identical to Ethernet from the
GIGABIT
ETHERNET
data link layer upward. The challenges
involved in accelerating to 1 Gbps have
100VG- been resolved by merging two technologies:
ANYLAN
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet and

HPPI
ANSI X3T11 Fibre Channel.

FIBRE
CHANNEL
 GIGABIT ETHERNET PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
FDDI

Figure shows how key components from each

CDDI technology have been leveraged to form
Gigabit Ethernet.

FAST
ETHERNET

GIGABIT
ETHERNET

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
 GIGABIT ETHERNET PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
FDDI
©©©
Leveraging these two technologies
CDDI
means that the standard can take
advantage of the existing high-
FAST
ETHERNET
speed physical interface technology
of Fibre Channel while maintaining
GIGABIT
ETHERNET
the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet frame
100VG- format, backward compatibility for
ANYLAN

installed media, and use of full-or

HPPI
half-duplex (via CSMA/CD).

FIBRE
CHANNEL
Acknowledgement to Cisco Documentation developers, Merilee Ford et.al.
FDDI 5. 100VG-AnyLAN
is an IEEE specification for 100-Mbps
Token Ring and Ethernet implementations
CDDI over 4-pair UTP. The MAC layer is not
compatible with the IEEE 802.3 MAC layer.
100VG-AnyLAN was developed by Hewlett-
FAST
ETHERNET Packard (HP) to support newer time-
sensitive applications, such as
multimedia. A version of HP's
GIGABIT implementation is standardized in the IEEE
ETHERNET
802.12 specification.
The access method is based on station
100VG-
ANYLAN demand and was designed as an upgrade path
from Ethernet and 16-Mbps Token Ring.
HPPI Kabel yang Digunakan :
•4-pair Category 3 UTP
•2-pair Category 4 or 5 UTP
•STP
FIBRE •Fiber optic
CHANNEL
FDDI 5. 100VG-AnyLAN
The IEEE 802.12 100VG-AnyLAN standard
specifies the link-distance limitations,
CDDI
hub-configuration limitations, and maximum
network-distance limitations. Link
FAST distances from node to hub are 100 meters
ETHERNET
(Category 3 UTP) or 150 meters (Category 5
UTP).
GIGABIT
ETHERNET

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI
Konfigurasi Hub
100VG-Any LAN hubs are arranged in a
hierarchical fashion. Each hub has at least one
CDDI uplink port, and every other port can be a
downlink port. Hubs can be cascaded three-deep
if uplinked to other hubs, and cascaded hubs can
FAST
ETHERNET be 100 meters apart (Category 3 UTP) or 150
meters apart (Category 5 UTP).

GIGABIT
ETHERNET

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI
Jarak Maksimum Antarstasiun
End-to-end network-distance limitations are 600
meters (Category 3 UTP) or 900 meters (Category
CDDI 5 UTP). If hubs are located in the same wiring
closet, end-to-end distances shrink to 200
meters (Category 3 UTP) and 300 meters (Category
FAST
ETHERNET 5 UTP).

GIGABIT
ETHERNET

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI
Mekanisme Transmisi
100VG-AnyLAN uses a demand-priority access

CDDI
method that eliminates collisions and can
be more heavily loaded than 100BaseT. The
demand-priority access method is more
FAST
ETHERNET deterministic than CSMA/CD because the hub
controls access to the network.

GIGABIT
ETHERNET
The 100VG-AnyLAN standard calls for a
level-one hub, or repeater, that acts as
100VG-
ANYLAN the root. This root repeater controls the
operation of the priority domain. Hubs can
HPPI be cascaded three-deep in a star topology.
Interconnected hubs act as a single large
repeater, with the root repeater polling
FIBRE
CHANNEL each port in port order.
FDDI
Mekanisme Transmisi
©©©
In general, under 100VG-AnyLAN demand-priority
operation, a node wanting to transmit signals
CDDI
its request to the hub (or switch). If the
network is idle, the hub immediately
FAST acknowledges the request and the node begins
ETHERNET
transmitting a packet to the hub.

GIGABIT If more than one request is received at the same

ETHERNET
time, the hub uses a round-robin technique to
acknowledge each request in turn. High-priority
100VG-
ANYLAN
requests, such as time-sensitive
videoconferencing applications, are serviced
ahead of normal-priority requests.
HPPI
To ensure fairness to all stations, a hub does
not grant priority access to a port more than
FIBRE twice in a row.
CHANNEL
 6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE
FDDI
(HIPPI)
Jaringan ini muncul karena adanya
CDDI
kebutuhan transmisi data dalam
jumlah besar di Lab perancangan
FAST
ETHERNET
senjata nuklir Los Alamos AS.
Guna mengamati gerak jatuhnya bom
GIGABIT
ETHERNET
diperlukan frame berukuran 1024 x
100VG- 1024 pixel (pixel = 24 bit) dengan
ANYLAN

kecepatan penayangan 30 frame /

HPPI
detik, sehingga diperlukan transfer
rate sekitar 750 Mbps.
FIBRE
CHANNEL
 6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE
FDDI
(HIPPI)
Pada awalnya HIPPI dirancang
CDDI sebagai saluran data point to point
dengan bentuk master – slave yang
FAST
menggunakan kabel dedicated tanpa
ETHERNET
switching. Kapasitas yang
disediakan 800 Mbps dan 1600 Mbps.
GIGABIT
ETHERNET

Pada kapasitas 800 Mbps digunakan

100VG-
ANYLAN 50 kabel twisted pair untuk
menyalurkan 50 bit (32 bit data +
HPPI 18 bit kontrol). Setiap 40
nanodetik sebuah word dipindahkan
FIBRE ke saluran secara simplex dengan
CHANNEL
panjang tak lebih dari 25 m.
 6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE
FDDI
(HIPPI)
Dalam perkembangannya guna menghubungkan
CDDI beberapa superkomputer (sebagai host) dan
peripheral lain, maka dibentuk jaringan
dengan crossbar switch berukuran 4x 4.
FAST
ETHERNET
Setelah melalui masa yang berat akhirnya
komite ANSI X3T9.3 menghasilkan standar
GIGABIT
ETHERNET
HIPPI yang mencakup phisical layer dan
data link layer, sedangkan layer di
100VG- atasnya tergantung pada pengguna.
ANYLAN
Protokol dasarnya adalah : host harus

HPPI
meminta crossbar switch untuk membentuk
koneksi, kemudian host mengirim pesan bagi
pembebasan koneksi tersebut agar dapat
FIBRE
CHANNEL dilakukan komunikasi.
 6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE
FDDI
(HIPPI)
©©©

CDDI Frame HIPPI berukuran 256 word yang berisi

1016 byte header dan kapasitas payload
FAST hingga 232 – 2 byte data.
ETHERNET

Deteksi kesalahan menggunakan VRC dan LRC

GIGABIT
ETHERNET [TANE97].

100VG-
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI 7. FIBRE CHANNEL
Perkembangan aplikasi guna pelayanan
CDDI informasi yang berbasis grafis, video,
multimedia lainnya membutuhkan saluran
yang berkecepatan semakin tinggi.
FAST
ETHERNET

Saluran ini menangani baik saluran data

GIGABIT
ETHERNET
termasuk HIPPI, SCSI, dan multiplexor
mainframe IBM, serta koneksi jaringan
100VG- termasuk IEEE 802, IP, dan ATM.
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI 7. FIBRE CHANNEL
Standar yang digunakan ANI X3T11. Struktur
CDDI protokol pada saluran serat terlihat pada
tabel berikut ini.

FAST
ETHERNET

LAYER SALURAN DATA JARINGAN

GIGABIT Data FC-4 HIPPI SCSI IBM 802 IP ATM
ETHERNET link FC-3 Layanan Umum (aturan multicast)
Layer
FC-2 Protokol Pembuat Frame
100VG-
ANYLAN Phisic FC-1 8/10 encode/decode
al FC-0 100 200 400 800 Future
Layer Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps
HPPI
Sumber : Tanenbaum, 1997

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI 7. FIBRE CHANNEL
Struktur dasarnya adalah sistem ujung yang
CDDI disebut stasiun dan jaringan yang
terbentuk oleh elemen-elemen switch yang
disebut fabric.
FAST
ETHERNET

Setiap stasiun mencakup satu terminal atau

GIGABIT
ETHERNET
lebih yang disebut N-port, sedangkan
elemen fabric-switch mencakup terminal-
100VG- terminal multipel yang disebut F-port.
ANYLAN

HPPI

FIBRE
CHANNEL
FDDI 7. FIBRE CHANNEL
Sistem seperti ini sangat fleksibel dalam
penambahan atau pengurangan stasiun. Karena
CDDI
didasarkan pada jaringan switching, maka
penambahan N-port, rate data, dan jarak
FAST jangkauan lebih mudah dilakukan.
ETHERNET
Demikian pula penambahan media transmisi baru
dapat dilakukan dengan menambah F-port dan
GIGABIT switch baru ke fabric. [STAL00].
ETHERNET
TIPE MEDIA KAPASITAS

800 Mbps 400 Mbps 200 Mbps 100 Mbps

100VG-
ANYLAN Serat mode tunggal 10 km 10 km 10 km -

Serat multimode 50 µm 0,5 km 1 km 2 km -

Serat multimode 62,5 µm 175 m 1 km 1 km -

HPPI
Kabel koaksial video 50 m 71 m 100 m 100 m

Kabel koaksial mini 14 m 19 m 28 m 42 m

Shielded Twisted Pair 28 m 46 m 57 m 80 m

FIBRE
CHANNEL Sumber : Stallings, 2000
***