Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Vol: XXX
No:9
<,
February
::
1-15, 1982
Re. I
~ 2J2:::~===
.
"
"'Ensuring
'-,.
.' ..'"."eqljjtable . " ,.
'_ _ '.distribution,
. . -of
",
;,-....,;~:"~.q"-:i'rr i9atia n
,.
,.
3 .Strengthen and expand coverage of Integrated Rural Development and National Rural Employment Programmes.
4
. Editorial
.
.I
,~
-rullshetr.
dia's lournal' of rural development)
CONTENTS
'.
'.
"
, ;.
I : ~.: .
.
.~
'"*'
. '-, ~.
EQUiTABLE DISTRiBUTION OF
. :,.
lRRI(;ATION WATER
... /:
'.,{
'.
.'
.
.' - M. Veilkata Reddy
9 .' .....FINANCIAL
INTEGRATED
,
MANAGEMENT,IN
RURAL. DEVELOPMENT
' B:L.Si:J!1
14
17
19
22
2-1-
IS
. Realising the importance of irrigation in developing our agricultural productivity; large amounts have
been spent on increasing the irrigation potential. The
total investment on irrigation development till the end
of Fifth Plan has bee'n Rs. 9,282 crores. As a result,
there has .been tremendous
13..; llOW
,:.. '
.I ductivity.
-increase
in
"the irrigation
~na
.... '
..
".'
!!INOLBCOPY IRe. 1
SUBSCRIPTION FOR ONE YEAR: Rs. 20
''-' - ~
...
'
,"
-~
. :- .:'.
"
.Equitable distribution
irrigation wat'
.'
In~tituiefor Social and Economic Change, Bangalorc
T", Jably
HE GROWTH
"
OF
agricultural production
is inexo-
Warabandi system
ARABA'NDI could be an appropriate and effective
, ,: 'system for obtaining' egalitarian distribution of
irrigation' benefits. It is nothing but rotational water.
,supply and is riot alien, to Indian fanner. The significance, however, lies in ensuring adequate, timely;and
dependable water supply to all the farmers irresp~c, tive of their farm location.
A systematic multi-disciplinary
to overc~me plausible hurdles
approach is essential
in
implementing
a
scientific method to achieve equity in available water
. utilisation.
".,
ani Research:
.I
'
THE:ture~uRP6sE
in adequate
February 1, 1982
higher .yield~_ A large percentage of famiers, especially those growing Maize (62%). Wheat (25%) and
Cotton (78%) gave greater number of irrigations thad
required and wasted valuable water.
Cultivators. who have given inad~quate n~mber. of
. irrigati<?TIsand excess nu~ber of irrigations .got invariably low yields when compared to those with optimum mi"mber .,?f irrigations.
In case of JGwar, .6 irri"';'
gations have' proved to be optimum while below and
above that has' resulted in low yields. Similarly. far-.
mers who gave 7_ irrigations for l\laizc, 8 for Wheat
. and 8 for Cotton obtaincd higher yields.
Excessive
------.---~--------% of
~ of
farmers
Yiellts
1 .
2"
I .3
3 -9
3
4
5
6
9.2
14.5
9.2
15 .8
. I .3
44.8
8
9
10+
--'--'
yield
No. of
farmers
2
29
. 26
21
96
174
Upto 2 .50
2.51-5.00
5.01-7.50
7.51-JO.00
10 'OJ-i-
Total
4.9
19.5
7.3
34 .1
7.3
12.2
1 .1
1.9
2.3 .
3.3
4.0
I .8
3.6
0.7
I .0
14-3
12.5
21.4
J4 .3
7.J
3.0
3-4
3.6
3 .8
4.0*
J4-7 .
4.2
25"0
3.J
7.4*
% of
farmers
Yields
4.3
I .0
-j.
4 .3
3.0
3.0
3.3*
78.4
3.2
-----------------------n
of irrigations:.
Awareness about
need for water
mallagemellt.
Yes
No
2
27
25
21
. 94
169
. (97.0)
Knowledge aboftt
Warabandi
Yes
2
24
2.1
J6
80
. 143
(82 '0)
2
1
2
5
(3.0)
No
5
5
5
16
31
(lS'O)
9
10
14'
38
71
(4J
(31)
(39)
(66)
(40)
.0)
2 (J00)
20 (69)
16 (61)
7 (33)
58 (60)
103
(59 .0)
~ty
.,'l'.
Cotton
TABLE 2 : Dis~ribution of farmers according to landholding size, knowledge and pre'fercnce for Warabandi
Note:
Wheat
--------_. - ---"-------% of
Yields
41
number
could
--_._----------;----_._---.
with opti~um
essentially,
Yields
farmers
T<;>talNo. of farmers
Note* :-Highest
2.0
2.1
5 .3
6.4
7.5*
5.0
6.0
7.2
byfar1l1ers,
Maize
-: No.- of Irrigations
irrigation
KURUKSHETRA
February
1: 1982
HIS
W','.
is increasingly. gaining i
bureauerats, technocrats and 'social
an effeetivetool for solving water distri'
blems in an outlet command. The system
pIe to. read but highly complicated to implem
field Iev.el successfully, as it involves a multi
nary approach.
ARABANDr
II
GAINST
THIS
BACKGROUND,
greater.
it is
imperative to
irrigation
efficiency ..
varying
degrees
af
M
, . lised problems
PROJECTS
KURUKS~TRA
February ], 1~~2
nients~' cross regulators,. drop :Struct,!"es, .gates; di.tribution boxes and 'mea~Uringdevices.
A sYSteD:!lIl.ic
and detailed 'survay of distribution network. is essential to decide the type of structures, their size; number
and appropriate spot for construction to avoid wasteful expenditure.
.
Improvements in distribution network involve huge
additional expenditure wbich did not find place in
original estimates. The. major problem is how to meet
additional expenditure:' Whether Cominand Area
Development Authority .or regular irrigation department?
A strong and dedicated administrative will and
political support is necessary to put the scheme on firm
footing.' Introduction of- Warabandi may mean additional staff and also intensive use of existing machinery.
Proper understanding and co-ordination between the
departments involved. is a prerequisite for. successful;
implementation 'of .the scheme. .
:&onomic and socIal inequalities in the society have
a dire~t bearing on water distribution. Influential
farmersiry fa' take undue share in availabie water and
alway~ ie~ist' for any change. They try to dissuade
those prefering this discipline. Farln1ng community as
a whole needs to be educated on fast changing community a~proach.
.
of Warabandi
. .Implementation
..
. '.
.HE.SfGNIFICANT.
FEATURE.inimplementing Wara~'
. . bandLis to take ..target group .(farmers). into con.
fidence. This. should prec;ede physical improvements
to distribution network. If the farmers. are. not educated properly, they may: d'amage. con~tructions and
misuse. the.)1!aterlal used for. structures and' s~ on.
Farmers' .faith .~dU~Sthl!;,(jcooperation.h~ip' in s~cc
cessful implementation of the scheme..
.
.
J:(URUKSHETRA February'1,
1982
earlier
.,
Conclusions
HE ABSENCEOF SYSTEMATIC
APPROACHto water
, " distribution problems in an outlet command leads
to wastage of water minimising per unit productivity,
, Farmers are gradually realising the ,importance
of
scientific water management. Successful implementa;tion of a new sysJem depends a great deal on appropriate, need-based approach. This is more so where
multidisciplinary problems are involved.
A detailed survey and thorOUgh examination ,of the
irrigation network should precede implementation of
Warabandi in order to identify technical and administrative problems. Adequate, dependable and timely
supply of water, which is the crux of Warabandi system, may not be possible without physical improve, ments in the existing distribution system.
Farmers should be taken into confidence by involvlngthem at each stage of implementing Warabandi.
Their faith and co-operation in the initial stages will
go a long way in popularising and practising the system. This, coupled with inter-and intra-departmental coordination involved in Warabandi , programme,
would help the scheme to achieve its desired objective of equitable water distlibution.,
In the absence of volumetric water use ,at field level,
Warabandi, if implemented in its true spirit and pers~
pective, would serve a's a useful device for attaining
equitable distribution of available irrigation water,
I'
"
'
KURUKSHETRA
February 1, 1982
Financial. 111anagement in
integrated rural. development
B. L. SAH
PROBLEM
OF
ECONOMIC
VIABILITY
Position of panchayats
N KUMAUN
HILL DISTRICTS of Uttar Pradesh the
. public property belonging' to the Gaon Sabha COnsists of some unmeasured tracts of land, which lie in
the village boundary and may be utilized for some
common purposes by the villagers with the prior permission of the officials of Revenue Department; i.e.,
Sources of mcome
MAJOR SOURCE OF
panchayat's income is
non~recurring grants. .It provides a flow of
Ill1111mUm
income to panchayats. The. non-official
.members.of village panchayats connected with Panohayati Raj feel that the panchayats should be given
a large share of land revenue or, alternatively, arghe
.that the function of collection of hind revenue should
be entrusted to the panchayats so that they may be
able. to augment their income by Collecting the commission for performing this task,
H~
Ju~e,
docentriilisiition niust
decenlrllU,.tion .'''
correspond
to, the
functional
HE
. Financial'decentralization
HE PROBLEM .OF ECONO~lIC yiability and
finan. cial'administration of the,Panchayati Raj institu- '
tions assumes a special significance in the context of
the responsibilities for promoting economic development which have been develoved' upon them.' .. I.pcal
self-governing bodies have always lagged behind for
want of adequate funds. With a few exceptions, the
financial position of -oUr local bodies, in general, is
hopeless, as of "iIiefficiency'; and "local body" have
become synonyinous terms.
Control over.finances
ONTROL OVER PANCHAYAT FINANCES refers to
. the cOlleCtion, preservation and distribution of
public funds, with the coordination of public expenditure and revenue.' In other words,. it is concerned
with the preparation of estimates of income and expenditure, the collection of revenue and co~tractmg of
loans appropriation of estimated revenue lUcome for
vario:rs .items of expenditure, the accounting of the
''''"chand, Gyan:
;KURUKS!J.ETRA' Febru~
,1,11982
Maintenance of funds
KURUKSHETRA
February
1, 1982
,T
Conclusion and
. suggestions .
OF POOR FINANCE
of panchayats
has been an important
factor that has hin-'
dered their
proper
aud' efficient functioning.
Of
course, hill viIIages are desperately
poor,
but the
poverty of most of thc panchayats is at least partially
seU-inflicted.
They have been given powers
to impqse taxes but they do not exercise the.m; taxes are
not collected.
Majority of the panchayats have failed
to' raise their annu~l income from thei-r. own" local reH~ PROBLEM
soUrces, tei the exle1it of meeting the routine office expenditure consisting of stationery, forms, audit fee, and
the like. Most of the panchayats in Kumaun have a
very low. income through which they cannot be cx-p.ecled to perform any.civic activity.
ITHOUT
SUFFICIENT
FINANCIAL
assistance
from
grants Jrom
the
received
by.them:.as grants-in-aid. The chances of misappropriation may be .ehecked through regular inspection,
vigilance and guidance by the field stal!, - and
through a system of regular audit. The report. on
Parrchayati Raj Finance has made a useful suggestion
in this regard as follows: "The form of panchayat
accounts should be simple and should indicate independently the normal recurring receipts on one side
'lOd the committed expenditure on the other. Special
grants~ 'contributions, its own matching ~ontributiori
and loans for development projects should be separ~tely shown on. the receipt side and -expenditure on
development works; either its own or of samiti, shoul~
be shown on the expenditure side.'''
I. Government
of India ; The Report .of the Study Team
UP THE ARTICLE,
a hypethesis is presented here that developmental - functions of
P.R. bodies are many wbile their finances are meagre
to fulfil their developmental functions. They have to
depend on grants from the State Goverriment for all
developmental activities. To that extent, the effective
control by local bodies over local.development is affected and little scope is left for decision-making or administrative improvement at the .Ioc.al level. If this
feeling develops, it would result in the progressive loss
of interes.t in area planning and local .development.
"In the new context of development, establisJm1ent of
a Panchayati Raj Finance Corporation. and Pancba-.
yati Raj Finance Commission -would iiitroduce much
UMMING
Oil
. 12
general
sources only.
/1
KURUKSHETRA
February 1, 1982
,-
B. SUBRAHMANYAM
teORDING
TO T~E LATEST" NEWS REPORTS the first
Indian Communication Satellite will be operational in 1982 and Jprovide Television Service to 15,300
villages spread over six states in the country.' As it
was during the Satellite Instructional Television Expt>riment, the programmes will be predominantly educational and the telecast will be for an hour in the evening every day. There will also be a morning telecast
of 45 minutes for children. While SITE was in' operation for an year, INSAT project will be fo~ a longer
period and' on a larger scale in terms of villages .that
are proposed to be covered.
Location
P.
of the
set
C.'.
Some problems
TELEVISION
SERVICES
(Cqlltd. on p. 16)
13
"
14
Febrmiry 1, 1982 ,
Problem of recoveries
OF LOANS has made the recycling of the limited funds o'f banks almost impossible and cons"quently; the profitability' of banks has
been eroded.
The Dantwala Committee on regional
rural banks had pointed ant the "laying down arbitrary
quota of credit for agricultnre
and putting pressure
on credit institutions to speed up the flow of credit
to agriculture is
exercise which may prove
self-.
defeating. , "," This observation
holds equally true
for advances under the DRI Scheme. Further,
the
scheme does not provide for any kind of subsidy
to
bear the loss, Sometime back a working group on
D,R,L .had recommended a subsidy 0(4 to 6 percent
but the Government did not accept the proposal.
HE
POOR
RECOVERY
an
The Kamath. Working Group on Multi-Agency Approach to Financing to Agriculture had recommended a
thorough review of the working of the DRI Scheme,
Somehow, no action has been take~ on thi$ !in any
substantial manner.
It is time that the whole concept
of the DRI Scheme is now reconsidered and rehashed,
When the' rate of interest for other sectors of the
economy has been m"oving in upwar.d direction, there
, is no reason why it should remain at a low figure of 4
per cent under the scheme.
Tlie m!,jor justification
in sueh, thinking is that the weaker, sections are getting
all kinds of facilities and therefore, they could be treated at par in so far as the rate. of interest- on advances'
by banking institutions is concerned.
After all, banks
have to create their viability.
The low rate of'interest
on loans also makes the client, in-esponsible in the
use of credit and in its repayment.
When advances
are not, recovered it creat.e~ a dampening effect on
other borrowers who arc hom;st in their dealings,
Recently the Maharashtra
and Tamil Naclu Govern-ments intended to write off the overdues against the
agriculturists though the decision had absolutely
no
justification whatsoever, Such actions vitiate th~ credit
climate and encourage financial indiscipline .in
all
governments.
Indiscriminate
writing off .of the overdues which amount to around Rs, 900 'crores at present for the whole country would 'c.ntai] further bUT- ,
dens on the resources. of the Centre
and the States
themselves will have to resort to more
overdrafts
f;om the Reserve Bank to compensate for the 'loss.
KURUKSHETRA
February
1, 1982
So far there
IS
no recovery
reporting
system
under the DRI Scheme.
The Scheme could have, been,
successful if there was a machinery. to- ensure
the
end-use of, credit granted as also the
recovery
of
loans.
Unless something
is done in this ,direction
on an enduring basis, the DR1 Scheme will continue
to remain a white elephant for the banking sector.
. Time has therefore come to evaluate if the scheme.
lias really helped the beneficiaries
in settling down
, for productive
activity,
No one disputes thai poorshould be helped in all possible ways but to fritter
away our scarce capital fe.sources when the outcome
is zero, is not sound economics.
Some constraints
T HAS
the
and practical
problems
as follows :
1
While it is easy to alter a policy it is more difficult to change
certain
conceptual
beliefs ,like.
'security' and 'profitability'
which have been tra.
ditionally held to be very sacred prinCiples of commercial bank lending,
Changing them in favour
of 'certain other 'unorthodox
and economically and
socially more relevant concepts requires concerted
effort on the pari of economic policy makers.
2
While the, traditional' concept of 'security'
can
be easily implemented,
it is more difficult, to assess
the productivity
and so.cial importance
of a loan
application .. '
15
4
Diversion of larger credit to the priority sectors
may put the traditional sectors of bank-financing'
. to undue ~ardship by den~ing them finan~~which
they genumely need: It IS therefore n'Etessary
.that there should be timely assessment of creditabsorption capacity of .the' priority sectors so that
credit granted to. them does not remain idle.
6
The spread of the loans under the scheme has
not been even. There are complaints that before
getting loans, the poor borrowers have to spe.nd
money, approach many persons and pay a little
umount as bribe too. Apart from this, the middlemen usually take the liori's share out of the loan .
All the aforesaid difficulties and defects need to
be removed so that the DRI Scheme serves th~
right purpose in its right spirit.
"
The last and most important is the operator/custodian of the television set in the village. Whoever happens to be the operator/custodian of the set 'virtually .
becomes the 'Gatekeeper' for the entire communica- . tion process. So it should be ensured that this Gatekeeper does not become an autocrat. A responsible
person .who is answerable to the community/authorities should be apponited as operator/custodian. Monetary incentive may even be provided for the additional
responsibility. Before assigning the responsibility, it
should be asceItained that the person lives in the village. Otherwise there is 'every likelihood of the responsibility being delegated to some unauthorised person
leading' to several problems like irregular operation,
mishandling etc. which do not help fultil the objectives.
of the project Some of the school teachers who were
nominated as operators/custodians during SITE were
residents of neighbouring villages. This rendered the'
operation of the sets irregular. As in the case of selecting the place for instaUation, selection of operator will
also deserve utmost care. Operators should be appointed after assessing the situation thoroughly.
KURUKSHETRA
February 1, 1982
T .unemployment
HE
MAIN
REASON
February I, ]982
NUMBER
. Encouraging entrepreneurship
DOES
NOT
Small factorics, using up-todate machines and modern tcchniques are ideal for
rural industrialisation
HE
NEED
in the
rural areas. -
Remoulding technology
employment opportunities
of these industri~s to gene-
T'O MAXIMISE
is
of
'
(Con/d,
Oil
p. 21)
. - ~,~..
'.
,.
.,...-,
"
-- ..
~.
J ,
..
'
,.
"
..
...~~.
':
: -:
, c.
'/
Sel1ing familyjjhiQning
. K. K. SUNDARAM, R, DlLj.NDAP~
and
,
',N. "NARAYANASWAMY
"
. i
'T' HREE-FOURTf!.ot
lndia's.
.villages. Unfortunately~
,population, live in
the ,illiterate, rural
ma.sses, are full of. superstitions and orthodoxical no)ions .and .theories. .They. are not .-prepared to limit
their families for various fallacies,. for instance, more
"number of-hands in family' 'resuit in 'more income and
so '6n: The case' with the tribes is still, more 'worse
'liS they' are placed .usually' away from the civilised, in
'foreskand' hills., One sutn "tribal community is taken
~Up"for 'a"detailed' study ttl understand their population
'outlook and the" stuay: cenltes on one of the largest
'ttibal'cohlmtmities' in'th~ Smith viz. the Paniyatribes,
The
case of paniya
tribes
~
_.
~,
'T'
~'"
'HE ,ESTIMATEDPOPULATION'of Pal1iya Tribes is
'arounel 50,000 and they are scattered over. three
'States:":"'Kel'ala, Karnatak1t and Tamilnadu: Paniyas
'h~ve' stdlQiJg'siIriililrities"with 'African negroes in .their
.physique, "colour, hair and 'lips ~andhence known' as
the Negroes: of India," ,
.
~."I~
~,,~'
..
l"
..
,
inost backward 'tribal; ~6nni1Unity,
I, N"THIS
is there an awareness it! existence about lamil]'
LARGE,
__
-,
~i,~,'
'
>
_''''
'19
I:~~
'
TRIBAL POPULATION
under study is dominated by females with 104 females for every hundred males. While the two-third of the population is
less than, 15 years, more than half of them are in' the
age-group of 15 to 50 years. In other words' the
tfibal popuhition is obviously very young. ' (Eligible
couple refers to the married women in the age-group
of 15 to 49 year~). As the ,age distribution of eligible
couple is useful to assess the fertility performance,
the study analysed its distribution. A little less
than of them are found in 15-29 age-group and surprisinglyone-third
of them' belong to the later agegroup of 40 and above. The age-distribution of the '
,eligible couple seems to be favourable for a higher
rate of fertility.
'
'
HE
AT MARRIAGE
>'
ARlOUS METHO?S
of family planning, the .sources of mformation, the: knowledge about mcentives, attitude towards family planning and the reasons for such an attitude as perceived by the Paniyas
deserve a detailed study. It is significant to note that
95 percent of the couples interviewed are fully
aware of vasectomy-the male sterilisation and this
may possibly be. due to the influence of Government's.
accentuated efforts to popularise practice of family
planning. methods.
Similarly the tubectomy-the
female sterilisation is well known to a little above
half of them. On the contmry, knowledge about
Intra-Uterine Device (Female loop) is woefully inadequate and poor. Surprisingly, a small number oE
couples know about 'condom' and nine-tenth of them
are aware of 'abstinence.' As regards the source,
roughly eight-tenth of the respondents (either spontaneously or after !probing) dedured that they came
to know about family planning programme method
through friends and relatives. A bit above one-fourth
of them traced their source of information to. family
planning personnel.
The attitudinal aspect of the study indudedqueslions to ascertain the. tribes' attitude towards' family
(Contd. tram
p.
Conclusion
CCEPTANCE
AND
practice of family planning
. by the eligible couples .qepends to a very larg'i
extent on their .awareness, and knowledge regarding
fawly planning methods, availability of sefvIces and 1l
favourable a'ttitude towards family planning practices.
As majority of the Paniyas under study do not possess
any attitude towards family planning programme,
there is a. wider scope for the programme' implementers to create interest in the programme by utilising
appropriate strategies like
non-formal education,
mass-media personal contact etc.
18) .
There is also an urgent need for continued improvement in the technology of the production of village
industries .and in the skill of the village artisa!!s. Here
again the' Government have to playa positive role. by
laying down the policy framework for research organizations and for providing adequate. assistance to the
research institutes engaged in research for the promo.tion. of viIiage industries.
.
Conclusion
improve our economy is to
W utilise our wasted toresources
properly and fully
HAT
WE REQUIRE
for which' labour-oriented rural industries need concessions and not capiial-oriented industries: The Govern.~ent should stop giving more concessions to the
2t
..
. \1"
..
Book
review
,
.
'.
BADARALAM
., .
..
. IQBAL
,
,
"
'.
'
. .n;i
,b90k',under r~~,e'Y90!ltii\l; six ch~pte~ : ,int~oduction, land, and as~ets, the agricultural transformation, ,the, ~cale_factor prices, wages, and: copsumption .
patterns and rural changes in Tamil Nadu; .. an interpretation as well as a~ 'index. J The center-piece of'
this small book is to highlight the transformation ,of
rural. economy of Tamil Nadu which includes the
changes that 'have taken p1'ace since 1950 upto 1975.
. The author (Prof.) Co.T. Kurien,. the Director of.
the 'Institute. of Development Studies, . Madras; has'
aimed
a systematic study. combining. both. empiri..
cal .and ..theoritical. approaches to. identify tlie, generalisatiOlI ;:egarding .rural transformation.
which has
emerged.'as.a new concept. CQyering.theperio& from
1950 to' 1975, i.e. a span of 25 years of planned economic' _development, -the 'book' attempts. to. make an analytical 'study, of .( 1) , the changes in land oW)lership'
in a period of radical reforin, '(2) the impact of,the,
. 'pumpset' and the green. revolution on .agricultural
modes and on the distribution, of assets. in .the T)Jral.
economy; (3) wages,.employment and, cpnsnrilption
patterns; and (4). the .role"of State Policy,in enlrancing'
output and bringing about institutional changes, in the
basic structure of the rural economy of Tainil Nadu.
aL
).
22
vlty.
Added to this, seven,major crops' ohhc State'
Irave also been examined at the state level as well as
.at the district. levels.
This chapte; is the backbone
of the whole study, worth reading, intcresting and
attempts to highlight some revealing facts about. the
rural economy of Tamil Nadu.
HE IMPACTOF fhescale factor on the agricultural
process is the subject-matter of Chapter IV,
which has been divided into two parts. The first
pari deals with. information available at the state
level whereas the'latter points out the findings of the
farm management studies in Thanjavoor and Coimbatore districts in relation to the, scal~ factor. Howcver,
the author admits that a major constraint in conducting
the study has been the scarcity of con:sistent information on the scale factor at different points of twe, this
, is why he has made use of whatever information is
available and has shown the impact of the scale of
operation on production process, on the nature and
consequences of the rural tmnsforrnation,
One of
the most' important findings is that the agricultural
operations are fairly uniform among the size groups,
but they differ in terms of the utilisation of the basic
factors owned labour and owned land.
This chapter
is also' an' extensi~n of the subject matter discussed
in Chapter III.
The main
findings of this endeavour are (a) 'the difference between retaU 'and farm prices docs not arise from. varia-
tions in produdion, (b) as against a more than doubling of money wag~s in most instances, rea~ wages
from 1951 to 1974 have not bmy declined in the
case of all categories, but have come down rather
substantially, (c) non-~dults of all categories show
better performance over time than adults, both men
. and women, (d) the women among field labourers
are slightly better off then the men, (e) women among
herdsmen and among other agricultural labourers did
not fare as well as the men in these categories though
the number under this category is very small (f) tjle
reduction .seen in the concentration ratios must also
be taken to be deceptive, and (g) the real' expendi. ture of the richer section has increased and the disparities in consumption pattern ha.ve also gone up.
Then, in the last 'chapter, a resume cif the findings
of' the study has been presented. . One 'of the 'most
KURUKSHETRA
February 1, 1982
wherein
major
23
They'show
There is hardly all orglllnent over the fact that dedicatioll and zeal to put in hard
work can aehie,'c anything.
to others!
WOe hope our esteemed readers will: send liS theit awn experiences ill thJ
field so that oihers can bellefit by them to Itsher ill a better life .for 0111'rural
people. (EOlTOR)
I Centrally
NTEGRATED RURAL
activities.
Minor'lrrigation
(purchase ofoil'e~gine)
fetched
the loan amount of Rs. 85,000. Rs. 81,000 were
. loaned 'for agricultural .activities such as purchase of
power sp~ayer, bullock cart, tyre cart and p1?ugh
bullocks. Rural artisans such as' polters, tallors,
handloom -weavers and fishermen received Rs. 21,000
for improving their petty business activities .
./'
24
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P.O.,
KURUKSHETRA
Tiruchira/!alli
February I, 1982.
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MSS MEDIA IN INDIA 1979.80
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