'I

The Income Tax Department has launched an intensive campaign against black marketccrs to counter tax evasion in the country.

The new 20-point progranln1e :

Fight against black money
The Government will intensify its action against anti-social elements like
speculators, hoarders, black-marketeers as well as smugglers. The administration of various administrative as well as legislative measures such as the Essential
Commodities Act, the Prevention of Black-marketing and Maintenance of Essential Supplies Act, etc. will be tightened. Tax administration will be tightened
to curb tax avoidance and tax evasion and the use of unaccounted funds.

Strict action is being taken against. anti.sociaJ

involved in unscrupulous activities, .

elements

)
(

Editorial

urukshetra
,

Jourmilof rural development)

CONTENTS
WANTED:
,~

.,,~
-

.
y'. ",,~".

A NEW BRAND OF RURAL

! '.
MANAGERS
M. B. Rao

IMPORTANCE

. ,

.<,

OF PANCHAYATS IN IRD
Bhuwan Lal Sail,

, ROLE OF WOMEN'IN RURAL ECONOMY

" _Dinesh Kumar and A. K. Siilgh
.

15

HOW 'LAB TO LAND' PROGRAMME IS

. HELPING THE FARMERS
I. C" Patel and P. P.' Patel

'17,

PLIGHT OF HAi"lDLOOMS : A STUDY

A. K. Rajuladevi
THEY SHOW THE WAY ...

, .23

EDITOR
. RATNA

JUNEJA

ASSTT. EDITOR
N. N.

SHARMA

SUB.EDITOR
G.

PARAMJEET

-.,,

BusiNESS

SINGH

MANAGER
S:

L.

JAISWAL

,
ASSTT. DIRECTOR

(PRODUCTION)
, K. 'R. KRISHNAN

. COVER
JIVAN

ADALJA

,
. EnquirIes .regarding Subscriptions, .\.gencies, etc.,
"Business Manager, Pobiica~i~n~- Di.vhion,.
Patinla Honsc, New Deihi-l10001
-rei: '387983
Editorial

andhiji's
con.ccption of an ideal village was
such as "(0 lend itself to perfect sanitation,
its cottagcs should have sufficient light and ventilation,
they would be built of local materials,
its lanes and
stleets sbould be free of dust: It should bave wells
ac~ording to needs and acc.:css! houses of 'wol~ship for
all, common meeting place, a village common for grazil.lg, _ a cooperative
dairy, primary
a'nd secondary
schools in which indust,.ia! education will be the ccntral factors and its own panchayat for settling disputes.
Thirty-five years after indepcndenee and forty-five years
after Gandhiji's visualisation" of: ,~n' ideal village, the
ideal village still .remains a drc,lm.
Unemployment,
poverty, i"ns.ccurity and inability'still haunt a large perceniage of our village people.
This is so "'hen plan
after plan, year after yea,., our 'declared' objective has
been the ameliorp.tion of the .1qt of th~ rural masses.

Office: Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi~110001

Telephooes:

384888 & 382406

. Editor's

RC.'iidcilce: 615920

"Vhy is it so? 'Vv',{s"'

sOlncthing wf"ong with.' our plans,
Or -,'with' their execution,
or with those' \Vho executed
these plans, or people fa,. whom these plans werc
meant?
The answer perhaps is that while ,ve adopted Gandhiji's ideals as our objective, we for,,;ke his
means and mcthods to
achieve
his ,ideals.'
We
approached tbe villagers as outsiders, willing to adv!sc
and provide
whatever
assistance
we could.
We
advised, helped and left them alone to look after
themselves.
We were content.
We tbought
we
understood them, their problems and. had given them
the required solution .
This is exactly where our failure Ii;;s. 'When Gandhiji
spoke of villages he spoke as a villager.
He understood their agony as if it was ,hi~ own agony. ,Their
hunger
and.' poverty.
brol1ght~ tears inchis 'eyes.
Their. suffering Was always' u't,permost ..in his mini!.
AU'~his pians" for' villages,. his dreams. at: ail:ideaI
village. were ,b-orn~~out .qf :thisur1derslanding~ -1~hc
:
~..
. \
. . .
'people acc~p!cd hitn. as. ono of ~l~emw~lOse .sincc:ret)';
. devoti(}(l and rledicat'ioll t'o their cause was unchallenged: He bocm"e' their
Messi,ih . who could have
fransformed. the.:\vh61c. COUiltty: ~:.Do-\ve have even
'one-hundredth
of- Gandhiji's dedication and devotion
--for'tbe 'rUral masses? -,His: dreaillof
an-ideal viiJage
can be realised'only
\vhell we Iia,ve a band 'of devoted
;'vorkers totally dcdkatGd .ti,- tlie: cause' of ',rural'
masses.
.,,".

...
~..
. );;.

~Tn tJ1i~~i~~~ie.'~v.e'carry <l-11igI;t!y infcrn)ative

.~he, ~eecl;.(0:r..3: brand :ot.rur~l: 'I)lanagers.
~urpc~~
o.m: .readers will fino 'it. usefuL

article on
We arc

'Kun.,kshetra" wishes its readers A Happy New Year

,SUBSCRIPTION

SINGLE COPY: Re. ~

FOR ONE YEAR: Rs. 20

Wanted :'a new bran'

of, rural managep~
,

p~

THE ESTABLISHMENT
of the Institute of
Rural Management, Anand (IRMA) in 1979
at Anand in the Kaifa Disti-ict of Gujarat, a new
discipline in the' realm of management has emerged.
IRMA was born out of the conviction that all-romid
and sustained development' requires specialised
managerial power for producers' organisations, which
are crucial for the development of rural economy.
The Institute generates
appropriate
managerial
resources through management education and training,
\yell as research and consultancy activit~cs.
..

ITH

as

Asia in general, and India in" particular,.

is

pre-

dominated by rural sector. In India, 80 per cent of

the population' are still living in rural' areas. ,The
development planners of this country have planned
and executed many a programme to benefit this major
and so' far deprived portion of the society. However,
barring a few exceptions, these programmes could not
'achieve the targeted results" Of late the development
planners, the bureaucracy, and the development
administratorS started re-evalnating these programmes
.in order to develop a new strategy of formulation and
exeCution which it is hoped, will achieve the desired
results. In the process, many people involved in these
fonnulations and executions felt, that a separate and

undertakings and Government offices attract only ,a

minor percentage of these managers. The few "who
seek employment in the public enterprises are thm;e
who could not make' it to 'the private sector enter-,
prises. Thus, Ior aU practical purposes, the contribution of these institutes to the manpower requirements
of rural' enterprises is meagre.

A section of the development, planners in the.

conntry now, therefore, strongly' feels, the need fora
bunch of "rur~1 managers" who shall serve the interestS of India's primary sector. Talking of Rural
Management implies a contrast with "urban management" or "industrial management". Although, the
rural manager and his urban counterpart are' essentiall)' managers, 'Some clear-cut differences exist in the
tasks, responsibilities and practices that they have ,to
adopt.
" Before dIscussing .the distinguishing cha'racteristics
of the rur'al managers ii, greater detail, it may be Z
'useful to take a look at the Indian rurar scene in f
general and its agricultnral practices in particuhl',

scanning the nation's, rural development

poJic-ies,
strategies,
its . developmental.
progmmnles, - theirl
;'
~
.

implementation, and evaluation. -

distin~t manpower trained in professional management

will better meet the challenge of rural development.. It

was in this context that the term "Rural Management" _
was coined.
The ~existing ins"titutes of management in our. country

are not able to produce the 'required number of'

managers to fulfil the needs of the country. On the
other, hand, a majority of the managerS produced in
these institutes are attracted towards the private sector
because of better service conditions. Public sector
4

Consultant, .Institute of Runil ~a~agcment,

'
c

t Indian rural seen

,

of Gandhiji's conception was

such as "to lend itself to perfect sanitation, its
IDEAL

VILLAGE

cottages shonld have sufficient, light, and' venlilation,

they would be' built of local materials, its' lanes and
streets should be free of dust: It should have. wells
according to needs and access, houses of ;worship fO,f
all, common meeting place, a viillage common Jor
grazing, a 'cooperative

dairy, primary and secondary

KURUKSHETRA Jannary I, 1983

eh industrial education' will be the

and its own pallchayat for settling dismodel village will' have its OWn water
ring clean water supply and a compulsory
village guards" .. (Harijan, January 9, 1937)"
UGH GANDHlJI expressed his
concept of an
cal village about four decades ago arid our deve'nt plans have ever since been designed to realise
ealse w~ are yet far from the vicinity of an ideal
dg~. . The' unemployment,' poverly, starvation,
ecurity and instability of our villages have increased
o an alarming extent. The burning task before any
responsible Indian citizen now is to .provide all the
ral people~ wiih an' \income-generilting' adivity bywhich they cari cOrne out of the poverty line. The'
unemployment problem does not emerge from the deep
seated 'structural characteristics of the less developed
..societies as such. "The employment problem is a
irect result o( the. stru-ctural characteristics' of the.
,modem sector and its encroachrr;ent on other sectors

in these'societies".

. In the initial three five-year plans of. our country,

for example, the planners were more conscious about
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) , wIDch could not
solve the 'problems of Indian maSses. In the rater'
plans, therefore, the planners' approach was' towards
more and more employment opportunities. Btlt even
this appmach has failed ia"yield the results they aimed
at. Some of the reasons 'for the failure may be stated
as follows :
I "
-

,.'

."

1,.The

dystruction of traditional non~agricultural

.occupations and crafts in these societies.
2 .. The general package of "modernisation" import-

ed from ihe' metropolitan centres of the world to

which the elite of these societies. have become cap,tlve... This has induced value preferences in" favour
.. of~ rapid industrialization, .. gro;'i'ing urbanisat~on,
"social mobilization" .and an educational.

of which led to the growth' ofa

new urban middle class whose rise 'to power owes
itsel{ to its proximity to colonial and posH:olonhil
bureaucratic ~ntres within these societies 'alid to
metropolitan centres abroad.

.3 .. A development -mndcJ which assumed unemployment .to be only a 'symptom of economic underdevelopment and hence capable of being Wiped out
as econot11ic gro\\1h proceedCd, which as a matter
. "of policy ,allowed the gro\\'th of unemploymeut and
a" low rate of lmman participatioTl to increase "in
L R~jniKothari: "The -.Political Eco.~omy ol:Emplo~vment,
- Process in -,Developing- Countrj.es.. Vol: IT; Bogot.a! Ford .
Foundation, 1973.
$"

KlJRUKSHETRA' January 1, 1983

.?::---.

4. A narrow economic approach to economic plano'

ning which thought of progress in terms of the growth
of national aggregates instead of a' socio-political
approach aimed at the advancement of specific
. social groups and region"s and a consequent narrowing of disparities so that aggregate growth rates became a function of the development of natural and
human resources where' these were located in
abundance.
5. Other clo-sely related policies, e.g. in respect of
educational expansion, which has' resulted in a siphoning off of skilled personnel from rural areas,
.a growing lag between educational attainment and
employment prospects in the urban .areas, and a
situation iu which while development jobs remain
vacant in the rural seCtor there is growing tlnem- .
pioyment in the cities, especially among the edu-'
cated youth.
"
Thus it is clear. that our approach to 'and perception
of rural India ,is not what it should be. And we
do not have a mechanism by which we' can perceive
the realities of rural India when time demands them~
All these years the approach has mostly been postmortem analysis. The planners of otlr country, based
on some assumptions, have' given certain guidelin~s
'and Strategies which they thought would yield the re"
suits they'de"sired. There was nobody to question
their assumptions and establish their validity. This
question arose only when the output. of those. p~ans
" turned out to be disappointing. As a result of this the'
rural se.otor has become economically and culturally
~t~'gna~t.

.'

1 ~;-

develop-

ment process-all

the short run", WIDchencouraged an uneven distribution of incomes, again as a matter of policy. This
model prescribed concentration of investment ,on
sectors where employment lagged behind growth~
at the cost of rural areas where the greater part
of the population lived and must find work for aliving.

A. activity. for HAS

India!!s.

the traditional. economic.

. Even today, 70 per cent
of the people are dependent on agriculture for their
livelihqod.. Owing to the dependency of such a great'
majority. of its people on agriculture, tlle Go.ve~nment
of'India has made various efforts to improve the
~~thods employed for agri~uitural operati.ons, produ'~
tivity of the crops, 'land under the effective usage and
. the. marketing of agricultural produce. .Despite these
planned efforts, the Indian farmer still suffers 'from
severe scarcity" of Teso;'rce., inability to use available
GRICUL TURE

resource!; effectively,
Sevc'ral programmes

BEE"

poor marketing, facilities;

etc.
were undertaken,
innovations

were introduced and 'experimental or pilot. projects"

were launcned in' the past. to achieve rural
5

midst of a rural' cultnre, so programmes

rur:ll culture adv,intageously can contribu
tural .growth.'"

development andt~ modemise our villages. The more

w~li-known among 'them were the Marta)ldolll Project
(1921)," Rural Reconstruction Project in Baroda
(1932), Firka Development Scheme in Madras
(1946), ,Etawah Pilot Project in Uttar Pradesh
(1948), CDI' (1952), Intensive Agricultural Developmcnt Prog~amme (1960-61) and projects, such as
the'SFDA, CAD, DPAP, MFAL and IRD.

How R,D. has fared

HE

The activities of the Union Ministry of Agriculture

and Irrigation have been oriented towards achievement of a rapid devclopment of agriculture and ameli.oration of the lot of weaker sections of the agricultural community. A very high priority \vas 'aecorded
to agriculture in our five-year plans.' Apart from
them, substantial iiwestments have also been made in
various infrasfrucfural. faciiities to s~pport agricultural
production.
Evaluation

of programmes

members".

*"

The

development of agriculture involves innovative behaviour and 'an array' of new, functions. It implies
new' responsibilities in response to the cha'nging situations. Thc past cannot be a ready guide; we do not
llav" thc requisite' clarity of the functio'ns' involved.
Without an effeCtive evaluation, therefore, it may not
be possible for a"n administrative agency to perform"
its vital"rnanageri~il functio'ns of" pla~ning,
controlpng "arid directing "lIs' administrative

organising,
apparatus.

Evaluation could be considered os step in programme phinning (identification of the problems. objectives. organization, implerrienfation; ~lnd evalu"ation)
where it could belp in. restatingof objectives.'
Thus the evaluation of ;t1ie agricultural programmes
is vital at this juncture to see whether' they have
achieved the results. which they were- expected to. Before- we cval.u;ltc these programmes let's examine, the

assumptions on which these programmes resf.' The

basic" philosophy of all these programme-s is making
the people involved in the process of development.
The people's

participation

assumotions 'such
agricultural"

as'

0)

development

is based

of

on a number

involvement of 'people 1'n

orogrammeS

el;surcs

in-

creased 'al!rieultural production and (ii) tbe!ocalrura1

instit~tjons (the panchavati raD would give the
villaQcrs tIle ability
decisions.4

take

10

economic

and

social

"

And

(a) The agrarian structure was steeped with in, equality and the interests of the !andlord, the tenant
and the landless agricultural labour did not coincide.
The ~Hage was not a community. (b) A group
of vested interests in every village tended' to corner the benefits that accrued to villages. (e)
Rural organizationsjinstitutipns
became mechanisms,
where demands on central planning process could be
made and concessions extracted. But these conce~;sions went to those who 'demanded them and not to
those:who needed them and (d) agap exists between
the pro~amme planners and proi:;ramme implementors.
So because of wrong assumptions and communiciltion gaps, most of the development a'clivities, with a
few exceptions, resulted in failure. Now it is also
felt and proved beyond doubt that the involvement {)f
the people in economic activities is ill> essential factor
for any successful rural development project. And
people would be involved if and only if they perceive
_the benefits aec~ling out' of 'this ,involvement. Other\vise, n~rql Qrga,nizations ~lave no ll1,?aning for them.
TJi"is" ,conclusioJ).gave rise to new strategies of. de"e~
lopment and, a . differe!)t administrative machini:ry
specially !rained in planning 'aild managing of projects
emerged. Before we discuss these new strategies and
manpower development, let's examine a few facts about
the Indian Agriculture. These are:
' ~.

(i) We have -t~eme~dous amount of eapilal

resource. land. which has not been prope-rlv
exploited. "
. "
, ./
(ii) Average land holdings in India'are small.
'

..

(iii) Traditional agriculture is subsistence farming.

.

skewed.

"

and politicisation",ll

. (iv) .Lind oWliership of cultivable lands is hig)11y

But in fact it is observed that "most farmers every"

where are substaptially influenced by people among
wbom 'they live; they are affected by local tradition~
and values even in a highly commercial' agriculture.
Agriculture.
cannot move away from
its setting
in the
.
.
*F.e, caro .(Ed.), Readings qf Evaluation Research, Russel.
Sage Foundation, 1971.

did rcce

the various rural development programmesjorganis'

tions that, were planned and, implemented failed b)
and large to achieve the objectives. ,Scme of the fac,.
tors contributing to this failure may be :

has been taking increas-

-of community

ADMINISTRATORS

zation, democratisation

ing importance in recent times. "Adequate assessment

, of existing and innovative programmes can be a vital
force in directing, social change and improving the'
Jives and environment

DEVELOPMENT

that "in' a developing economy, it is neeessa'

provide a total view of life not merely in te
input'output nexus but in a positive way of mod

";

(v) SubsistenceJarming is highly labour oriented.

(vi} Investments in inputs like fertilisers etc. are
. m'lfgina1. '
(vii) The subsistence farmer living as he is from
hand to .mouth is not in a position to take
risks.
'"
,KURUKSHETRA

January 1, 1983

i
',>{'

--(viii) Rural produccrs .in India operatc undcr.

highly variatcd. condition, both geographical
and climatic. Addcd are .the diversc sociocultural attitudes,. which will obtain for
decades to come.
(ix) In subsistence farming/economy
evcry
farmcr trics to grow thc basic food crop of
the "area.

(x) There is no well developed processing industry 10 enablc the country to get maximum
returns out of agricultura~ production. (xi) Rnral producers cannot operate in isolated/
insulated villages.. ' They havcto be integrated with the national markets for inputs
..
as well as for sales.
(xii) The bargaining power of the farmer is very
weak.
~
(xiii) 'Seasonal and annual variations due to uncontrollable factors pose severalchallcnges
for handling, storage, transportation, processing; distribution and marketi.ng of. agricultural pro::uce.
(xiv) 'Compe,tition in agriculture arid agro-based iridustries in international markets (as it has

tions Fadod suci, as modern technology, quality con- :

tr'ol ~~nd- effIcie;,t .mal;agement have given tiiem ihe
strength to slabilise 'in business. In these organi~ations
"considerable planning nnder .controllable policy and.
matket environment is called for. The responsibility
fo'r .effective operation of the intermediary parts of the.
system 'cannot be left entirely to private and public
trade and to government policies. They have to' -be
constrained by providing strong and well established
alternatives to both the producer and the consumer","
But India being a. vast land with highly different ge()graphical, political, cultural. and climatic conditions
no. uniform. system would possibly work. successfully
everywhere.. This necessitates development of person-.
nel who will be capable of such adaptive systems. .,

S.

resear~hers in various fields have trie.d

to probe and pomt. out the myths and superstition of rural India .. But very few have done the difficult task' of living and working with the rural poor to'
experience ,their needs, identify the resources and corne
out with action plans which benefit them. The researches done by 'soeiologists are often a battle of wits'
rather than serious and useful thinking. The university
education on the subjects pertaining to rural India is
used more for the sake of presenting it in the examina. to be in grains, cotton, milk, jute, sugar, oiltions to 'obt'ain a degree or to make people scared of
seeds and fisheries) has not. developed effithose areas rather than firing the'imagination of indivicient links for the rural producer besides indual for serious 'thinking and developing commifinent
creasing their productivity.
at'the core of their hearts. The research work done by
some of the' hard~eore economists who had their 'eduThat is the scenario of Indian Agriculture.
cation in Cities could not give any workable .solutions
and it is'lying in the libraries;,f wen-built univ()rsity
What needs to be done
buildings: 'Any iheoretieal work which has no praeti's 'AN INSUL of to starving people to offer them
_cal relevance or significance has no i!l1portanee other.
.
ieligion; it is an"insul(tO',a starving man to teach _
than archaeological storage .. Pursuing such impraCtihim metaphysics", said Swami Vivek.ananda.7
'Yes,
cal studies of ~ru~al India is not orily misusing and
we need action 'plans which can generate an economy
wasting public funds but is also an insult to the poor
that can meet the necds of the starving man on the
masses living in those. ar~as.
road sides of our cities and the 'farnier who works
But these research scholars and scientists .eahnot bc
hard o~ an empty .stomach; an' economy which will
blamed.
The nature of their living environment and
stop the ever-growing migration 'of the rural poor to
the
quality
of university' education they received <iia
the cities (see Appendix A). The avowed. rural bias
not mve them the chance to seriously think' about the
'in our plans seeins to be scaring off the villagers to
problems of their counterparts living in poverty and
urban areas.
frustration. Moreover, most of these peeple lack a
\ We need to develop in the rural areas a system of
managerial thinking when they study humaii beha-'
economic activities which will enable' the inhabitants
vionr, economics, ~odology etc. Pe-ople .with fl manato be involved in tIte functioning and management of
gerial. bent rarely go to these areas. But those who
st;(ch ."activities. Utopian, is it? Well, such activities
have done so have come out successfully with action
are not altogether new. Several of the products we
plans which benefited a large number of people. Take
consume day-te-day arc from organisations completely
for instance the sman band of dedicated men who'
owned by the producers themselveS. These ilrganisa'were behind the evolution of the nqw-popular. Anand
Ii'ons contribute significantly to the. efficient and. resPattern, which, ;"ith its proven efficacy is being repliponsible furietioning ef economy. Beth producers and
cated throughout the country .under Operation Hood.
'eonsumers respond with the first-hand 'understanding
We arc a heterogeneous nation with different lanof the di~cip1ine,imposed by each on the other."
guages, religions, castes. and. oeeup~lioniil groups.
Many faeters have . contributed to' the .planning,
There. is a tremendous amount of variation in econo.,- development and suste~anee of such large ergiinisamic status among individuals. There is vast. diversity

"Ir

0' 'FAR THE

KURUKSHETRA

January 1, 1983

iIi eUstoniS~habits etc. withiljand

ij<:r6ss the ciste
groups. All these things have been part of our life
over centuries. Arid we have been trying to change
this culture and reduce its variety by teaching or educa'ting the people about the weaknesses of the existing system. In spite of these efforts, the process of
change.has been slow. And only in the recent past have
the people started questioning thiS kind of approach.
In .the process of systems transitio~' there are likely to
be systems barriers. Thus any approach we are going
to adopt for this systems transition should be powerful
enough to suppress the systems barriers. The experience in milk cooperatives, inspitc of all the criticisms on them, proved that economic development
leads to cultural advancement also. 'Taking socia-economic and political conditions existing at a point in
tiltle to be a single system, it is likely that any charige
in one factor shall lead .to cllanges in other factors too,
since they are continuously interacting and irifluencing each other. Thus iustead of trying to change the
culture of people by the so-ca:Ilo:lsocial objectives, if
by some means we effect a ch~nge in the- economic
livcs of these' peeple it will automatically lead to
cllange in .the social and political lives too.
Gur focus must, therefore, be on economic objectives
rather than social objectives. Successful achievement
of these ,objectivcs require Professional managerial
thinking. 'Our policy makcrs have also reirlised .that the
rural sector, which is 'gencrating about half the national 'income at .present 'and still llas a lot Of Unexploded and nnorganisedrcsourccs, should be strengthened with peoplc who have Lhe ,knowledge, 'skills
and attitudes to organise, manage' arid develop the
farmers .and their organisations in order to take the
country on the path of progress.
'Thus thcre is an immediate need to identify people
with certain abilities and 'attitudes and train them in
professional management imp'a:rting 'to them the requisite 'knowledge of managerial te,cliniquesin variouS
luncliorial'arcas

viz., economics,

financial matlal!ement.

marketing, unders1.<inding bcha.viour~ st.a:tist'ics~'":'

oJP.era~
'tional research etc. '
.

Need for rural managers

i"-N

O~R

COUN:TRY,

1. -IndIan

Institutes

dozens _of universities and three

of ManaQcmcnt
are offerinoe

management education. The lIMs alone produce

about, 600 mauagement, gmduates every year. ' Then
where is, the need for a new bunch of managers? One
. student of rural management states: "India ,already
has several highly deve'oped institutes of management
producing y~ung post-gradU'a~es in general ~~anagc~
ment of. high caubre, but their numbers are inade'quate,. few are. nlOtiv'!ted tq, work for rural cooperatives and rl1~lny rrwy rtot"be -acceptable to cooperatives.

The problem is partly one of "~tyle"; many maciage~

'ment graduates regard their starting s-"lary as th.ir
main statths symbol and/or measure of success. They
usually come from and wish to stay in an urban setling.
They aha suffer (however, unjustifiably) from the
image which has at time~ afflicted the output of some, American business schools; namely, a penchant for
jargons, for unrealistic quantitative solutions to prob',
lems of judgment, a reluctance La start by learning the
practicalities of a trade and a prefereuce for talk
("analysis") over action". This clearly speaks out the
need for rural managers.
Management education is provided to the cream of
the country's youth, who are captured by the pri~te
industries with their attractive salaries and perks.
Though the Government of India is heavily financing
them, these institutes are not in 'a position to create 11
in their students a commitment to work for the sectors'
in which they are badly needed. Rather the environm'ent iIi which they receive 'stich an education is not
giving them' the chance of moulding their career to
suit the dire needs of the couIitry and thus it creates
a wide gulf between them and the needy rural 'POOT.
Here'it may be of interest to note the opinions of Dr
V. Kurien, * the most suc~essful manager in Indian
cooperatives: Speaking on tIle cxistingmanagemcn1
institutes, he says "firstly, I believe the education and
the tradition of llMA is towards free enterprise and
towards capitalism of industrial enterprises .. Nothing
wrong with the free enterprise system, excepting that
this is not applicable to organizations or institutious
other than the capita,Jist enterprises such 'as those of
Birlaji's, Tataji's and so on, which can perhaps 'fu,il
their own managers for their requirements. Why should
the public funds be spent to educate managers -for
Birlaji's etc. We should rather ,pend funds to educate
,them for public good. When I see the boys and :lIids
'turned out by the Institlites, they don't seem to 'have
.acquired any ti'nge of a socialistic mind, which in my
opinion, is necessity in a country wher.e .resources are
.Iimited.

"Secondly, my criticism' is the goals given to them:

I understand that the goals given to them are to go ,
where their talcnts and acquired skills 'are .moot rewarded rather than 'to go wheTe those skills ~are more
needed ... I would like a young mail or woman, com- ....
ing out of this 1ype of an education'to go where"he clin
deploy his skills to 1hc maximum' good of the people,
ins!ead of where he gets more salary..
"TIle third -problem here is that the biggest and tllC
most important business .of .India is .a~o,~busiuess
which provides for 45 per cent of the groSS'national
product and which employs .about 73 per. cent .of our
population. I would have preferred these boys 'and
'girls 10, have thought of working in these types
of "
: . "'Dr. V. Kurien is Chairman, IRMA Board of GovernOrs.

KURUKSHETRA

January I, 1983

busine!;ses. The problem is that they are 'aot traiIWd

as much for such busincsses as for industrial eaterprises.
" ....

We need to have managers trained for Agroto beco~e employ~es' 01 farmers

"9

business, we' need managers trained

Thus it is clear that the eXlstmg Institutes 01

Management education are not going to cater to tbe
needs of the rural producers' cooperative organisations.
Wc havc to develbp a new and distinct kind of manac'
gers grounded in all.the lundamentals' of professional
.management and, in a~dition, an "aptitude" to work
for tbe farmers.

'.

H.

Rural management : a new discipline'

ENCE'AFTER A longretrospeciion over the. post

and a look mto the' lllevltabJe needs of the tuture,
a new developmental discipline called "Rural Management" has: been .thought of as an alternative to cater
to

the needs of rural p.roducers' organisations, banks,

project officers in iural areas, etc.

N THE RECENTPAST'it has been felt by many top

.officials as well as bure~ucrats that the coopcrative
organis.ations arc gaining credibility and are' expandrhg both horizontally al)d vcrtically, as a result. of
\\~hichoperations ~rc becoming more ~nd more complex. The top exutives are not able to !nnetion
efficiently for lack of managerial personnel. Th<e.lrc-

mendous. 'expansion

of coop'erative producers'

organi-

sations giving rise to problems in thc areas sucb l!S

Manl!gement Information Systems (MIS), Production Planni[lg, Operation.. 'Management, Oper~tions
Research, Quality Control, Managcment Planning arid
Control, Financlal Mallllgcment and' Managemeni of
Human- Resources to' mentio~ a few. Being handicapped for wailt of skilled management personnel', these
organisations are not ahle to clea;rly identify their
opportunities, formulate altcrnatives and invest m
what can optimise their rcsults. Though the problem
areas of the rural manager are essentially the same
a; those 01 his counterp-art'in a ~rivate entelprise 'in
.
".
many respects, the nature of the problcms and the required behaviour of individuals to solve them are
different. As long as business motives are not .spread
in the minds of people who are participating in rural
producers' cooperatives, it would be difficult to resolve
some conflicts. Thus it becomes tbe task of the
rural manager. to inculcate the. business motive in the
minds of rural producer~.

Rural Man\l.j1;emcnt (RM) focuscs attention On

meaningfully organiSing' and managing producyrs' 'organisations in such a way as to stimulate and facilitate
predolermined programm.es of cconomic and socml
. ,Thus RM, ,vhich I claim to be tile rel~val)t strategy
progress. It involves the adoption and application of
to our-country. in particular and to third :world cOlint'management skills' directly to Ihe. development prories in general, is II concept which has emerged out of
cess. RM thus encompasses the organis;1tion of new
the needs of.our country. 'But Ive are yet to see how
rural agencies and planning, implementation and conit will be. imparted to the .young \l)telligent stud.ents to
. trol of. developmental activilies in Ihose organisations.
worl:: for the cause of our nat~on. .
.
II. should aim at making a village a better place to
live' in throughlhe vill~gers' own offorts 10 create a
belter environmenl and ~tandard of living. There
What the rural manager can do
should be a three-dimensional development of the
HE R\JML MA."lAGER
is altogether a new product
.villager, viz:, increased income, political enlighten:
. thatllas come'mto 'existence: Blit the task before
m~nt,. and improvement _in 'the living envirqnment.
him .is Herculean. : The path he i" gO!ng to lead is full
.These organisations' should have an objective of inof thorns. The scandals of politil'ians, corruption of'
culcating greater industriousriess~ greater .self-reliance,
.state authorities, ineffective plans of bureaucrats; ,vested
greater c,,"operation and a positive attitude towards
interests of local leaders and, 'above all; the indiffer,ences
self"improvement. These can he attained' by a conand facuoris among the people arc going to be his asso.
.tinuous growth of income streams by co-ordinated and
ciates in the long way of his life: He has many battles
timely delivery of production inputs and services at
the farm level. and by encouraging the poor villager' ."'.to fight. Unlike the urban mallliger, the rural manager
'has no precedence; he is going to be the architect of
to participate in the process of development, so as to
.his own destiny. He has, as his opposition, a strong
make thc organisations mcaningful .andvita! to the
. villagers.
.
lobby of bureaucrats who always protect themselves, a
group of businessmen and ,middlemen with vested
Rural Management ims a great role to .play in all
interests who are accustomed to exploiting the people
the third world countrie~ ingeueral and India in par.in all possible ways, a band of politicians whose octicular. It -has to prove its utility and inevitability to
jectives may not coincide with the cause for which the
.'the Government as well as the people. It has to bring
rural' manager is fighting and 'otlIer anti-social elemepts.
the'society out or the clutChes .pt' capitalism and lead
.who' are. aMays h)l!dles on the path of progress ..
towards 'democratic socialism. Jt has to. bring eco'The exposition' of these faclsis not aimed at discour.nomic 2hanges in all spheres 01 life and thus' bring
cultural transformation.
.
aging the rural managers. .It is indeed to carve a more

KURJ'.iKSHETRA January 1', '1983

'challengillg niche for them: The' rural' m~nager is the

supporter of the farmers' lobby. His highest respect
goes to the farmers. ' He is not their boss, but the
farmers arc his bosses. They are' not at his mercy, but
'he is at their mercy. They are not dependent On him,
,but he is dependent on them. He is just their follower;
they are the development leaders. ' And yet' he has
re,asons to feel proud that he is working for the needful sector of our country; that his employers are honest,
hard working and kind at heart. He has, to study, experiment and innovate hew horizons which benefit 'his
employers. Through loyal, 'honest and sincere work the
rural manager can march to success in spite of all the
_odds and evils -in his way.
The task of an urban manager is well defined, clearly
planned and '! strong network is' already, established
, and can easily be executed. The task of the rural
manager, on the, ~ther hand, is not defined for him.
APPENDIX

There is no plan already in existence. He doesn't have

a strong network of people save those who will leave
no stones unturned to hamper his work: Also, unlike
his urban counterpart, the rural "'J!lanager faces mOle
difficulty even in recruitment of competent personnel
he needs. The paying capacity of the organisations inwhich the rural- manager is working, along with 'the
other odds and evils, puts a limitation on the skills he
. can .hire for his organisation.

LL

THESEFACTORSdo not; however, make the

c.e~n~.er dead end. It,

rural manager's

Can one reany ignore: the pressing need for and the
distinctive role of the rural manager?
-.,
.'
A

Table: 1 : Migration streams jo Iadia

1971'
(m mil/ions)

No, of. ~igrants

Category

S. No.

Pcr Cent

Female

Per cent

.), Ruralto Rural.

25 .3

53-S

87,7

2. Urban to Rural

,2'9

78'8
4.4

113 -0
7.9

3. Rural.to Urban
. - 4. Urban to Urban

12'4

10.3
6-5

23'7
' 14-0

, 100.0

160 .1

6.8

TOla1.'

26.1

5 -0
11.3

14-3

7.2

100.0

47'9

SOU-fee

:1

in 1971

Male

6.1

no. doubt,

is hard and involves great struggle. But what is li!'e

worth without struggle? The executives of the rur:,l
producers' organizations I know of have reached ta[;/
responsible positions at a very early age and earned
high satisfaction and a sense of achievement.,

112.2

-Total

Per cent
71 .3
4'9
15.0

','"
~ ii'

8-8'100 :0

(Source: Draft Five Year Plan, Government of, India, Planning' Commission, 1978-83)_

-,

,,"'!

Table 2 :-Percentage

of people (population)

living

3. Barnabas, A.P.

"Evaluation -of Agricultural Programmes", Management of Agricultul'e.

New Delhi, I":dian Institute of Pub.lic Administration, 1979, P. 108.

4. Mathur, Kuldeep

"Rural Institution~ -in Agricultural

DevelOPment-Some Issues", .Ma.
nagement of Agriculture,
New
Delhi; "Indian Insdtute or' Public
Administration, J97~, pp. 4'63.4(>4.

urban areas

Ye~r

of people livi118

, in, urban aIe8s

1901
1911
1921
1931
- 1941
_ 1951
1961

'.

10-82
to -29
11 'IB11 .99
. 13 .87
17.29
17.97
19 -90
23.00

-1971
1981

Derived frOm Published- sOurces such as

(Sour.~e :

Asok Mit~a and others, population and a~ea of .

cities. tOwns and urban agglomerations
i87i~I'971.
, New Delhi: Allied PublishersPvt..
Ltd_, 1980):
REFERENCES

and Wanasi,nghe, S.

5. Mosher. A. T.

"Creating a progre'ssive Rural struCoture-To Serve a Modern Agricul~

ture"
Agricultural
Developm~nt
Council, Inc, New: York, 1969, p 91.
6. HaJdipur,R. N.
"Elected R'odies and Agriculiilral
velopment in IOdi<j.", Management
of Agricltlture, New Delhi, ~ndiiin,
Institute of Public Administration
-'
1979, P'. 67.
7, Swami Viv~kananda Chicao Addresse.s, Calcutta : Advi.
, !ashra, 1968.

De.

8. Moorthy. K.R,S.
l. Patel, A.R.

, "Rural :Development : Planning and

; - Implementation".
Kurukshetra, Vol.
XXX;, No. 7, Jan. 1-15, 1982, p. 4:

~. Kothari, Rajni

.:

10

"The Political Economy of Employ.

ment", Employment
Process in
Deve/opillg Countries. Vol. II; Bo.
gota. Ford pouncl'lt1oI'\, 1'973,,~

Developing Managers for Rural Development (Talk at workshop -"on

Rural Development) All India Ma~
_nagemcnt Association Ncw Delhi,
1981.

9" "Profe"ssional Managers on cross roads-Role

a~d tas~: of
managers", A ~ialoguc with Dr. V. Kur.ien, BMS' Manage.
ment Review, Dec., 1981.
"

KURUKSHETRA

January 1. 19~3

Ii

..
.

Importance of panchayats
in I.R.D.

'.

BHUWAN

UNDERDEVELOPED
nation wants, to achieve
economic development, it must first change its governmental structure so as to provide 10c bmmbb bbb
ment for its villages and rural districts., Efforts for
change has to be 'concentrated in the rural sector, for
in India. "In the rural areas about 90 million will
enter the labour force in the 70s and about 27 million
will die or retire, 63 million'must be absorbed and they
are already, born.''' These brutal facts paralleled
on a less dramatic scal~ in so many countries, place a
tremendous responsibility on developing countrie~ for
success in development of the rural sector-which is
the o'nly sector big enough to match the problem'
FAN

Emphasis on I.R.D.
India became independent, the problem
A, sof rural development
as the firSt priority drew the
SOON AS

attention of our policy makers, planners and administrators. But, even after three deCadesof planned develop-

(I) ,Lewis, A.B.: Local Self Government: A key to

National Ecoilomic advancement and Political Stability,
Philippines Journal of Public Admim'stration, Vol. 2,
No. I, 1958, p-55.
(2) Hunter, Guy': Methods of Rural'Development towards Criteria for Administrative Choices,
Journal of Administration Overseas, London, Vol. IX,
No.4, 1970, p. 240.
(3) It is in the rural sector, in so many developing
countries that the great mass of people are; it is there
that most indigenous resources' of men ,and land are
underused; there that nutrition can be tackled, there
that success would do most to solve down the migratIOn to major cities, to provide market for existing and
new industries and s'orvices and tei give the chance of
restruduring education to' meet the practical needs of
~ l?rosperous and diversified'rural commuuity. Finally,
It IS there that some redress of the gro's inequality in
income distribution can be started, See Hunter, 'Guy,:
Methods -of ,Rural Develnpment.
".
KDRUKSHETRA
J-ailuary ,'1, '1'983
.

LAL SAH

ment the results achieved have not been upto the desired
expectations. Various reasons may be cited for such
situation. One important reason is that most of our
development programmes were often planned and implemented in. a fragmental and compartmental approach and the importance of understanding the totality
of situation was not considered as a pre-requisite. The
recent, emphasis on integrated area development is the
result of increasing concern over the unsatisfactory
state of affairs willi regard to the spatial distribution
a'nd levels of socio-economic facilities in the rural areas.
The fact has now come to be realised that .isolated
attempts and ad-hoc ptojectsor schemes cannot ultimately solve the problem of the rural poor. That is
why _phasis is being laid on I.R.D. in favour of rural
poverty and backwardness.
At present, almost the whole of rural India has'
been' covered by village Panchayats. The cooperative
movement and LR.D. plans have also been forging
ahead. If ctemocrati~ socialism is to be realised: its
base wilIhave to be the rural seclor. We are progressing towards society which is predominantly ,agricul.
tural. 'Panchayats arid cooperatives are the effective
instruments for realising' democratic socialism. The
purpose is to provide every.village with an opportunity
t6 produce. more, to- learn more, t6 e'arn more, to
consume' more and, as a result, to enjoy better living.

.'

HE MOST PRESSING
PROBLEM
IN
INDIA,
today
, is that of improving .the economic and 'social condition of the vast number of people in rural areas who,
live below the poverty line. Socio-economic development of rural area is of crucial significancein the
framework of integrated growth and social justic.e. "Of
the three major elements, the social structure of village~ is'th~,most important in the programme 'of ,rural

11

development. The village, however, is the: grassroots

organisation through which the' Community Development-Extension programme is expected to operate.
This is because India is a society of villages and will
be for decades to come." "The village communities are
little republics, having nearly everything they want
within themselves, and almost independent of any
foreign relations. They seem to lasLwhere nothing else'
lasts.m

Reducing poverty
NTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
is, and will con. tinue to be .the central theme in the nation's programmes of rural uplift. The conventional exponential
growth model which has been adopted by some coun-.
tries has dangerous limitations and, as is well realis.
ed, it cannot apply to the developing countries like
India, which have to evolve their own models where
the central thrust is to reduce poverty and misery that
abounds in the rural areas. The purpose is also to lay
the . foundation of the new society with due emphasis
on balanced equilibrium of human and ecological re. sources, It necessarily involves the use of science and
technology by the masses in the betterment of their
socio-economic conditions or their development and
the improvement in the quality of life. The village
panchayats offer the best location and the. focus of all
programmes of I.R.D.

In the post-independence period, a great deal of

attention is being paid to the reorganisation of village
panchayats and to facilitate decentralisation of power
and responsibility. In the Constituent Assembly, smile
members emphatically observed tbat the constitution
should have been drafted entirely on ancient Hindu
model of a State and should have given village panchayats the status of the foundations of the state struc:
t:ure.3
, Gandhiji' ~mphatically taught to his.countrymen the
,philosophy of ru'ralism; He was deeply opposed to
heavy industrialisation which meant the extensive use
.ofinachinery resulting. according to him, in the pro1J..
.lein 'of mass unemployment. The rural areas are the
.main sources of essential supplies-food
for people,
',raw.material for houses, and so on. In villages beats
the. pulse of India. The neglect of villages will prove the
extreme poverty in rural areas and a very wide gap bet-.
ween the income of a villager and that of a city dweller. Therefore, it is but natural that highest priority
.(1) ,Taylor, Carl. -G, ~nsminger. D., Johnson, Helen W.,
Jean, Joyce: India's Roots of demo~racy.Calcutta, Orient
_ L0:tgmans, 1965, p. 29.
.(2) Metcalf. Sir Charles; Report of the Select Committee of the
House a/Commons, 1'832, Vol. III, Appendix 84, p, 331,
Cited
S'riniv~s.M.N. (Ed.) : India's villages.

<

in

J3)- Venktar.angia, M, P~ttab.hiram (Ed.), -Local -Government

.. ,in India, Bombay, Allied Publishers, p. 248,'1969. " ..

should be given to rural ~:revelopment through

level rural institutions.

local

Need of Panchayats .
o SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF LR.D., it is necessary -\
to give tile village panchayats their due importance.
In the true democracy of India, the unit was the vil.
lage. Even if one village wanted panchayati raj, no.
one could stop it. "True democracy cOuld not be
worked by twenty men sitting at the centre. It had to
be worked from below by the people of every village.", Democrncy does not merely mean Parliament at the top or in the States, but something mean a
representative that excites every person and something
that trains every one to take his proper place and indeed any place in. the country if need arise:. Rural
development and rural welfare are possible only
through local initiative and discretion. The First FiveYear-Plan rightly observed. "We believe that the pan- chayats will be able to perform their civil functions
satisfactorily only if these are associated with an active
.process of development in which the village panchayat
itself gives an effective part. Unless a. village agency
assumes responsibility and initiative for developing the
resources of the village, it will be difficult to make a
marked impression on rural life, for only a village organisation. repre~enting the community as a whole can
prqyide the necessary leadership. As the agencies of
State Government cannot easily approach each individual villager .separately progress depends largely .on
the existence of an active. organisation in the village,
which can .bring the people into common programm.,,;,
to be carried :out with the assistance of the administration.''' With the inauguration of the three-tier sttuc~.
ture of rural local-self-government and community
development in the countryside, the panchayati institutions are expected to serve as the most vital instruments of I.R.D. prograinmes.

Most Indians are subject to a whole series of interlocking communities, but the orily territorial tie tha.t .
is really compulsive is the village. It is true .that the the districts 'and the states are both important, but, the
village is the sheet-anchor or man's sense of place and .
of home. Of the three tiers of the new structure, the
Gaon Panchayat must be the solaid found",tion and the
village. community must be the source of the. authority
. of Gaon Panchayats. If the village panchayats areta
be the base of LR.D., the .merribers of the village .panchayat need to be ,very alert and conscious about their
rights and obligations.
.
,
(1) Gandhi, M.K : Harijan, 18 January, 1948; quoted in,
Report of. the Fourth National Conference, AJ.P.P,
19K
.
,
(2) -Hanson A.H. : The Processofp1anning : A Study of India's
Five.Year :Plans 1950-1964, London, Oxford University
Press, 1966, p-33.
(Contd.o.P. 22:i

K:URUKSHETRA January I, 1983

A study oj U.P. hills

Role of women in

rural economy

".)

DiNEsH

G.B~~antUniversity

~R

URAL WOMEN ~vho coilstitute

the largest group

~havebeen bypassed in the distribution of the fruits
of development. It is unfortunate that the diversity and
importance of the economic and~social. role played by
women in ruM life has not been duly appreciated by
planners .and policy makets, and the development pro"
jects have been directed mainly at men and projects ~
for sociai welfare at women.

The multiple programmes nndertaken for the pur~

pose of hiral developinent appears to have aIi unwitting
~effect in distributing the benefits unevenly and "often
increaSe mequality between different sections of the
population and betWeen men and women. ~To tie mote
. precise, when development introduces ot increases
inequaiity within. rural society, women atleast the
poorest one, become doubly undetpriviieged, first as
members of rutai poor and then as warne,!. What is
more funny is, social welfare services are offered~to
tural women as some sort of compensation for the
lack of attention given to them to, increase their prodnctivity lind earding capacity.
Hili region of Uttar Ptadesh provides an ,excellent
example of the importance and magnitude of economic.
role played by tural women, through their' active parti" ,
cipation in various agricultural activities and opera"
tions. Their role in agriculture is so significant that
Without them a!most nothing couid be done On thli
farm as ttaditionaIiy majority of maie workers of the
region do not partiCipate in working 'on the farm
~except in ploughing the fields. Moreover, large migration of men to the plains has also increased the work
, load on the women workers left behind. A recent
:::;. study conducte<l in the Almora district of the hill
KURUKSHETRA

""
~,'

-January 1, 1983

KUMAR

Illid

A. K. SINGH

of Agriculture and Technology, Pantliagar

region reveals that the average family size in the rural

area of the region is about 7 members consisting of
roughly equal number of men and women~ in such
a family of 7 members, about 5 members belong to the
active age group that constitutes the working force of
the families in the region. On an average, there are 2.4
female workers in a family, who actively. participate in
, all sort of farm operations in addition to .routine household chores. The same study also emphasizes the jm~
,portance and magnitude of the role performed by the'
rural women in the 4ills.
,.
OF THE HiLL region derive employment ~frorn ~arious activities in crop ami-livestock
enterprises such as sowing; transplanting, weeding and
hoeing, harvesting and winnowing, grass cutting, feeding and milking of aninials, etc. Farming in the region
is regarded as it subsistence activity and level of use of
purchased .input is very low. The major share of .farm
iIiput is contributed by family labour .(a!most exclusively by women workers) using locally made ttadi'
tional implements and toois, household seed and farIIi
yard manure. Tabie 1 dearly indicates the dominaIice
of Women workers in agricuiture, particularly in crop
URAL WOMEN

activities.
Table 1 : Per Capita Empioyment in tbe Hills
(in da)'sjannum)
S. No.

Category

Crop

Activities

Live~stock
Crop +
Activities
Uvestock
Activities

,'--------------------51
19

I.
. 2.

Male
Female
Total

70

60

79

139

39.5

65 .0

.104 .5

13

'fhe labl. observes an average per capita employment of 51 days for women workers in crop activities
against only 19 days for each male worker. Consider. ing crop as well as live~tock enterprises, we find that
average per capita employment of women workers is
t\,vice of the average of their male counterparts of the
iegion. A similar conclusion is drawn from the t;:tble2
aIsiJ, which shows that on an average" three fourth of.
tlie total. work in agriculture is performed by femnle
Table 2 : Contribution

of women Workers

in the total work

in- BgricuJtare
S. No.

Activities

Per family

Contribution

employment
In days

1. Crop activities
2. Livestock activities

3. Crop+Livestock

of women

workers

147
240
387

In

percentage

82.31
69 '17
.74'16

121
166
287

workers of the family alone a fact that' signifies the

importance and .magnitude of the cantributionof rural
women In hill agriculture.
o\BLE 3 LEADS US to another interesting conclusion.
that in the hills, not only the rate of participation
of female .labour force is much hiiher than the m;ue
workers of lhe 'Iegion, their monetary contribution in
iatal income, generated from' agriculIure is also higher.
.According to. table. 3, of the per capita total income of
Rs. 528.47 from agriculture, women worker contribu-

'tesas

61

tnuch as Rs. 354.:21, which is about

per cent of the
per capita total income derived from agriculture. However women workers of the region, in spite of their
dominating role in agriculture, reveal poor producti:
vity. The fact pertaining to poor productivity is more
clearly observed when the women's contribution in.
total income from agriculture' is calculated on per day
basis and then compared with the opportunity cost of
one day's female labour. On calculation, a ,vomail
worker is found to derive an. income of Rs. 2.52 pe,!
day frOm agriculture, which is less than 51 per cent of
tlie prevailing wage rate of Rs. 5.00 .'pet day for
female Workers in the region.
.,

ONCLUDING
THE SIGNIFICANCE
,?f the role played
.
by women workers in the rural part of the hill
region, a need for reappraisal of development strate.gies is felt to improve the productivity of' femal"
.labour. Specifically, a few' measures may be suggested ~
in this regard:

'!1

Protection of minimum wage, discrimjn~tion

. against women being the general' rule,

~;2
"
sup-

Creation 01 luore rewarding alternatives and

plementary earning opportunities to increase the.ir
bargaining power, and

"

!able

3 : MOnetary

'contribution of women

S. Activities
No.

Per Capi,ta
Income
(in Rs.)"

workers in the bills

Contribut~on,of women
. worker
Tn day

1. Crop Activities
2. Live'stock activities

3. Crop+Livestock

..

205.59
322.88
528 .47

In percentage'

157.34
..; 196.88
354.22

76.53
60 .84

. 66 .94

Integration of services for rural women as a pack. age programme.' The centre of all these services.,
.agriculture, education, health-care, nutrition,
.family planning and vocational training-should be
directed fowards improving women's earn\ng
capacity, increasing their productivity and makl]1g'
economic' activity less burdensome.
. ".

-.
'i~
iF:

;~

-PLAN YOUR ,FAMILY

.,

"

"

.Ii:
,:)

DELAY THE FIRST

.-

.".'

:SP ACE THE' SECOND

Ii

'1

-STOP. THE, .THIRD

1;<;

.'

'.

..

14

. ".

'K{jRUKSJ:lE:rRAdanu~ry.

~b!

1,

~
"

How ~labtoland' programme

is 'helping the farmers
L C. PATEL and P. P. PATIlL
Zonal Unit.Vl, Gujarat Agricultur'l1 University,

'T HEJune,

LAN~ PROGRAMIv;E
was started from
1979 on the eve of Golden Jubilee Cele-,
,- bration of the ICAR The main task of the programme
was to motivate less [esourced farm families to adopt
new farm technology to increase ,farm productivity
and ultimately improve their economic conditions,

LAB ;0

'Agricultural research at the National asw"ll as the

State Institutes has greatly increased the rate of technology generation. At the same tinie, its use on
farmer's fields is mainly restricted to well-to-do farmers;
If .we are to achieve the postulated growth rate of
4 per 'oent per annum during the period 1979-82, for
agricultural sector, new farm technology should be
extended from laboratories to the ultimate consumers
and agricultural labourers at a greater speed and in
a convincing manne~.

For achieving the set target at the national level,

50,000 farm families ' were selected from small!
marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers,
Agricultural Universities, leAR )nstitutions, voluntary
organisations and development departments of the
government actively participated in this gigantic task.
The programme was initially sanotioned for ouly one
year but due to the spectacular response ,received from
the participating farm families in adoption of modern
farm technology, the programme was' extended up to
May, 1982. At this stage, the first phase (Juno-l979
to May-I982) of the programine is over. On the'
oilier hand, it is heartening to note that the leAR
has continued the programme for the next furee years
(1une-1982 to May-I985) as a second ,phase. It
is proper time to review and overview ilie first phase
of the.programme.undertaken in Zone-VI,with special
reference to its strong and weak points based on the
experiences so as to enable us to strengthen our futwe
task ahead during second phase.

Achievementsof the progra~me

'T'

HE

PROGRAMME

has been able

following:.
KURUKSHETRA;)anuary.l,"1983

[oa,hieve

the

Ahmedabad

The, overall' impact of the progiaimneis

highly
encouraging and villagers are in favour. of frequent
visits of University scientists/teachers to solve their
problems of 'latest agricultural and allied techno,logies.

2
Through the aclIV1lIe~of this programme, ilie
.University scientists and fanners have come in close
contact and knew each other belter than ever befote.
Jt ,is a good' sign and base for further research as
well as extension work. Feed back is increased by
this way. Scientists have been able to identify some
of the farmer's problems, such as decrease in Yield
, of hybrid cotton".ecological imbalance due to excess
usc of insecti-p,,~ticides, appe~ranoe of rust in
groundnut due to kharif, semi-rabi and summer
groundnut cultivation, low economic return from
mango orchard as compared to chiku orchard, eady
ripening of ba~ana frnits, etc. ThuS, it has not only
_.helped in the transfer of technology but also identified need based new area of research, which is
.;rying'.n,eed
of thc time. '
1,,-

3
The average increase in crop yields in, the demons!tation. plots varied from 25 to 50 per cent which
is highly satisfactory. Demonsirations were also
organised on some of the new crops such as cummin
and mustard in Saurashtra area, summer groundnut
in KIteda and Panchrnahals districts, Kagdilemon in
..North Gujarat, tapioca, hybrid sorghum and potato
in tribal areas of Dangs districi. As, a result, many
farmers ..have adopted these new
crops.
'
..
,

4
The telephone system of hybrid cotton cultivation
,\lraSde~onstrated to-,tribaL!armers'." They adopted
t!Je'same and earned double the income. Similarly
15

tribal farm families also adopted new crops like

C!ll1illlin,mustard, potato, tapioca, hybrid sorghum,
etc, .

5
A new techniqUe of softwood grafti"g, popularly
known as "Nutail Kaiam Paddhati"
on country
lnartgo trees has been successfully demonstrated to
the mango growers. On every Tuesday, the'demonstrallon. was arranged at Anand Campus of Gujarat
Agricultural University in which thoUsands of
farmers attended and adopted this technique on their
oWn farms. This technique has become so popular
that thousands of country mango trees are now
converted iitto graft ones.
.

6
A schedule of spraying' of insecti-pesticides. .was
prepared by the University scientists and demonstrated to' the mango gtowers. this schedule has
been found very effective and the farmers have
started adopting on their mango trees.

7
Clinical surgical and gynaecological camps for
cattle were organised. The Experts of Veterinary
Science College, Anand and Sardar Krishinagar
constitllted teams of experts for' such camps with
mobile van having all facHities. Mention may be
made of relief work during f/ood.in Morvi and
Kutch. About 1.8 lakh cattle were lost and those
SUrvivedfaced the danger of foot rot, foot and niouth
and othe~ dis~ses.
Seeing the urgent need of the
lime, the Universily sent
batch of. Veterinary
dOctors with medicines and appealed to the other
organisations interested in leev Daya.' They sent
their oWn medicines. What we did was to have a
demonstration of treating these affected animals. It
had a snow-bali effect and we could cover 100
villages in 10 days and could save cattleworth crores
<Ifrupees. In general, such CaIDYSwere highly succesSful and cattle <lwnets welcomed the services reno'
dered .by the UniversitY, It is worthwhile to note
here that the local organisations such as panchayats,
cooperatives and other agencies joined their hands
in this endeavour and now they are organising such
useful progtamnles fromthe1r oWn funds With the
.tcchnical assistance Of the Univer~ity experts.

8
TherC is great potentiaiity of ber-budding in
Gujarat and Rajasthan. 'the. ber-budding
programme .was taken up on a massive scale in both
these States and thousands of country ber trees have
'by nOWbudded with improved varieties 'of ber.

9
Scale insects are dangerous to' sugarcane cultivation. Due to intensive sugarcane cultivation i 11
16

Kodinar taIuka (Gujarat),

tbe crop was very
heavily infested with scale insects. Under Lab to
Land Programme successful demonstrations were
organised during the first year of the programme to
.'control th.is pest in the factory area of Cooperative
Sugar Factory, Kodinar, This programtne was then cxtended to other nearby sugar factories, and by c.:
now these coojJemtive sugar factOries have taken
up the programtne of control of scale insects thrt>ugh
the' farmers by providing them insecticides at subsidised rate. . Consequently, many sugarcane fields
are now free from scale insects infestati<;m.
A massive training progtamm~ for farmers, farm
women and farm youths was conducted at different
training centres. .This type of train.ing helped greatly
because they could find solution of their day-to-day
fannprobletns duting stich training,'

"
Correspondence courses on the topics of COtton,
bajra, ,wheat and groundnut cultivation as well as
pump-set, animal husbandry, poultry development
and fruit a:lld vegetable preservation were orgatiised
ana as many as 5000 farmers were enrolled. It
is qrute interesting to note that large number of
. illiterate farmers also registered in such coursefL
They used to take help of their literate. family me.m'bers or local leaders for reading ahdurtderstanding
the literature.
1

12
. Papillar farm iiterature in the form of leaf/cis,
folders and booklets were published in the local
, langUages under this programme for the benefit of
farmers. uptii now, about 1000 booklets have
been published covering different aspects On aNiculturc and allied science~,

.JJ
As many as 53 Klsan Me1as, i40 intensive Extension fortnights, 244 field. days jfarniers
days
have heen organised in which about 5 lakh farme.ts
.. were involved.

..

14

Theprogtamme
has greatly strengthened the
regular extension education activities of the imgl.,..
mentlng agencies.
FOREGOING
paragraphs, it is evidently
E ROMtHE
dear that the 'programme has succeeded well
during Phase;!. Taking the clues from past experiences, we can well devise and implement the 'Phase. II of the progratntne in such a fashion that the
farm families and extension worker,; engaged in this
task not only consolidate . the gains achiev~.d"in
Phase I but go up the ladder of economic betl:er- j
ment.

or

KURUKSHETRA

..

January 1, 1983

...-'.:1

Plight of handlooms :
a study

A.K.RAJULA DEV!
Faculty of Rural IodDS!,ies and Employment, NIRD, Hyderabad (A.P.)

the largest cottage industrY in Jhe

countrY, employ about 20 million people and
produce p.early 3,100 'million metres of cloth per 'JlD-.
num, which represents nearly' one-third of the cloth
produced in the country. As per the statistics prQ...
vided by the All India Handlooms aild Handicrafts
Board, 40 lakh handlooms in the countrY' have ,a
potential to produce 6,000 million metres of cloth annually (at the rate of five metres per loom per day
with 300 working days in a year). But the Govern~ ,
ment of .India has earmarked only 3,700 million
metres, for this sector,. The present day productivity
of the handloom is as low as an average of two metres
or, so per loom per day. It is estimated that. a large
capacity in handlooms is underutilised or , unutilised
and 18 to 20 lakh looms will .be sufficient to produce
the existing as against 40 lakh
. .looms.

ANDLOOMS,

So far as employment goes, handlooms constitute

one of the major sectors 'employing the largest number of' persons next to. agriculture. It provides employment to 20 million people which is twenty times '
of people emPloyed in mill industry. Besides direCt
employment to weavers, this industrY generates indirect
I employment to loom manufacturers,
dyers, tWisters,
warpers, sizers, processors and printers, ,:apart from
those engaged in spinning mills. But iuider-employment and unemployment are the regular features of
this sector. Realising the socia-economic, importance '
of this sector, a number of development programmes
have been taken up t"provide
continuo';s employment and ,an assured income to. weavers. With the
twin obiectives of providing employment and meeting
,the, clothing needs of the masseschandlooms enter a
".,' new eia of development.
"
KURUKSHE~

January

r, 1983

I.

, Some problems

1973, the Goveim:'ent of !"dia apJ;"intee:Ja study

team under the chall1llanship 'of Shn B. Slvararnan
to study the problems of handloom industrY. ' In their
report submitted in 'July 1974, an important -recommendation was that atleast .60 per cent of the, hand.
loom weavers in the countrY should be brought to the
cooperative fold so as to enable them to carry on their
industrY. in profitable lines and to provide continuous
employment and regular income. The Government of
India' has accepted these recommendations and taken
up a number of programmes to increase the 'coopera.
tive coverage during the Sixth Plan period.' These in. '
clude : .
N

(i) revitalisation of big primary societies 'and acti 'visatioIi of idle looms in the societies;
(ii) fo~ation
" rativesocieties

of a network of new weavers' cooPein all important weavirig areas; and

(ill) setting up of industrial weavers' cooperative

societies to provide employment to ~oomless wea.
_vers.,i'
-A majority of the hiindloom weavers are unoiganiscd, carrying.on their work in 'their huts/houses' scattcred throug.hout' the nook and corner of the country.
It is very difficult to arrange for a regular flow of
finance, raw materials and assistance. for marketing of
the products unless they are brought into' an organised
set-up under a centralised management. It has beell
found from experience that the cooperative societies
form the best institutional agency for providing all
these facilities to the weavers. Results ,here are very
much short of -expectations. ,Only 40-:-45 per cent
17

of the weavers have joined the cooperative fold so far

in the country. Handlooms have certainly penOrnied
well in ,the export sector; but this record \vill be more
and marc difficult to maintain, considering that the
hardcore of producers are left in the same level of
misery in which they wcre some decades ago. One
major fault is their inability to adhere to delivery
schedules. Another is the persistance of a general resistence to the adoption of improved technology. The
handloom sector can survive in the competition with
powerlooms only if it undertakes to diversify designs.
Even here it is the masterweavers, who catch time by
the forelock and introduce the required changes. Also
adequate and timely supply of credit is one of the moSt
vital inputs for the handloom industry. The RBI
,scheme of handloom finance started in the ycar 1956
provides for supply of credit at concessional rates of
interest to the handloom industry. The amount of
credit availed of, however, was quite meagre compared
to the needs of the handloom sector. Due to a series
of measures taken to liberalise the flow of credit to
the handloom sector, from a small figure of Rs. 25
crores in 1975-76, limits sanctioned under the seheme
rose to more than Rs. 60 crores in 1979-80. However, this figure rell far short of the estim'atcd requirements of the cooperative sector alone. Also it is estimated that if all the looms in the cooperative fold had
worked atfull capacity, a sum of about Its. 140 crores
calculated on the normal pattern of RBI financing
"'Quid have been needed in 1979-80. There may be
many ide:uogical considerations in keeping alive a proi1~ctiori sector like the handlooms. But in its actual
working, the sector has not been able to hl'lp its membCI:S emerge out of their century old, miserable plight.
The present paper throws light on handlooms--handicapped by an antiquated technology and ineffective
cooperatives; which face fierce competition from mills
and power looms--in the Southern region (Andhra
Pradesh, Kamataka, Keralaand Tamilnadu).
Andhra Pfadesh.-There "are 4() lakhs of people
who directly or indirectly depend on the estimated six
lakh handlooms, half of them in the cooperative sector
in, the state ..
'As per ,the norms laid down by the RBI, the three
lakh looms in the cooperative fold need working capital to the tune of Rs. 60 crores at the rate of Rs. 2.000
per loom. But the district cooperative central banks,
the financing agency for "the looms fu the cooperative
sector, have never advanced more 'than Rs. 8 crores.
The' weavers race difficulties in 'obtaining varn and
other inputs at reasonable prices. In 1976. when the
20 point economic programme including aid to we"ver
w,is launched, a bui,,'lle or 10 Ibs (about 4.5 kgs)
forty 'c~~rits yarn used to cost Rs. 60. In 1981, its
, 'rit1ce has ~O!i.redto. Rs. 120; A kg of green dye
'\vnich 'Costs Rs. ISO in 1976 '(ouay costs Rs, 550.

Handloonl cloth is priced out in lhe market because of

the many advantages the textil,,_ mills enjoy. In a
composite mill, i.e., Qne having both spi1ll1ing'!.nd
weaving sections, yarn is used at the spindle point. A
handloom weaver has to pay nearly 30 per cent _extra
in price for the same yarn towards the cost of reeling,
bundling, balling and transport, excise duly, sales tax, \
and octroi besides profits to wholesalers, r_etajler~and
other middlemen.
The primary cooperative societies of weavers wer',
made partncrs of the h3lf of dozen cooperative spinning miUs in the state on the understanding'that they
would be given quality yam at reasonable rates. But
the Weavers' experience is that they get poor quality
yarn at no less than the market prices.
In Andhra Pradesh, there are over 1,650 weavers
societies. They could be classified into three categories-genuine, one-man and bogus. Bogus societies
are those that exist on paper with fictitious members
and virtually no looms. As per the data given by the
Andhra Pradesh 'Handloom
Weavers Cooperative
Society, the genuine, societies may just be 25 per cent
or a maximum of 50 per. cent of the total number of
societies in the state.
CONTRIBUTION
BY the
Government towards
share capital and the Janata cloth scheme have
led to ,the proliferation of the societies. If a member
contributes Rs. 20 towards share capital, the Government sanctions a loan of Rs. 180 towards share capital as loan. The men who organise the bogus societies
cat away the share capital. The Janata Cloth Scheme
also has turned out to be iucrative business for bogus
society operators because of the subsidy involved. A
Janata saree of 40 counts is sold to a consumer at
Rs. 18" though the primary society is paid Rs. 28 tawards the cost of production; the Government subsidy being Rs. 10. '

HE

Misery has not deterred the weaVer from producing

exquisite cloth in tune with the changing fashionS.
Many weavers as well as, master weavers have updated their technolo~y. The 'Tie and Dye' pattern of
Pochampalli is extensively used to produce various.
dcsigns. Mono' colours have been ,supplemented with'
multi-colours. 'Printing of designs on j!Tey cloth and
weaving With polyester yam are some of the new developments which weavers have taken to. JaCQuards
and' frame looms have become common at different
weaving centres".
But whatever he produces and however well he 1)rO'
duces, the weaver is not .his own master. Most. of
the weavers are wage earners. The master weaver
cut; wages 'whenever there is a crisis in the nl,rket'
like an increase in 'yam" price; or decline in off-take.
:fie laments that he cannot increase the price of cloth
in -tune with the "ilierease in 'y~rn prices because of - j
consumer resistence.
' .
"
..r
KURUKSHETRA

January

i, ;1983

Karnataka.-lnspite
of .the establishment of the
Handloom Development' Corporation to' provide the
.much needed fillip to the'industry, the picture of band.
looms in Karnataka is rather gloomy.

The number of handl06ms which was 1.37 lakhs

according to the 196'1 Census had come down to 1.02
lakhs by 1976-consisting
of 66,926 cotton handlooms, 22,722 silk . handlooms and 13,186 woollen
handlooms.
Only about 55.8 per cent (57,400) of the, handlooms have been brought under the cooperative UIUbrclla, the number of functioning weavers. cooperative
,socicties being 262 with a membership of over 68,000.
,Category wise, there were over 33,900 cotton handlooms, 11,170 silk handlooms and 12,270 woollen
handlooms in 1976, accounting for over 405 crore
metres of fabrics valued at over Rs. 32 crores. The
Government's plan is to. extend gradually the coope~ rative' fold to cover about 75 per cent of the looms
by 1983. The Handloom Development Corporation
has extended its' operations to about 9,000 weavcrs
.in 23 centres. The mainstay of the handloom industry in .the state is the woven fabrics in designs and
traditional varieties-Iungis: dhotis, furnishings, towels
and shirtings. Also the Handloom Development Corporation has introduced new items like polyester shirtings" towels, bedspreads, export shirtings and nontraditional- 4esigns .in safees specially among no~th
. Karnatak~ weavers ~vho are used to weaving Khanas
,(blonse pieces)' and sarees in the medium count.

HANGESIN THE PATTERNof production are being

attempted with the use of new technology. The
Corporation has set up a modern texfile process house
costing about Rs. one 'erore with central assistance.'
Grey fabric, used' in a variety of ways like printed
sarees, dyed and printed polyester and cotton' shirting
Is bleachcd, dyed and printed ensuring quality. The
new tecl1'lique of supplying sized beams for long length
warp .which saves time and improves quality o( pro-

duetioa has been adopted

dustry.

from the ' powerloom in-

With the bulk of production eonfined to the tradi, tlonal items, the cotton 'handloom sector has not been
able to make a noticeable dentin the export marke!f.
Still cotton sarees and khanas from reputed centres
have a good Il?arket in Maharashtra.
Choice varieties:
of sarees, towels and bedspreads do have a market ill
other states mid cities like Delhi. 'About 60,per cent
of the fabrics produced in the state arc marketed in
other states.
The' silk handlool11s are more promising with Karnataka aceonnting for over 80 per cent of mulberry silk
produced in India. The silk handlooms reign supreme
as' far as snrees, shirtings and biqusc 'pieces are con-.;;,ccrned. Bowcvcr, Karnataka Jags far. behind Tamil~. nadu in the pro~l1ction of sil~sare~s and in th~printing,

dyeing and warping facilities thall centres like Dharmaynr~mor Kanche.epram have.

The main snags.;the .silk

handlooms face are wieertain prices of silk yam, poor

quality silk and dependence on outmoded technology.
AeeordiQg to the imormation made available ,by the
Karnataka Handloom Development Corporat'ion, 'the
non-availability of silk yarn of standard quality is the
main handicap for production of handloom silk for
export, neither is the right quajity yam a~sured, nor is
there price stability. Recently the prices of yarn have
risen by over 25 per cent upsetting the production
schcdnlcs.

'A China
VERYINTERESTtNGFEATUREto note here is that
sells internationally accepted higher quality
silk yarn at $25 a.Kg. (about Rs. 225) where as the
best filature silk in India-still not comparable with
the Chinese silk-<:osts over Rs. 400 a kg. Again
, surprisingly not a single kilogram of silk is being sold
abroad.
The Handloom Corporation' plans to seek World
Bank aid for the developme,It of handloom silk by introducing modern techniques in the selection of yarn',
twisting, bleaching, dyeing and warping to meet the
needs of the export market. The total outlay of the
proposed 'project is about'Rs. 40 crores covering about
15,000 looms. Already an export oriented' project has
. been taken up iIi Bangalore and Tnmkur ~overing
about 1,000 looms. Also the Silk exchange and Silk
Marketing Boards are the two. agencies recently created
in Karn~taka to relieve silk growers and weavers fro;"
the grip of :middle men.
'
'
-The woollen handloom sector in the State, is in a
nascent stage and the production is mainly roiJgh blankets. Though official figures put, the number 'of woollen hmillooms at a little over 13,000, unofficialfignres
estimate them at about 24,000 to 25,000. Over one
lakh persons are engaged' in woollen handlooms-almost all of them traditional ones. They not only work
as spinners and, weavers but rear sheep; shear wool and
process it for producing blankets.
An intensive woollen hal)dloom development project costing around Rs. 132 lakhs, and imporf of
quality wool from Kashmir and Rajasthan 'are . under
the consideration of the ,government for improving the
lot of woollen weavers. 'The Kamataka State Woollen
Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society is helping the'
woollen weavers to market their products. In 1979-80,
about Rs. 50 lills worth of goods out' of the total
, production of Rs. 4crores was marketed through the
society.
, A serious constraint the woollen handloom weavers
face is the periodic epidemic that affe-cts the sheep
population .. There ,is~no insurance or relief scheme to
guard against such calamities. Also. this, industry by
its. very nat.urc is vulnerable to. steep -"tluctuations with

seasonal puts in st~eks making it heavily dependent on

rebate sale~.

orders from merchant-exporters.

lost its monopoly over dmgiJ.

A very large number of weavers are stiUunder the

cllltchc~ of master wc:nicrs and Jl11901cmen. Though
wages- have been stabilised i~the organised ,sector, th~'
cond~tionsoC ,veavers l11lder these n~aster wcaV8rs and

In most of the places, notably, Balaramapuram, the

~ocieties exist only in name formed by handloom dealers. The State Handloom Development COfporal,o,
is tbe agency which purchases the product from the,
societies and gives the subsidies. What the fictitious .
cooperator does it to obtain supplies at a 10IYerprice
'from Tamilnadu and sell the same to the corporation
at a higher price. When the subsidy is added to it,
he gets a double profit. The Government directive 10
the Corporation is that it should lift at least 50 p.,r
cent of the ,tocks with the societies. The Corporation sends out circulars to the societies announcing
that til\' stock wili be lifted on a particular d!lY, but
tlils enables the unscrupulous cooperator 10 obtain
.supplies from neighbouring states.

that too, in the unorganised. sector, are far froin satis-

,factory. According to one assessment their

earning works out to Rs: 2 a day or so.

'"

~verage

'

The Handloom Development Corporation authorities

aie of the opinion that the main problem. facing the
weavers is the high rate 01 interest. While the handloom primary cooperative societies are eligible fodoans
at 6.5 'per 'cent under a special RBI sehcme, the, cdrporation has to pay the market rates. The qu~ntunl
of loail assistance is. made available under the DIR to

Also Kerala

has

the IYe~vers. Against an RBI norm of Rs. 1,500 per

cottop weu\'crs, the DIR "1oans which are term loans

are limited to about Rs. 500 to minimise the interest

burden and the m,ol1thlyinstalment.
Kerala.-About 2.5 lakh workers are ernploycd in
tlIe bandloom industry which produces about 7.5 crore
metres of cloth worth Rs. 45 eror~s, shareu almost
cqually by the private, the public and the coopcrative
scctors.
Ncarly three lakh workers are dependent
onthi, industry. There are about' 98,000 looms in,
Kerala, mostly in Cannanore in the northern part of
th~ Statc, Balarafnapuram in Trivartdrum district and
parts, of Palghat, Calieot and Quilon districts. Of
tbese, about 39,000 looms are in the cooperative sec-.
tor covered by 493 societies; and the rest are located
mostly in houses (22,000) and in small factories

~;t,~
i

(2,000).

The main problems faced by the industry are short.

age of yarn of all varieties, high cost of production
compared to other southern states, competition from
powerlooms and marker sluggishness within and outside the country. Also in the meantime, polyester has
caused a heavy blow to liandlooms. Further, the
popular varieties produced are on power looms. which
copy the designs from handloom un'its. Again tlle
neighbouring state of Tamilnadu poses stiff competition to Ketala. There are exporters who are not
manufacturers, bnt with', albnms of thesamplcs from
Kerala obtain export orders. They buy 400 to 500
metres of cloth from the hand loom units and send it
to Tamilnadu

and Kamataka

where these arc copied

to, perfeciion. Another drawback for Kerala in this

regard is that so far it has not conducted a market
survey abroad and also has no(undertaken any worth,
while advertisement campaign. From Chjna also it
faces fierce competitions.
Again Kerala:s problems
have to be ,view~d on a. different footing. The
Slate has only 10 per cent 'of the total loomagc oi
Tainilnadu. The exporter-manufacturers
there bave
only' aboul . 5,000 looms while other looms get work

2Q

Under the cooperative fold, the workers get an

average of Rs. 15 a day as wages; in addition th<:y
.arc entitled to dearness aBowanee,. leave with wagt:s
, and gratuity. Yet, unemployment is the highest in
Cgnnauore which accounts for 70,000 loomS in the'
State; ,out' of which only about 10,000 are working at
prescut. What the cooperatives are badly in need .is
coarse yarn and finance at eonees'sional rates of interest to meet thee working costs till their products are
marketed. Even if all their problems are promplly
attended to, the industry needs succour for its very
survival. It is threatened by stiff competition fr<{m
tbe organised mill and powerloom sectors.
"
Tamillladu.-In Tamilnadu, there are 5.56 -lakh
looms producing about 600 million metres a year and
providing, direct and indirect employment to about ,~5
lakh persons. About a tenth of its production valued
.at Rs. 35 crores is exported.' The Government budl~et
provides for an annual expenditure of R~. 10 cimes
lIlIder the State Plan and another Rs. 6 erores as nonplan expenditure for this sector. Th,,- industry's target
for 1985 is fixed "r 700 million metres which it proposes to achieve by b"tter utilisation of capacity and
transfer of technology. The State backed cooperative
sector accounts for only lOO, million metres of the
total production which the Government proposes 10
illcrease by auother 10 ririllion metres next year.
The two fold objectives for the development of the '
industry are: (1) provision of conti'nuous employment, 'and (2) to faeiliiate an assured and steady in- '
come to the weavers in the cooperative fold. These
objectiVes are sought to be achieved by formiug new
cooperatives; providing assistance for organising common worksheds for loom1ess weavers; revilli1i6ing ,the
existing cooperatives; strengthening' the equity ',base of
the primary \veavers cooperative' sdcieties a~d'the apex
weavers cooperative society in the State (Coopr"x); i
"providing mark~'tillg' support and sllpplyinl( inputs' ill-'
;

'~

---'-...A

,KURUKSHE'FRA

<

January 1, .1983""
'~


duding (he,~per eredi!; besides uj)gra!l~tion of te;:hnology.
The cooperative movement in Tamilnadu has till
date covered 2.07 lakh out of 5,06 lakh weavers and
contributed 'growth and stability to the handloom se<:tor
in view of its pioneering effort in financial assistance~.
raw materials supply t and marketing support. It supplies raw materials through its ,yarn depots to 1,002
primary weavers societies, converts them into .fabrics
and markets them. During the year 1978-79, Coop/ex
marketed Rs, 33 crores alit of Rs. 53 crores of fabrics
sold by cooperative societies, Coop/ex is the biggest
marketing .organisation 'in handlooms ,in "the country.
With J 2 cooperativc spinning mills established ~t
the rate of one for each district and plans under way
for the setling up of another three spinning mills in the
backward areas of Teni, Pudukotlai and Dharmapud,
'the cooperative sector in Tamilnadu has a unique tie-up
arra'ngeme'nt for' assured supply of yarn at conce~sionaI
prices. The spindleage in nine of these mills is being
expanded at a cost of Rs, 12 crores, A sizeing plant
on an outlay of Rs. 21 lakhs for supply of sized warps
to handlodms is being sct up at the Salem Ceoperative
Spinning Mill. Sevcn modern dycinghouses are being
established at a cost of Rs. 901akhs in Salem, Tirunel
veli, SriviUiputhur, Vellore, Timchi, Erode and Madu'rai'to facilitate supply of dyed yarn by the cooperative
spirining mills in those 'areas, The l)milnadu Cooperative Textile Processing Mills in Erode which is
equipped to 'process cotlon fabrics is to be provided
with a .polyester processing unit at a COst of Rs. 31
lakhs with financial assistance from' the, Union
Govern ment.
'On the marketing side, the apex -body of the primary
societies, popularly known as 'Coop/ex' markets about
50 ,per cent of the'fabrIcs 'produced in the cooperatiV~.
sector. ,It has been directed to procure the entire'
production of small primaries whose annual sales turnover ,docs mot, exceed Rs, 5 hkhs and 50 per cent
of ihe production of the remaining societies, Ini has
to'main(ain the ,present level ,of-procurement, .tshould
he equipp'ed aaequately 10 handle handloom goods
worih :Rs, 50 crores per annum within the next two
years
.Coop/ex ,has ,a network of 264 'selling units in Tamilc'
ii'aau:and 1'80 :inother parts of the country. During
the Sixth ,'Plan, schemes are under way to open 400
'new'show rooms and to modernise 300 existing emporia ,at a cost 'orRs. f501akhs. With,fina'ncial a~sistance
worth Rs, 75 lakhs obtained from the 'National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC), the
opening of 88 new show-woms and modernisation of
57 existing ones ,are expected to be completed tllis
year. 'Cooptex International' has been set uP.to promote export of the handloom textiles produced in the

'" KURUK'S~TRAJanu'ary
'-.

.".

'

'1, '1983

'cooperative ~eetor, It h.sexp~r-t.d

. Rs, 2.27 norcs during 1980-S l.

, goods' \vorth

Inspite of all t11ese~provisions of jnc~ntivcs,the co-

opcrative sector has attracted only about 46 per cent

of the looms in the State evcn though the Government
has fixed a target of 67 per cent for ooverage before
the 'end of 1985. Today the cooperative fold has J ,115
primary societies and 58 silk halldloom weavers
cooperatives,
Why the' pour performance of the cooperative set-up?
Many iactors have inhibited its growth. The private
sector has an q:lge over the cooperative sector because
it is still dynamic, cn~erprising- and business like.

Political intrusion has also contributed to the sluggish~

. ness of the cooperative sector. The Sivaraman
Committce wanted the rebate subsidy schemc to be
,scrapped and malpractices had caused irreparable
darriage ,to the very system, It has suggested that.
hug,e sums giveri by way of subsidy could be utilised
for jmpr~ving the production and marketing technologies. The State had sperit Rs, 439 lakhs under
rebate subsidy during 1980-81 and' is ,expected to rise
to Rs. 524 lakhs iri 1981-82.

HE

,.

HANOL-OOM SECTOR

can meet the competition

'from power looms only through cha,nge over' to

new designs, Diversification has already started by

way of the introduction of polyester cotton, etc. One
major snag in this programme is that the diversification
of hand loom' production is easier said than done
because each centre ,has its own ,special' varieties~ like
the .bedsheets ofChennimalai, funiishings and towels
of .Erode, silk sarces of Kancheepuram and so on. The
wea\:crs .it;l'1hese places ,are.reluctant to take up weaving
of oiller :t;:p~s of fabrics,: This resistance to change
."':'.
emanates out 'of their unwillingness to take risks, d~~pite
their awareness that production of the same tranitional
varieties would lead to stagnation and accumuhition
of 'stocks. Similarly, there hils alSo 'been resistance to
introduction of' new technology as weavers Jeel 'that'
sophisticatioll would mean,niore work. The improved'
100m :fabricated at the Institute of Handloom Te<ohnology" Salem would help to increase the per loom
'productivity by almost a hundred per cellt. But it
could not .gain acceptance 'among weavers. This 'prob~
lem is largely seen in the cooperative sector, where
. the weavers own-tlle 'loom:;wHile the "master'weavers in
the private sector have been able to bring about
'changes without .IlJUGh'diftklilty 'in view of theirholcl
on the worker-so
The Cooperative Sector also lacks a well equipped
system .to give guidance on export
promotion where .as the prh,ate trade has more depend~
able sy~tein of nlarket inlelligence, 'provided by their
contacts abroad. The provision of inputs in time is of
market inielligence

'2;1

,",

utmost importance, especially to export oriented units

as fQreign buyers are keen on exporters keeping to
schedules.
Also' the exporters arc sore ovcr the frequent changes iri the import and
export
policies,
besides the cumbersome procedurcs to be followed for
exporting. Information on the market situation ~n

far-off. lands, official relations with jmpotting countries,

tradc negotiations
at high levels and visits of trade
delegations to other countries for promotion of exports
were

nceded.

bers of weaver's family work together. In the . .rural

setting, it is a subsidiary occupation of the fr.rmer.

Unless it 'is"made a gainful occupation the dcvcJc.pment

of the industry in a big way may bristle with problems.

It's very survjval depends very much on the sta~LtofY

protection that could be given by the Government
<1gainst competition from the powerlooms and' the mill

working of the industry. is"gradually

As .regards credit, both the Union and' Stale Governments provide finance for the development
of the
handloom sector and the RBI provides' conccssional

credit, to weavers societies. However!

indlvidual'
artisans have to mobilise their own resources.

Some suggestio.ns

HAT IS IN STORE for the handloom sector?

This'
being basically a cottage industry, all the mem-.

dwindling

the-

number of hand 100m weavers-and

this jactor 'alone

explains the stagnation in the industry.
It.is -rIOt

certaiilly heretical .in these circumstances to ask for a

phased conversion of handlooms into powerlooms. The
necessary retraining for the workers should be provided
and alternative employment should be found for thos<;
who' cannot be gainfully cmployed any mare in the
1,andloom sector.' There should be a set up where the
policy sho'uld be to 'promote the growth of the mm
secto!, and thc powerlOOins alongside handlooms.

(Contd, from P. 12)

self. through his own selected medium in social, ecoAnother i;"portant
requirement of I.R.D. plan is
nomic, cultural and political spheres of life, the systhat the programmes
and schemes
be located
and
tem of rural local-sclf -government would be of prime
identified by the village panchayats themselves.'These
importancCi 59 that an a:verage citizen may not re~ain
should bc thoroughly discussed, modified, dQubted and
merely a passive participant, casting his vote indiffedissented by the village panchayats thems~lves.
The
rently and unintelligently.
The
village
panchayats
single most test of success of I.R:D. plan should be the
would serve as the basic units of'thatsystem.
For the
extent.to which it realises the creative potentialities of ~." a.chievcm,ehts of t~e objective.s laid d~wn in the Consmral masses.
,.1ItntlOn,()
the VIllage panehayats Mll have to serve
'c" .. ll'ot only as units
of local-self government,"but
also as
Conclusion
na~uraI institutions 'for .securing social "justice - and
:TMAY be concluded that the village repnblic must
fostering corporate life resnlting in full employment. (')
. be revived as the foundation of the new India. It is
. Th~ iransformation
'of Indian' rurai masses into
a.living tradition from whiGh grows the grassroots of
'Socialistic
Pattern of Society" for the . solulion .of
democracy that is n"ative to'Indiari soii.' In the" present
their socio-economic prQblems, is possible only through
'days India. believes in the village as the political beda non-violent process by a pr9gressive
creation of a
rock stems .. Some forty
years ago, Inpian political
network of village panchayats, enabling them to parti~
theorists, looking back to their past, considered the
cipate. in. the administration
and LR.D. programmes.
village only as the base of royal 'authority .. ~ut today;
These
systems
would
help
to
evolve local leadership
they view the ancient village as a: self-governing comand corporate life, and mobilize local' resources
and
munity, 'village panchay'ats should not be mere 'formal
potentialities
in
mral
'life'
which
are
very
essenlial
for
statutory bodies but should be real and effective reprecarrying
out
the
'programmes'
of
Integrated
Rural
sentative bodics iIivested with sufficient powers of planDevelopment.
ning ..and. execution of the' schemes of integrated rural

development.
Side by side, adequate
should also be devolved upori them.'

1]

sector. 'It has to be nOlcd that the hitherto considered

exclusive reserve of handlooll1s could very well be
produced by sophisticated machines.
The uneconomic

financial powers
.

'In order to p;ovide each individnil! citizen of the

In'dian' countryside with opportu~ities
to evolve .him-

1
.".

(I) Article 39..

(2) Cf :. Report of Congress Village Panchayat Co';;mittee

New Delhi, All In~ia Congress Committee Office: J95i,.
page.16.

22
KURUKSHETRA

Januiiiy

1,

"

1;8~
,

I
I';'
'.J

TIley 'show the way'.

..

This feature is based 011 success stories viz. achievemellts gained ill various
spheres of rural developmel1l by farmers, institutions, experiJnents and individuals. There is hordly all argumel1l over the fact that dedication and zeal to
pui in hard work can achieve allYthing. And one achievemell/ inspires alld shows
the way to others I
We hope oilr esteemed readers will selld us their own experiences ill the
field so that others can benefit by tll.em to .usher in a belfer life for aliI' rural
people. (Editor)

Handicraft linkage project

Project has been converted to

Production Centre under I.R.D.P.

railway slation is n tiny

A village. ThenearonlyHolalkere
landmark was the Dr. Ambedkar

a Training-cum-

REHALLY

Cooperative Society located in it.

This was' an infrastructure created under the }hadifold. It was involved' in manufaclure of sisal fibre
projects such as bags, mats etc. This was chosen as
the TRYSEM centre for IRDP. In 1981-82 nine poor.
families were selected whose women folk were given
training in fancy bag making .. This training was im-

parted .for a period of nine monlhs by the locally

seleded master craftsmen. The raw materials were
available locally free of cost. The fibres .J;ere made
ready and' dyed in diffcrent col!:lUrsto suit the fancy
materials. Raw sisal fibre and readymade' fibre were
:both used for .the purpose.
AfteJ;' completion

of the training

each ~trainee "can

prepare a bag per day. The society provides the rawmaterials and collects' the finished products. at a rate
of Rs. 15 per bag. Hence each family is able to earn
Rs. 8/- per day as at present. The finished product
is purchased in turn by society and sent to Handicrafts
Development. Corporation, Banglore for marketing.
The linkage .is vital for the survival of this eentre.
Thus all the nine 'families s'elected and trained have
~-t_ earned a livelihood. What s!arted as a TRYSEM
KURu;KSIffiTRA .January 1, 1983.

-BDO,

Holalkere

A new hope to the Harijan families

FLOOD OF JOY is now sweeping village Berenga
Distt. Cachar. (Assam) which is inhabitedby ..a
large number of Harijan families. The village is)oc'a~ed in the periphery of Sikhar town municipality and
has little advantage of a semi-urban area and all the
drawbacks of a typical backward'village: . ,J

I
f

The Harijan families of the' village were in Penuty

and. were identified for help under IRD programnie
by the District Rural Development Agency, Cachar
(Assam). The families were snrveyed for ascertaining
their needs, when they 'exprcssed preference for rick~
shaws through which they felt that -they couldSiJi>stantially . 'increase their present incomes. On the
basis of s'urvey reports 22 Harijan families from among
the poore~t of the poor were selected for assistance
at the first instance. These families are all engag"d
in non-agricultural

activities which, "however, are diffi-

cult to come by. The net annual income of all these

poor Harijan families ranged from Rs. 1500 to
Rs. 244 and their family sizes were from 5 to .9'persons.

. ,.

:l3

late 70's the village had no school. Shri Milkhi Ram, i,

teacher and barber by castc, of this village inspired
the villagers to contribute generously for the setting
up of a school initially. As a result of his foiling
efforts, a fullflcdged middle school is functioning !oday.
Spread over an area oq8 Canals and having six rooms
accommodation all tbrough public. contribution, the \:
scbool has a plan to provide a. room and other basi"
necessities of lifc' to every student.

For e.~P!iQillicupliftmeilt of these, Rarijan families,

ORDA, C,!ch~r with the hClp of the Block DcvelopJ!l~nt Offi~er, Lakhimpur prepared appropriate ,chemes
of Rs, "!620 each and took up their case with the
State Bank of' India, Sikhar Bazar branch. The bank
sanctioncd loans of Rs. 1080 to each of these families
wbich was supplemented by subsidy from . DRDA"
Cacbar' at tbe rate of Rs. 540 each.
On August 7, 1982, 22 new cycle rickshaws were
ceremonially . handed over to 22 selected Rarijan
families at Sikhar by Sri P. A. Sangma, Honourable
Union Deputy Minister .dE Commerce. These ,twentytwo rickshaw pullers are now Very II'appy as they are
now able to help their families in a greater way. Each
'person is earning on an average Rs. 60 per week after
d~uct.lon of bank loan and otber incidental expenses.
A. Choudhury
Project Director
Cacryar : Sikhar
.~-',

",

A school with self help

a border village in Hiranagar block of

C Kathua district
(J
K) presen'!s a.shining examHADWAL,

Under "Work -Expcricnce Scheme" the' school has

earned a net profit of Rs. 500 by producing and selling
chalks to schools 'located in its periphery. The students
.have planted 100 mulberry trecs in order to initiate
. scriculture to earn funds for additiori~1 expenditure.
It has been decided to dedicate one of the rooms
. in tbe school in the name of a student"Rajinder Singh
who averted a rail accident i; February,1982, when,
he' found a fish plate removed from the railway track
Ileal' Hi,ranagar. Master Rajinder Singh took out his
shirt and signalled to, the railway driver to halt .'the
train. For this act the Statc Government' has recommended .hjsname

&

ple of self-help, unity, devotion and 'determination, Tilt

for. President's award.

,'.

FPO. Jammu

'-

.. ~.

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMME

PROVIDES JOB OPPORTUNITIES
IN AND NEAR' YOUR VILLAGE
::'::.

p ~

,,'.,

,
- '"

"

-,'

.,

I'.
.' .

KURUKSHETRA

January 1..1983:

OUR IMPORTANT REFERENCE.BOOKS

.
.

.j

,. ~ .

INDIA-A

Reference Annual 1981

An authenlic~ compilation a!l(1 a rich source of material for research. scholars, students, officials, journaliSts,
academicians, professionals and ~othcrs.
.
.Libr,lryeditioll.
~
Paperback
FINANCIAL CONTROL IN A WELFARE STATE (Including Publie Sector Undert,.kings)
An excellent_bo~k on the ucecntralhation of financial powers at the .centre.

Rs. 50.0()
Rs. "45.0()

by B.ll. Lal
.Rs. 50 '00
Rs. 45 '00

Library edition
Papc-J'back
MASS. MEDIA IN INDIA

J979-80'

Deals with various I)1cdia organisations both governmental and non-governmental.

HANDBOOK'

OF JNDIA,

THE (Revised edition)

Gives basic information about India, its lmportant tourist centres, intcrn~ll-travel, Government
Profusely illustrated, contains a tourist map ..
INDIAN

PARLIAMENT,

rcgulaliolls etc.

THE

Ri.

A brief review of the important measu~es enacted by Par1iam~nt during (he last twenty eight years.
GAZETTEER
Vol.
Vol.
VOl.
Vol.

..

6::00
.',

..

OF INDIA, THE (Four volumes)

I
1I
III
IV

. Rs. 4().OO
,Rs. 60.00
Rs. 9() 110
_Rs. 90..00

Land & People

History 8 Culture
Econo'mic Structure &'Activities
Admin'istration & Public Welfare

DELHI-HiSTORY
& PLACES 01' INTERESTS (Revised edition)
.
/
A large number of places of interest that this capital of the Indian Republic abounds in arc vividly described.
WHO's WHO. OF INDIAN MARTYll. (Three volumes)
Includes the names and biographical data of patriots who gave their lives in India's Struggle for freedom between
1857 a~d 1947, !Iring out'manyJacts of individual heroism and sacri~ce,
.
.

Vol. I
Paperba~k
Vol. llLihrary
-e.dition.\ .
Vol. III
Library edi~ion .

'

~ \ 4 .,

',. L .;
,"

Rs. H.OO

.'

Rs. 8.00
RS.2()'50
.RS. 25.00
f ,/

(pos' Frec Supply)

Books worth Rs. 10/- or'.more will be sent by.R~gistcrcd Post/VPp

RUSH YOUR ORDER

TO:

Thc Business Manager

Sales Emporium
'
PUBLICATIONS DIVISION

~,

NEW. DELHI:

'(a) lJa-tialaHouse .. '..

'
':,(b) Supbr.B'aza~;"iria
"Cpnn'aught. Circus (Ph. 43308)'
'Commerce' House, 2;~d'.1~loor, 'CulTimbhoi' :ROI1d,
~Bellard Pier {Ph."2,62SbO)

l1oo0J

":Ihdor.

r'

BOMBAY:

400038

CALCUTTA:
MADRAS:

8, f:<.$plallaJc Easl.(Ph: 238030)

.700069
600002

<

PA TNA: 800004 .
TRIYANDROM
: 695001
LUCKNOW .:226001.

XURUKSHETRA

January 1,'1983

.'

LLA Aul,1itoriuill;'

736

An'na

'SCIai '(P]~. S51(7)

Bjha.~'SI,;te:Co~pcrativc Bank Bu'i1dlflg;

Ashoka Rajpath (PJ1: 53823)
Go'll'. Press (Ph. :56'5.0)

Press Ro:id;-N~r

1O-13"StaLion ..Road; ..OpPo'si(e.Kohinoor

Hotel.
.

'

-"','

. 25

.._---_._-

--------~-~-~--~~------------------

more production and better life with.

,,

BIOGAS
The Union Ministry of Agriculture has launched a Rs. 50-crore National Project for Biogas Deveiopment.
The target is installation of 4,00,000 biogas units during the Sixth Plan.

Under the
NATIONAL PROJECT FOR BIOGAS DEVELOPMENT
f

Central Subsidies available are:

,sile of biogas
'units
~.

For Scheduled
Tribes & Hilly
Arcas

'2 Cu metres
'.3 eli metres
4 Cu metres
:6 Cu metres

Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.

1,500"
1,950
2,300
2,900

For Small &

Marginal
Farmers

For all
Others

Rs. 1,000
Ri. 1,300
Rs. 1,500
Rs. 1,900

Rs. 750
Rs. 1,000
Rs. 1,200
Rs. 1,500

.'--Subsidy for larger sizes of biogas units also available.

-:-All nationalised banks provide loans for construction of biogas units .

. ;, Biogas units yield fertilizer,

fuel and light and improve sanitati()n

For further details contact the nearest BDO/District Collector's Office/Khadi & Village Industries Board
(KVIB) Office/local Khadi & Village Industries Cominission (KVle) Office.
,".

Issued by Ihe :

Ministry of Agriculture

(Department

of Agriculture

New Delhi- J 10001

26

&

Cooperation).

Krishi Bhavan
davp 81/370

KI!JRUKSHETRA January 1. 1983

.
lfTfur~
,!rIiliW

...,~
;j:gt'f~

DEPARTMENT

Circle No ..

lI'la-lIf
FORM'C'

Book No .............

r",""

llIm If<l ~""

FOOD AND SU~PLIES

Details oj receipt

1I<;<fT

receiPt No

urw
0'

'
....:."

~i <it

lSI't.r

r",

~\I~

Q'tt lllrnom ;j; ~ ~q ilI2 om orm 'f~

Application lb. Duplicate Food. Card in place of defaced/damaged or lust Card.

'-. .<irn'f/&ltflrnr /'lr

Amount Rs

~it

Serial No .........

'lOr

~ ,R<i'f\1\;j;l?~m:.
Signature of recipient ... : ~.. ; .,",: ....

(i). 'W <mr: if

~;-

'!WI ~

futt;;plf;rr

~ ~

'lr lim <fr;if l?T fT~

I ."

it is an offence punishable with imprisonment and/or fine to make false statement

Warnini: :-

in this form.

(i i) !fflT ~

oi ~

'l< ~ q;pf ~

Regn. No.

f'!;lrr '5lTlI'I'ffT ~ I

~'liTraf"i
Date of CaUing

Name of the Head offamily .............................

2. fireTl'lfc! 'fT 'IT'l Father's/husband's

qm

. Circle- No ...

Date of receipt ..

'I ~ 'l< q;pf ~ ~

'":T lI'I'ffT ~ I
If full.details ar:e no~ .furnis?ed in r.b.e,f~pn it ~ Ji~ble to be I7ject~ _

3. ~

-----

JJ6i.1 mglfJ

SlTfu 'liTfaf"i

given in the application is

(iii) 'J:U ~

':lfum,"l'lT'l

-'~--.--.

q~jCfl<ij' ~iilJT

This form is liable to be caIl,celled if any information

fOUI~d.to be incOrrect.

1. ~;j;

-.

name ...........................

'l'fT'I 'fl'i:I< House No.

Present address :-

~/W

'lrtJ-

............

Mohalla/Street

WardfBlock

............

No ..................................

'"

.......

iffilf Locality ........................................

4.

m 'lr <irn'f ~

~/'lf ~.
'Om

<n: ~lfr 'T'IT qm

Address as given on lost/defaced/damaged

GOG0 ~ ~

Serial No. of Food Card. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

f'!;lrr 'T'IT'IT ?

iiji

Whether the Food Card was marked:-

q'lJilCfl{Oj

F.P.S. No ...........................

.mft/~

om IT!I'FJ

~ om 'l< fW m'! H~

,.;ll'(j1ilfT
S.No.

'{fum

OD

.. ...........

_.......

.mft/'O"1TG'f;
.
(m<:) (R)
flrdT 'fT it:r

(W)

rn <WI

Gas user
(<if!) (0)
Details of family members who

Regn. No.

Wheat eater/rice eater/producer

(~)

7. l1itit1~1<irn'f

Delhi.

card ......................................

5. lllrn 'l>li 9ft ..., ~

6. 'l'IT lllrn 'l>li ~

Delhi/New

$ ~

K. Oil user

Income tax payee/non payee

(;j;)

(<iT/tt)

(K)

B/A

'fT ~

the lost/defaced/damaged
:nI
Age.

;j; 'IT'l
Name including H.O.F.

(oft I(P)
o;rTll'l>{ <mIT/~

card.
~
;j; '{fum ij-. l!1"f'El
Relationship with H.O.F.

'f'i'"

!1l'<'I
m 'f'{CfI ~ ,I solemmy declare that:-

iT

( a) 'W!f1F'I If

"f

llt

If'''IT ~

Information given in this form is correct.

(b)

i'rn lilm 'l>li ~ ......

ii liit'fT 'T'IT/<irn'f l?T '1'rr a>rr

Ifffii'l'

'f62: ~

'1'rr ~ I if 'W 'fTi 9ft ll'iFr it ~

~r
a>rr flr<;R 'l< a'l<f 'Ini 'lit

--..----_ .._-- _ ..--------- - ..

-- --- ...- ----- -_._~--_.

~'
RECEIPT

m~
Circle No ....

qfum

;j; '{fum 'fT 'IT'll[

Name & address ofH.O.F...

'

__

...,~

Serial No. .. ............

'iI
...................

ll<f !l1'<l ~) ~
Date af receipt of application

__ .- ..'--'-_.--"

q;n:'1 ~
if "flIT 'f<J 'rIT I
My Food Card
No
h
actually been lost/defaced/damagoo and
I shall not make use of the said card.
The lost card, if found, shaD be deposited
with the-department,
immediately.
._ww ._. ~.~'.

q\J)ICfl{Oj

mr

Registration No. . ...

~'liTfuf'!
Date of calling .....

,-

.,....
( c)

'!'fum:

ij;

if ~

'l1( ~

<Nt ~
;,<ft

;;ft

if if ~ ~
\\fAlf"d it I ;;ft ~

~ <!'IT'flWf

...-

"-._/

f1l; 'liT<'!'! 8

<m 'l<: ~

liIllI m if
m if GoI01!lfG'

'O;ffi 'lftf .~ ~ ~

~~

'lTl'f

if GoI~' f1l;>;rr 'l'lT ~ I ~ 'lfu.

ftffi 'i>){ '!'IT ~
1Ir mfi:r.r. 'lQT

f1l;>;rr 'l'lT ~ I
The members of the family as mentioned
in Col. 8 are stilJ residing with me at the
above addresS and these members were
already included in my food card.
Members whose names were included in
the card but are not. residing with me at
present have ba:n excluded, and no new
member has been added .
w

..'

~'LOT

'!'fum: ij; ~
ij; ~/f.r.1rT'1r
Signaturerr.I. of H.O.F.
~

11m 'lIT'f

>rTft<r m

<t't

fcrf'r

~/~

Date of receipt. off orin by the Inspector ..........

'..........

<t't

fcrf'r

Date of visit/verification ..........................

: .....

~.
<t't \\i'll'I'll'l Frni
Inspector's verification report :

~lfT

oi\il; 'l<: \\1'n'A' f1l;>;rr I '!'fum: ij;

lIT'ff ij; .~
'AT...
_.............

'. '.

,. l!l'l'l> .
--",,'G.

. 'liT<I'TR. ",'{>............... .

/'!'fum:

>it
milr

l!fR[

m 'i>T 'f'q{ .....

"-- e... <>.I,{>~II 'liTl1' 'If

"~I 'l'lT
, ,"'

-".. ~"",.,
<!'IT...................

ij; ~
'0.

=" ~ if

00

furn'i>T

'lTl'f 'lIT'f

,!:o _

<rnT. '

F< ij; 10liIllI 'i>T$

~~'"
-""
r
$q"
O\!

"tI' l! 1

. f,.,,'1 'i>T IJrnl

~IQi

If GoI
r

spr;r <r'lT e..'Oq,

<;fl1:(I
Verified on spot. contacted Shri. _. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. "
RO.F/member of the family whose name is included
in the application form or .. ,
:...........
. . . . . . .. neighbour of the applicant/RIo
_
_
.
having Food Card No ..................
F.P.S. No
_ The informiltion given in the formare correct. I recomroen'd
that the duplicate food card may be issued for ...................................
_ adults .............
minors.

rorr..
- Date

: ...

;r~

f~U!l!'i> ij;
Signature of Inspec.tor

cn:r
~

IJrnllf" ~
'llfU'l>liT ij; ~
Order of food And Supplies Officer.

'IT'If'
Name in Full

+k\1~.
CircleNo

1mT.m

'liT'l"1' liw

Food Card

Serial No. of

;ootr. GO

;;it om:r. fiilfT 'l'lT .

issued

lil;lfT

F.P.S. No .. ;

liIllI Wln"T
'i>flll<:n:l
F.S.O. Circle No

'.-""

Regn.

;rmTe.n:/'IT'If

'Tn9'

166CF&SI76--GIPF ..

, ......

No ...

lSI'T\7~ <r;m<Jf3Tf~u
ij; ~lln:
Signature of Food and Supplies Omceer.

(Signature) Name

srrfC<r~
"'ff<m ij; ~e.n: f<rf'l \\f~i'f
Signature orpe~son.receiving Food Card. with date
ij; rnr rrcrfur f'O'fT
. D.elivered by ...........

lil;llT

<torrrn liij'TT

;'-.':.. : .-.

ij; am.Cf!f)".: f'fi'TT If'TT

Prop.red by

+i;rn

.
.

Smuggled

The COFEPOSA ordinance is made more effective.

goods

seized. by custom authorities.

The new 20-point programme:

Fight against black money
~.

,-

During i981, the Income Tax DepariniiinttOok several ittilpSio'coi"iier iax-.

evasion. in- the country like (l). intemi[icatio;' .Q.f-search. operations, (Ii) stepping.
up of ,survey operatimis, (iii) strengiheningo! 'thedifect 'tax"ltiws through incOrporatio'n ..of appropriate

provisions

etc.

-The floating of special bearer bonds to mop up black money has been another
successful administrdtive measure. This scheme has mopped up Rs. 960 crares
of black, mon~y.

(Licenced under U(D)-54 to post without prepayment at Civil Lines Post Office Delhi).
'--

Re!ld. No. D(DN)/39

RN72Z:57-

=-'-'"J

Efforts are ma'je to strengthen the intelligence machinery.'

~ ~

1~;,.;

1'';' .' ",.., l'"f

)1'

1 ..
~>-

!'

.....

The new~20-poini :p,rogtainme :

Fight against black money
Soon after the pre,ent Go1!ernment took office)n 1980, tln Action Plan. was
fomuilated in' Ihe. cimlexiof 'the.'20-point Prog.amme which, inter. alia, catled
for pursuing .anti"Smuggling .tillil,titlti,tax-ei'asion measures wiili 'aMed . vigo!U.'
The Action Pian CiJ",prises ihe fouf-pfonged strategy,' ViZ. (I) strengthening of
preventive 'and intelligence machinery, (ii) in'tensificat/o'; of appliciztidn; of the
provisions of the. COFEPOSA, Acl, (iii). economic and legisla(ive measures and
(iv) bilateral arrangemimts/coop,,rdtio'; witl! 'ne.jghbourj,!gcbu;;t~ie$. :.

i.
&

.[

PUBLISHED

BY THE

AND PRINTED

DIRECTOR, PUBLICATIONS DIVISIONS, NEW

BY THE

MANAGER., GOVERNMENT

DEL1!I-ll0001

OF INDIA PRESS"

FARIDABAD

..